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385 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
es would fall in B. C. 383 or 382, the latter of which is adopted by Clinton. (F. H. ii. p. 426, &c., 3rd edit.) According to the account in the lives of the Ten Orators (p. 845. D.) Demosthenes was born in the archonship of Dexitheus, that is, B. C. 385, and this statement has been adopted by most modern critics, such as Becker, Böckh, Westermann, Thirlwall, and others; whereas some have endeavoured to prove that B. C. 384 was his birthyear. The opinion now most commonly received is, that Demosthenes was born in B. C. 385. For detailed discussions on this question the reader is referred to the works mentioned at the end of this article. When Demosthenes, the father, died, he left behind him a widow, the daughter of Gylon, and two children, Demosthenes, then a boy of seven, and a daughter who was only five years old. (Plut. Dem. 4; Dem. c. Aphob. ii. p. 836; Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. § 171; Boeckh, Corp. Inscript. i. p. 464.) During the last moments of his life, the father had entrusted
384 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
ion and Timocrates, which belong to B. C. 355, so that the birth of Demosthenes would fall in B. C. 383 or 382, the latter of which is adopted by Clinton. (F. H. ii. p. 426, &c., 3rd edit.) According to the account in the lives of the Ten Orators (p. 845. D.) Demosthenes was born in the archonship of Dexitheus, that is, B. C. 385, and this statement has been adopted by most modern critics, such as Becker, Böckh, Westermann, Thirlwall, and others; whereas some have endeavoured to prove that B. C. 384 was his birthyear. The opinion now most commonly received is, that Demosthenes was born in B. C. 385. For detailed discussions on this question the reader is referred to the works mentioned at the end of this article. When Demosthenes, the father, died, he left behind him a widow, the daughter of Gylon, and two children, Demosthenes, then a boy of seven, and a daughter who was only five years old. (Plut. Dem. 4; Dem. c. Aphob. ii. p. 836; Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. § 171; Boeckh, Corp. Inscrip
383 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
r as much as the opinions of modern critics. Some of the earlier scholars acquiesced in the express testimony of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ep. ad Amm. 1.4), who says that Demosthenes was born in the year preceding the hundredth Olympiad, that is, O1. 99. 4, or B. C. 381. Gellius (15.28) states that Demosthenes was in his twenty-seventh year at the time when he composed his orations against Androtion and Timocrates, which belong to B. C. 355, so that the birth of Demosthenes would fall in B. C. 383 or 382, the latter of which is adopted by Clinton. (F. H. ii. p. 426, &c., 3rd edit.) According to the account in the lives of the Ten Orators (p. 845. D.) Demosthenes was born in the archonship of Dexitheus, that is, B. C. 385, and this statement has been adopted by most modern critics, such as Becker, Böckh, Westermann, Thirlwall, and others; whereas some have endeavoured to prove that B. C. 384 was his birthyear. The opinion now most commonly received is, that Demosthenes was born in B.
381 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
Demo'sthenes （*Dhmosqe/nhs), the greatest of the Greek orators, was the son of one Demosthenes, and born in the Attic demos of Paeania. Respecting the year of his birth, the statements of the ancients differ as much as the opinions of modern critics. Some of the earlier scholars acquiesced in the express testimony of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ep. ad Amm. 1.4), who says that Demosthenes was born in the year preceding the hundredth Olympiad, that is, O1. 99. 4, or B. C. 381. Gellius (15.28) states that Demosthenes was in his twenty-seventh year at the time when he composed his orations against Androtion and Timocrates, which belong to B. C. 355, so that the birth of Demosthenes would fall in B. C. 383 or 382, the latter of which is adopted by Clinton. (F. H. ii. p. 426, &c., 3rd edit.) According to the account in the lives of the Ten Orators (p. 845. D.) Demosthenes was born in the archonship of Dexitheus, that is, B. C. 385, and this statement has been adopted by most modern critics
366 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
39; Liban. Vit. Dem. p. 3, Argum. ad Orat. c. Onet. p. 875.) We may suppose without much hesitation, that during the latter years of his minority Demosthenes privately prepared himself for the career of an orator, to which he was urged on by his peculiar circumstancesno less than by the admiration he felt for the orators of his time, and that during the first years after his attaining the age of manhood he availed himself of the instruction of Isaeus. Immediately after becoming of age in B. C. 366, Demosthenes called upon his guardians to render him an account of their administration of his property; but by intrigues they contrived to defer the business for two years, which was perhaps less disagreeable to him, as he had to prepare himself and to acquire a certain legal knowledge and oratorical power before he could venture to come forward in his own cause with any hope of success. In the course of these two years, however, the matter was twice investigated by the diaetetae, and was
