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Racine (Wisconsin, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
al Eu- chap. II.} 1763. rope, was occupied by a most ingenious people, formed of blended elements, and still bearing traces not only of the Celtic but of the German race, of the culture of Rome, and the hardihood of the Northmen. In the habit of analysis it excelled all nations; its delight in logical exactness and in precision of outline and expression of thought, gave the style alike to its highest efforts and to its ordinary manufactures; to its poetry and its prose; to the tragedies of Racine and the pictures of Poussin, as well as to its products of taste for daily use, and the adornment of its public squares with a careful regard to fitness and proportion. Its severe method in the pursuit of mathematical science corresponded to its nicety of workmanship in the structure of its ships of war, its canals, its bridges, its fortifications, and its public buildings. Light-hearted, frivolous and vain, no people were more ready to seize a new idea, and to pursue it with rigid dialect
New England (United States) (search for this): chapter 2
e established church was the fashion of the world; many waged warfare against every form of religion, and against religion itself while some were aiming also at the extermination of chap. II.} 1763. the throne. The new ideas got abroad in remonstrances and sermons, comedies and songs, books and epigrams. On the side of modern life, pushing free inquiry to the utmost contempt of restraint, though not to total unbelief, Voltaire employed his peerless wit and activity. The Puritans of New England changed their hemisphere to escape from bishops, and hated prelacy with the rancor of faction; Voltaire waged the same warfare with widely different weapons, and, writing history as a partisan, made the annals of his race a continuous sarcasm against the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic church. His power reached through Europe; he spoke to the free thinkers throughout the cultivated world. In the age of skepticism he was the prince of scoffers; when philosophy hovered round saloons, he e
Geneva (Switzerland) (search for this): chapter 2
or; but, under the system of uncontrolled individual freedom, the laborer, from the pressure of competition, might underbid his fellow laborer till his wages should be reduced to a bare support. Turgot sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses. § VI. Oenvres i. 10. Thus the skeptical philosopher, the erudite magistrate, the philanthropic founder of the science of political economy, proposed what they could for human progress. From the discipleship of Calvin, from the republic of Geneva, from the abodes of poverty, there sprung up a writer, through whom the ignorant poor breathed out their wrongs, and a new class gained a voice in the world of published thought. With Jean Jacques Rousseau truth was no more to employ the discreet insinuations of academicians; nor seek a hearing by the felicities of wit; nor compromise itself by exchanging flattery for the favor of the great; nor appeal to the interests of the industrial classes. Full of weaknesses and jealousies, shallow a
Department de Ville de Paris (France) (search for this): chapter 2
republican principles from the patriot writings of Greece and Rome. Authority, in its feeble conflict with free opinion, did but provoke licentiousness, and was braved with the invincible weapons of ridicule. Freedom was the vogue, and it had more credit than the king. Skepticism found its refuge in the social circles of the capital; and infusing itself into every department of literature and science, blended with the living intelligence of the nation. Almost every considerable house in Paris had pretensions as a school of philosophy. Derision of the established church was the fashion of the world; many waged warfare against every form of religion, and against religion itself while some were aiming also at the extermination of chap. II.} 1763. the throne. The new ideas got abroad in remonstrances and sermons, comedies and songs, books and epigrams. On the side of modern life, pushing free inquiry to the utmost contempt of restraint, though not to total unbelief, Voltaire e
North America (search for this): chapter 2
t, they abounded in offices of charity. Often exhibiting the most heartless egoism, they were also easily inflamed, with a most generous enthusiasm. Seemingly lost in profligate sensuality, they were yet capable of contemplative asceticism. To the superficial observer, they were a nation of atheists; and yet they preserved the traditions of their own Bossuet and Calvin, of Descartes and Fenelon. In this most polished and cultivated land,—whose government had just been driven out from North America, whose remaining colonies collectively had but about seventy thousand white persons, whose commerce with the New World could only be a consequence of American Independence,—two opposite powers competed for supremacy; on the one side monarchy, claiming to be absolute; on the other, free thought, which was becoming the mistress of the world. Absolute power met barriers on every side. The arbitrary Central will was circumscribed by the customs and privileges of the provinces, and the in
