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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
umerated 292 species of the apis genus. The honey-bee was introduced by the English into Boston, 1670, and is spreading over the continent. The men were lately alive who professed to recollect the t for this purpose, many of which have been the subjects of patents. The cue was introduced about 1670. Carom tables, destitute of pockets, have come into great favor. The different modes of constere. See brooch. Shoe-buckles were introduced into England during the reign of Charles II. （1670). These, as well as knee-buckles, were generally made of silver, — sometimes of gold, — adorned wmented with parabolic mirrors. Villette, an optician of Lyons, constructed three mirrors about 1670. One of them, purchased by the King of France, was 30 inches in diameter and 36 inches focus. The manufacture of buttons. Buttons of brass are noticed on dresses of the tenth century. About 1670 the metallic buttonmanufacture of England took its rise. A manufactory was established in Birm<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
h an asphaltum ground; the work is etched in, cutting away so much of the ground and exposing the stone. Acid is then applied, which eats away the stone, making a depression; this is inked, the asphaltum cleaned off, the clear spaces etched, and gummed as usual in the lithographic process. Etching-needle. A sharp-pointed instrument for scratching away the ground on a prepared plate, preparatory to the biting-in. Etching on glass. This art was invented by Schwanhard of Nuremberg, 1670, and originated in an accident to his spectacles, which became corroded by some drops of acid. Fluoric acid, discovered by Scheele, 1771, is now employed for corroding, or, as it is technically called, biting-in the etching. The glass is covered with a resinous ground, and the design marked by an etching-point, exposing the glass. The latter is then subjected to an acid, which acts upon the silicate and eats away the glass at these points, making depressions which constitute the etching.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
al fire. Apollodorus, the architect of the bridge of Trajan across the Danube, mentions the sipho. Its construction seems to be unknown. Apollodorus recommends a leathern bag of water with hollow canes for discharging-nozzles. The first notice of the modern fire-engine is in the Chronicles of Augsburg, 1518, which speaks of the water-syringe useful at fires. They were mounted on wheels, and worked by levers. Similar devices are referred to by Lucar, 1590; Greatorix, 1656; and Morland, 1670. The fire-engine of Nuremberg described by Caspar Schott, 1657, was of a different character. It was mounted on a sled 4 × 10 feet, and drawn by two horses. It had a cistern 2 × 8 feet and 4 feet deep, in which were two horizontal cylinders. The brakes were worked by twenty-eight men, and the combined streams from the cylinders issued at a one-inch orifice, and reached a hight of 80 feet. An English patent appears of the date of 1632 to Thomas Grant, and one to John Van der Heyden (o
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
nvention has been attributed to Roger Bacon about the year 1261, but it was first generally made known by Baptista Porta in his Natural Magick, and by Kircher, 1669-70, who described it in his Ars magna Lucis et Umbrae. Magic lanterns. Comes Mr. Reeves bringing me a lanthorn with pictures in glass to make strange things appins of metal for giving a metallic luster to wall-paper, shellwork, lacquered ware, and for other purposes. It was first made by John Hautsch of Nuremberg (1595 – 1670). It is prepared by sifting the filings of different metals, washing them in a strong lye, and then placing them on a metallic plate over a strong fire, where theyundation, cambric, cord, check, figured, long-cloth, tamboured, muslinet, organdie. Muslins are so called from Moussol in India. First imported into England in 1670. Made in England, 1778-80. Other very different styles of fabric are now indifferently called muslins, and the term is used differently on the respective sides
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), Q. (search)
ructed by Copernicus at Thorn in 1510. In 1590, Davis dispensed with the plumb and adapted the quadrant for use at sea. Previous to this the astrolabe and mariner's cross had been universally employed by seamen for determining the latitude; the longitude was derived from dead reckoning or guess-work. The telescope was adapted to the astronomical telescope by Picard. All these old forms were superseded for nautical purposes by the reflecting quadrant, invented by Sir Isaac Newton, 1670. He communicated the invention to Dr. Halley, who failed to give it publicity, and it was reinvented by Godfrey of Philadelphia, and also by Hadley in England. An instrument constructed on Hadley's plan was submitted to the Royal Society in 1742, and from having been first made known by Hadley, the reflecting quadrant has been generally called Hadley's. This and all similar reflecting instruments are based on the fact that the angle between the first and last directions of a ray which ha
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
f acid, which soon becomes saturated. It is now drawn off into another tank, and the tin is separated by putting in zinc, for which the acid has a greater affinity than for tin. The chloride of zinc thus formed is useful for other purposes, and the tin remains pure. The whole time thus required to treat a charge is but little over an hour. Tin′sel. 1. A shining thin metallic plate. Foil. Somewhat allied to tinsel is the metallic dust, the invention of John Hautsch, of Nuremberg, 1595-1670. 2. (Fabric.) A cloth composed of silk and silver. A material with a superficial sheen and but little sterling value. Cloth overlaid with foil. Tin-tack. A tack dipped in melted tin. Tint′ed Pa′per. Paper with moderate depth of color. Tints are grades of color, and are made by the addition of white pigment to all color, or of water to a water color, subduing the energy of the color. Tintin-nab′u-lum. A musical instrument of percussion, consisting of a number of
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
ming in direct contact with the longitudinal wires. The water-marks used by the earlier paper-makers have given names to several of the present standard sizes of paper, as pot, foolscap, crown, elephant, fan, post, the latter dating from the year 1670, when a general post-office was established in England, and formerly bearing the device of a postman's horn; the first was in use at least as early as 1530. Up to the year 1855, the very elaborate water-mark employed by the Bank of England, whie of design; their ware was regarded with admiration, and has been preserved in England among other articles of vertu. A factory was established in England in 1557, and improved in 1635, about which time pit coal was substituted for wood. In 1670, Venetian artists were introduced into England, and established the art in that country. Casting glass was invented by Theraut, a Frenchman, in 1688, and was introduced in England, at Prescott, in 1773. The art of coloring glass was well und