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343 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
ng delay he consented to render an account of his conduct during the embassy, B. C. 343, escaped punishment, notwithstanding the vehement attacks of Demosthenes in t they would receive it as such. On the return of the ambassadors to Athens in B. C. 343, the oration on Halonesus (*peri\ *(Alonh/don) was delivered. It is usually ptein in Jahn's Jahrb. vol. 11.2, p. 144, &c. 7. On Halonesus On Halonesus, B. C. 343, was suspected by the ancients themselves, and ascribed to Hegesippus. (Liban44 and 45. The two orations against Stephanus, belong to the time previous to B. C. 343. The genuineness of the first is doubted by I. Bekker. See C. D. Beel, Diatri6. 47. *Kata\ *)Olumpiodw/rou bla/bhs *Kata\ *)Olumpiodw/rou bla/bhs after B. C. 343. 48. *Pro\s *Timo/qeon u(pe\r xre/ews *Pro\s *Timo/qeon u(pe\r xre/ews, fav. *)Apografh/. 53. *Kata\ *Ko/nwnos abi)ki/as *Kata\ *Ko/nwnos abi)ki/as, B. C. 343. 54. *Pro\s *Kallakle/a peri\ xwri/ou *Pro\s *Kallakle/a peri\ xwri/ou, of
342 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
energetic demonstration of the Athenians under Diopeithes. The complaints which Philip then made roused Demosthenes, in B. C. 342, to his powerful oration peri\ tw=n e)n *Xerroonh/s/y, and to his third Philippic, in which he describes the king's faion under the name of Hegesippus in 1833. 8. *Peri\ tw=n e)n *Xerrsonh/sw| *Peri\ tw=n e)n *Xerroonh/sw| delivered in B. C. 342. 9. The third Philippic The third Philippic, delivered in B. C. 342. See Vömel, Demosthenis Philip. III. habitant esB. C. 342. See Vömel, Demosthenis Philip. III. habitant esse ante Chersonesiticam, Frankf. 1837; L. Spengel, Ueber die dritte Philip. Rede des Dem., Munich, 1839. 10. The fourth Philippic The fourth Philippic, belongs to B. C. 341, but is thought by nearly all critics to be spurious. See Becker, Philip.t. pro Ctesiph. praestantia, Isenac. 1832. 18. *Peri\ th=s *Parapredbei/as *Peri\ th=s *Parapredbei/as, delivered in B. C. 342. 19. *Peri\ th=s a)telei/as pro\s *Lepti/nhn *Peri\ th=s a)telei/as pro\s *Lepti/nhn, was spoken in B. C. 355. Edi
341 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
orts his countrymen to unite and resist the treacherous aggressor. Soon after this, the tyrants whom Philip had established in Euboea were expelled through the influence and assistance of Demosthenes (Dem. de Coron. p. 254); but it was not till B. C. 341, when Philip laid siege to Perinthus and attacked Byzantium, that the long-sup-pressed indignation of the Athenians burst forth. The peace with Philip was now declared violated (B. C. 340); a fleet was sent to relieve Byzantium (Plut. Phoc. 14)lippic, delivered in B. C. 342. See Vömel, Demosthenis Philip. III. habitant esse ante Chersonesiticam, Frankf. 1837; L. Spengel, Ueber die dritte Philip. Rede des Dem., Munich, 1839. 10. The fourth Philippic The fourth Philippic, belongs to B. C. 341, but is thought by nearly all critics to be spurious. See Becker, Philip. Reden, ii. p. 491, &c.; W. H. Veersteg, Orat. Philip. IV. Demosth. aljudicatur, Groningae, 1818. 11. *Pro\s th\n *)Epistolh\n th\n *Fili/ppou *Pro\s th\n *)Epistolh\n
340 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
sed indignation of the Athenians burst forth. The peace with Philip was now declared violated (B. C. 340); a fleet was sent to relieve Byzantium (Plut. Phoc. 14), and Philip was compelled to withdraw260, &c.) He thus at once gave a fresh impulse to the maritime power and enterprise of Athens, B. C. 340. Philip now assumed the appearance of giving himself no further concern about the affairs ofe the last stroke at the independence of Greece. He calculated well; for when in the spring of B. C. 340 the Amphictyons assembled at Delphi, Aeschines, who was present as pylagoras, effected a decreth\n *)Epistolh\n th\n *Fili/ppou *Pro\s th\n *)Epistolh\n th\n *Fili/ppou refers to the year B. C. 340, but is a spurious oration. Becker, Philip. Reden, ii. p. 516, &c. B. Other Political Oratiori/nhs; Schaefer, Appar. Crit. v. p. 473.) 58. *Kata\ *Neai/ras *Kata\ *Neai/ras, refers to B. C. 340, but is considered spurious both by ancient and modern writers. (Dionys. de Admir. vi die. Dem
339 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
fortunate consequences of a war of the Amphictyons, and he succeeded at least in persuading the Athenians not to send any deputies to that extraordinary meeting. (Dem. de Coron. p. 275; Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. § 125, &c.) The Amphictyons however decreed war against Amphissa, and the command of the Amphictyonic army was given to Cottyphus, an Arcadian; but the expedition failed from want of spirit and energy among those who took part in it. (Dem. de Coron. p. 277.) The consequence was, that in B. C. 339, at the next ordinary meeting of the Amphictyons, king Philip was appointed chief commander of the Amphictyonic army. This was the very thing which he had been looking for. With the appearance of justice on his side, he now had an opportunity of establishing himself with an armed force in the very heart of Greece. He set out without delay, and when the Athenians received the news of his having taken possession of Elatea, they were thrown into the deepest consternation. Demosthenes alone di