364 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
favour of Demosthenes. (Dem. c. Aphob. i. p. 828, c. Aphob. iii. p. 861.) At length, in the third year after his coming of age, in the archonship of Timocrates, B. C. 364 (Dem. c. Onet. p. 868), Demosthenes brought his accusation against Aphobus before the archon, reserving to himself the right to bring similar charges against Demchus, p. 106, &c.; Westermann, Quaest. Demosth. iii. p. 96, &c. 26 and 27. The two orations against Aphobus The two orations against Aphobus were delivered in B. C. 364. 28. *Pro\s *)/Afobon yeudomarturiw=n *Pro\s *)/Afobon yeudomarturiw=n, is suspected of being spurious by Westermann, Quaest. Dem. iii. p. 11, &c. Comp. Schöm th=s trihrarxi/as, after B. C. 361, is suspected by Becker, Demosth. als Staatsmann und. Redner, p. 465. 51. *Pro\s *Ka/llippon *Pro\s *Ka/llippon, spoken in B. C. 364. 52. *Pro\s *Niko/straton peri\ tw=n *)Areqousi/ou a)ndrapo/dwn *Pro\s *Niko/straton peri\ tw=n *)Areqousi/ou a)ndrapo/dwn, of uncertain date, was suspected b
363 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
dun. Bat. 1825. 46. *Peri\ *Eu)e/rlou kai\ *Mnhsibou/lou yeudomarturiw=n *Peri\ *Eu)e/rlou kai\ *Mnhsibou/lou yeudomarturiw=n, belongs to the time after B. C. 355. Its genuineness is doubted by Harpocr. s. vv. *)Ekaki/stroun and h)|thme/nhn, H. Wolf, Böckh (l.c.), and I. Bekker. See Schaefer, Appar. Crit. v. p. 216. 47. *Kata\ *)Olumpiodw/rou bla/bhs *Kata\ *)Olumpiodw/rou bla/bhs after B. C. 343. 48. *Pro\s *Timo/qeon u(pe\r xre/ews *Pro\s *Timo/qeon u(pe\r xre/ews, falls between B. C. 363 and 354, but is considered spurious by Harpocrat. s. v. *Kakotexniw=n, Böckh, and Bekker (see Schaefer, Appar. Crit. v. p. 264). It is defended by Rumpf, de Orat. adv. Timothy , Giessen, 1821. 49. *Pro\s Polukle/a peri\ tou= e)pitrihrarxh/matos *Pro\s Polukle/a peri\ tou= e)pitrihrarxh/matos, after B. C. 361. 50. *Peri\ tou= *Stefa/nou th=s trihrarxi/as *Peri\ tou= *Stefa/nou th=s trihrarxi/as, after B. C. 361, is suspected by Becker, Demosth. als Staatsmann und. Redner, p. 465. 51
361 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
he ruin of the republic by violating its laws and sacrificing its resources to personal and selfish interests. The first acts of open hostility were committed in B. C. 361, when Meidias forced his way into the house of Demosthenes and insulted the members of his family. This led Demosthenes to bring against him the action of kakhloed by Rumpf, de Orat. adv. Timothy , Giessen, 1821. 49. *Pro\s Polukle/a peri\ tou= e)pitrihrarxh/matos *Pro\s Polukle/a peri\ tou= e)pitrihrarxh/matos, after B. C. 361. 50. *Peri\ tou= *Stefa/nou th=s trihrarxi/as *Peri\ tou= *Stefa/nou th=s trihrarxi/as, after B. C. 361, is suspected by Becker, Demosth. als Staatsmann und. B. C. 361, is suspected by Becker, Demosth. als Staatsmann und. Redner, p. 465. 51. *Pro\s *Ka/llippon *Pro\s *Ka/llippon, spoken in B. C. 364. 52. *Pro\s *Niko/straton peri\ tw=n *)Areqousi/ou a)ndrapo/dwn *Pro\s *Niko/straton peri\ tw=n *)Areqousi/ou a)ndrapo/dwn, of uncertain date, was suspected by Harpocrat. s. v. *)Apografh/. 53. *Kata\ *Ko/nwnos abi)ki/as *Kata\ *Ko/nwnos abi)ki/
358 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
Megalopolis. The one hundred and sixth Olympiad, or the period from B. C. 356, is the beginning of the career of Demosthenes as one of the leading statesmen of Athens, and henceforth the history of his life is closely mixed up with that of his country; for there is no question affecting the public good in which he did not take the most active part, and support with all the power of his oratory what he considered right and beneficial to the state. King Philip of Macedonia had commenced in B. C. 358 his encroachments upon the possessions of Athens in the north of the Aegean, and he had taken possession of the towns of Amphipolis, Pydna, Potidaea, and Methone. During those proceedings he had contrived to keep the Athenians at a distance, to deceive them and keep them in good humour by delusions and apparently favourable promises. Demosthenes was not, indeed, the only man who saw that these proceedings were merely a prelude to greater things, and that unless the king was checked, he wou
356 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
afterwards joined in it under Phocion. (Dem. de Pace, p. 58, c. Meid. p. 558.) In the same year he delivered the oration peri\ summorw=n, in which he successfully dissuaded the Athenians from their foolish scheme of undertaking a war against Persia (Dem. de Rhod. lib. p. 192), and in B. C. 353 he spoke for the Megalopolitans (u(pe\r *Megalopoltw=n), and opposed the Spartans, who had solicited the aid of Athens to reduce Megalopolis. The one hundred and sixth Olympiad, or the period from B. C. 356, is the beginning of the career of Demosthenes as one of the leading statesmen of Athens, and henceforth the history of his life is closely mixed up with that of his country; for there is no question affecting the public good in which he did not take the most active part, and support with all the power of his oratory what he considered right and beneficial to the state. King Philip of Macedonia had commenced in B. C. 358 his encroachments upon the possessions of Athens in the north of the
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