France (France) (search for this): chapter 2
Chapter 2: The continent of Europe—France. 1763. France, the beautiful kingdom of central Eu- chap. II.} 1763. rope, was occupie of royal power was the decay of the faith on which it had rested. France was no more the France of the Middle Age. The caste of the nobilitye of centuries, so that he classed the changes in the government of France among accidents and anecdotes. Least of all did he understand the in the principles of political liberty, and showed to the people of France how monarchy may be tempered by a division of its power, and how rereating the liberty of industry and trade. The great employment of France was the tillage of land, than which no method of gain is more gratecoin. Marquis de Mirabeau, the elder. The new ideas fell, in France, on the fruitful genius of Turgot, who came forward in the virgin pments burned them at the gibbet by the hangman's hand? What though France drove him from her soil, and the republic of his birth disowned her
Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island, United States) (search for this): chapter 2
spotism as desire to make his philosophy its counsellor; and shielded the vices of a libidinous oligarchy by proposing love of self as the cornerstone of morality. The great view which pervades his writings is the humanizing influence of letters, and not the regenerating power of truth. He welcomed, therefore, every thing which softened barbarism, refined society, and stayed the cruelties of superstition; but he could not see the hopeful coming of popular power, nor hear the footsteps of Providence along the line of centuries, so that he classed the changes in the government of France among accidents and anecdotes. Least of all did he understand the tendency of his own untiring labors. He would have hated the thought of hastening a democratic revolution; and, in mocking the follies and vices of French institutions, he harbored no purpose of destroying them. Spare them, he chap. II.} 1763. would say, though they are not all of gold and diamonds. Take the world as it goes; if all
Factum De la France (search for this): chapter 2
ero de Senectute. No occupation is nearer heaven. But authority had invaded this chosen domain of labor; as if protection of manufactures needed restrictions on the exchanges of the products of the earth, the withering prohibition of the export of grain had doomed large tracts of land Boisguillebert: Traite dela Nature, Culture, Commerce, et Interet des Grains, &c. &c. chap. VII. to lie desolately fallow. Indirect taxes, to the number of at least ten thousand, Boisguillebert: Factum de la France, chap. VI. Economistes, 290. bringing with them custom-houses between provinces, and custom-houses on the frontier, and a hundred thousand tax-gatherers, left little to the peasant Blanqui: Histoire de l'economie Politique, II. 54. but eyes chap. II.} 1763. to weep with. The treasury was poor, for the realm was poor; and the realm was poor because the husbandman was poor. Quesnai: Maximes Generales du Gouvernement. Edition of the Physiocrates of Eugene Daire, 83. While eve
Cicero Officiis (search for this): chapter 2
hat free commerce would benefit every nation, is a truth which Montesquieu Montesquieu: Esprit des Lois. livre XX. chap. XXIII. is thought to have but imperfectly perceived. The moment was come when the languishing agriculture of his country would invoke science to rescue it from oppression by entreating the liberty of industry and trade. The great employment of France was the tillage of land, than which no method of gain is more grateful in itself, or more worthy of freemen, Cicero de Officiis. or more happy in rendering service to the whole human race. Cicero de Senectute. No occupation is nearer heaven. But authority had invaded this chosen domain of labor; as if protection of manufactures needed restrictions on the exchanges of the products of the earth, the withering prohibition of the export of grain had doomed large tracts of land Boisguillebert: Traite dela Nature, Culture, Commerce, et Interet des Grains, &c. &c. chap. VII. to lie desolately fallow. Indirect
Gayarre Hist (search for this): chapter 2
asant Blanqui: Histoire de l'economie Politique, II. 54. but eyes chap. II.} 1763. to weep with. The treasury was poor, for the realm was poor; and the realm was poor because the husbandman was poor. Quesnai: Maximes Generales du Gouvernement. Edition of the Physiocrates of Eugene Daire, 83. While every one, from the palace to the hovel, looked about for a remedy to this system of merciless and improvident spoliation, there arose a school of upright and disinterested men, Blanqui: Hist. de l'econ. Pol. II. 94. who sought a remedy for the servitude of labor by looking beyond the precedents of the statute book, or forms of government, to universal principles and the laws of social life; beyond the power of the people or the power of princes, to the power of nature. Hence their name; not democrats, but physiocrates. They found that man in society renounces no natural right, but remains the master of his person and his faculties, with the right to labor and to enjoy or exc
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