338 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
ns. (Dem. de Coron. p. 299, &c.) This was the last grand effort against the growing power of Macedonia; but the battle of Chaeroneia, on the 7th of Metageitnion, B. C. 338, put an end to the independence of Greece. Thebes paid dearly for its resistance, and Athens which expected a similar fate, resolved at least to perish in a glor in Demosth. Orat. c. Timocrat., Berlin, 1823. 24 and 25. The two orations against Aristogeiton The two orations against Aristogeiton belong to the time after B. C. 338. The genuineness of these two orations, especially of the first, was strongly doubted by the ancients themselves (Dionys. de Admir. vi dic. Dem. 57; Harpocrat. s/rra, dhmopoi/htos, dieggu/hsen, *(/Ipparxos, and *Kwlia/s ; Schaefer, Appar. Crit. v. p. 527.) III. Show Speeches. 59. *)Epita/fios *)Epita/fios, refers to B. C. 338, but is un questionably spurious. (Dionys. de Adnir. vi dic. Dem. 23, 44; Liban. p. 6; Harpocrat. s. tv. *Ai)gei=dai and *Kekroipi/s; Phot. Bibl. p. 491; Suid. s
336 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
in the fifth part of the votes, and was obliged to quit Athens and spend the remainder of his life abroad. All Greece had been looking forward with the most intense interest to the issue of this contest, though few can have entertained any doubt as to which would carry the victory. The oration on the crown was, in all probability, like that of Aeschines against Ctesiphon, revised and altered at a later period. Greece had in the mean time been shaken by new storms. The death of Philip, in B. C. 336, had revived among the Greeks the hope of shaking off the Macedonian yoke. All Greece rose, and especially Athens, where Demosthenes, although weighed down by domestic grief, was the first joyfully to proclaim the tidings of the king's death, to call upon the Greeks to unite their strength against Macedonia, and to form new connexions in Asia. (Plut. Dem. 23; Aeschin. c. Clesiph. § 161; Diod. 17.3.) But the sudden appearance of young Alexander with an army ready to fight, damped the enthus
335 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
forth another insurrection of the Greeks. Thebes, which had suffered most severely, was foremost; but the insurrection spread over Arcadia, Argos, Elis. and Athens. However, with the exception of Thebes, there was no energy anywhere. Demosthenes carried indeed a decree that succours should be sent to Thebes, but no efforts were made, and Demosthenes alone, and at his own expense, sent a supply of arms. (Diod. 17.8.) The second sudden arrival of Alexander, and his destruction of Thebes, in B. C. 335, put an end to all further attempts of the Greeks. Athens submitted to necessity, and sent Demades to the king as mediator. Alexander demanded that the leaders of the popular party, and among them Demosthenes, should be delivered up to him; but he yielded to the intreaties of the Athenians, and did not persist in his demand. Alexander's departure for Asia is the beginning of a period of gloomy tranquillity for Greece; but party hatred continued in secret, and it required only some spark
332 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
etor The two orations against Onetor. See Schmeisser, de Re Tutelari ap. Athen., &c., Freiburg, 1829. The genuineness of these orations is suspected by Böckh, Publ. Econ. of Athens, Index, s. v. Demosthenes. 31. *Paragrafh\ pro\s *Zhno/qemin *Paragrafh\ pro\s *Zhno/qemin, falls after the year B. C. 355. 32. *Pro\s *)Apatou/rion paragrhrafh/ *Pro\s *)Apatou/rion paragrhrafh/, is of uncertain date. 33. *Pro\s *Formi/wna peri\ danei/ou *Pro\s *Formi/wna peri\ danei/ou, was spoken in B. C. 332. See Baumstark, Prolegom. in Orat Demosth. adv. Phorm., Heidelberg, 1826. 34. *Pros th\n *Lakri/tou paragrafh/n *Pros th\n *Lakri/tou paragrafh/n, is of uncertain date, and its genuineness is doubted by some of the ancients. See the Greek Argumentum. 35. *(Upe\r *Formi/wnos paragrafh/ *(Upe\r *Formi/wnos paragrafh/, belongs to B. C. 350. 36. *Pro\s *Pantai/neton paragrafh/ *Pro\s *Pantai/neton paragrafh/, falls after B. C. 347. 37. *Pro\s *Nausi/maxon kai\ *Cenopei/qh paragrafh
330 BC (search for this): entry demosthenes-bio-2
e gauntlet with the greater readiness, as he now had an opportunity of justifying his whole political conduct before his countrymen. Reasons which are unknown to us delayed the decision of the question for a number of years, and it was not till B. C. 330 (Plut. Dem. 24) that the trial was proceeded with. Demosthenes on that occasion delivered his oration on the crown (peri\ stefa/nou). Aeschines did not obtain the fifth part of the votes, and was obliged to quit Athens and spend the remainder oo B. C. 325, and was recognized as spurious by the ancients themselves. (Dionys. de Admir. vi die. Dem. 57; Liban. Argum. p. 211.) II. Judicial or Private Orations. 17. *Peri\ *Stefa/nou *Peri\ *Stefa/nou, or on the Crown, was delivered in B. C. 330. Editions There are numerous separate editions of this famous oration; the best are by I. Bekker with scholia, Halle, 1815, and Berlin, 1825, by Bremi (Gotha, 1834), and by Dissen (Göttingen, 1837). Further Information Comp. F. Winiewski,
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