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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Williams, John 1664-1729 (search)
Williams, John 1664-1729 Clergyman; born in Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 10, 1664; educated at Harvard College, and in 1686 settled as the first minister at Deerfield. The village was attacked by French and Indians, March 1, 1704, and among the inhabitants carried into captivity were Mr. Williams and a part of his family. Two of his children and a black servant were murdered at his door. With his wife and five children he began the toilsome journey towards Canada through the deep snow. On the second day his wife, weak from the effects of recent childbirth, fainted with fatigue, when the tomahawk of her captor cleaved her skull, and so he was relieved of the burden. Her husband and children were taken to Canada, and, after a captivity of nearly two years among the Caughnawaga Indians near Montreal, they were ransomed and returned home, excepting a daughter Eunice (q. v.), whom the Indians refused to part with. After the return of Mr. Williams to Deerfield in 1706 he resumed the charg
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
k mentions one of 5 1/2 inches aperture and 5 1/2 feet focal length, which cost 200 guineas. Plopl, an optician of Vienna, has recently invented an improvement on the achromatic, which he calls the dialytic telescope, in which the several different kinds of glass composing the compound object-glass are not placed close together, but at regulated distances apart. This arrangement allows a shortening of the tube. Chester More Hall, of Essex, England, invented the achromatic telescope in 1729, but did not make it public. Dollond had to invent it over again. Acid-ime-ter. An instrument for determining the purity or strength of acids, founded on the principle that the strength of any sample of acid is proportionate to the quantity of alkali which it will neutralize, or the quantity of carbonic acid gas which it disengages from a carbonate of soda or potash. An accurate and economical apparatus for this purpose is proposed by Dr. Ure, as follows: a graduated glass cylinder, h
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
s which are liable to be closely occupied; to furnish a drying atmosphere in lumber, grain, or meal kilns, powder-mills, etc.; to assist in evaporating fluids by removing the steam from the vicinity of the boiling syrup or other solution; to raise fluids on the principle of the Giffard injector, as in some of the ejectors used in deep oil-wells; to assist in the dispersion of liquids, as in atomizers, and some ice-making machines. The fan-blower is believed to have been invented by Teral, 1729. The water-bellows by Horn blower. Blowing-machines were erected by Smeaton at the Carron Iron Works, 1760. The hot-air blast was invented by James Neilson, of Glasgow, and patented in 1828. Wooden bellows, in which one open-ended box is made to slip within another, with valves for the induction and eduction of air, were used at Nuremberg, 1550. They were used in the next century for smelting, blacksmithing, and for organs. Such a machine is in principle the same as Fig. 106, and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ne. It was introduced by Bose in 1741. A lightning-conductor, for conducting the static or tension electricity of the atmosphere harmlessly to the earth. It consists of a wire, rod, or slip of metal from the top of a house, tower, steeple, or mast, to the ground, or, better still, a ground-plate or system of buried iron pipes. Gray and Wheler, in 1720-1736, made experiments to ascertain the distance through which electric force could be transmitted, using insulated metals. Gray, in 1729, discovered the properties of electric conductors. He found that the attraction and repulsion which appear in electric bodies are exhibited also by other bodies in contact with the electric. —Whewell. Dr. Watson, in 1747, passed transmitted electricity through 2,800 feet of wire and 8,000 feet of water, using the earth circuit. Benjamin Franklin, in 1748, performed his experiments on the banks of the Schuylkill, concluded by a picnic, when spirits were fired by an electric spark sen
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
s of Leyden, in 1746, who, while handling a vessel containing water in communication with an electrical machine, was surprised at receiving a severe shock; a similar event had happened the year previous to Von Kleinst, a German prelate. Gray in 1729 discovered that certain substances were possessed of a conductive in contradistinction to an electric power; and afterwards Nollet passed a shock through a circle of 180 men of the French guards, and along a line of men and wires 900 toises in len That form of electric signaling apparatus in which an insulated wire excited by frictional electricity is — or rather was — used to convey messages by sparks or shocks. For notices of early observations, see electrical apparatus. Gray, in 1729, experimented with conductors; Nollet soon afterwards sent a shock along a line of men and wires 900 toises in length; Watson, the learned Bishop of Llandaff, in 1745, sent a shock through 12,000 feet of wire, and proved that it was practically in
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
in 1709; the first printing-press in Turkey was brought from Paris by Mohammed Effendi, in 1721; the first press in Annapolis, Md., was in 1726; Williamsburg, Va., 1729; Charleston, S. C., 1730; Newport, R. I., 1732; Halifax, N. S., 1751; Newbern, N. C., 1755; Portsmouth, N. H., 1756; Savannah, Ga., 1763; Quebec, Canada, 1764. Thto have been paddle-wheels of some kind. In 1690, Papin describes oars fixed to an axis, a pinion on the latter being engaged by a rack on the piston-rod. In 1729, Dr. John Allen patented the hydraulic propeller, forcing water through the stern of the ship at a convenient distance under water. In 1737, Jonathan Hulls patee and then the other obliquely against the water causes the vessel to advance. Paddle-propellers. The hydraulic propeller so often projected — by Allen, in 1729; Hulls, 1737; Ramsay, 1738; Rumsey, 1782; Franklin and Evans, 1786 — has been lately revived, the English government vessel the Water-Witch being propelled by a ro
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
e. It carried four persons at the rate of 2 to 3 miles an hour, but, owing to the smallness of the boiler, it was necessary to stop every 12 or 15 minutes to get up steam. He made a second carriage, of which several successful trials were made in the streets of Paris, but this, having upset while going at the rate of about 3 miles an hour, was considered as dangerous, and locked up in the arsenal. It is still to be seen in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers at Paris. Cugnot was born in 1729, and died in 1804. In 1769, Moore, a London linen-draper, patented an invention of this kind; and in 1772, Oliver Evans obtained an exclusive right from the State of Maryland for the use of a steamcar-riage devised by him. In 1786, William Symington constructed a model of a steamcarriage, but afterward devoted his attention to steamnaviga-tion. In 1784, Murdoch, an assistant of Watt, invented a steamcarriage, which he tested on a road in Cornwall; and in 1789, Thomas Allen, of London
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
is used, as the gelatine of the root is sufficient for that purpose. A better sort of paper is sold in sheets 12 to 18 inches long, and 4 to 5 inches wide. Writing is done with charcoal, or with pencils prepared of coal and lime. Wood-plan′ing ma-chine′. Bramah's English patent, 1802. The planing-machine for wood long preceded that for metal. General Bentham's reciprocating planingmachine was invented in 1791; Bramah's transverse planer, in 1802. See planing-machine, pages 1728, 1729. Wood-polishing machine. Wood-pol′ish-ing ma-chine′. Fig. 7335 shows a machine for polishing pencils, which are placed on an endless apron, that runs over a table. The ends of the pencils enter guide-notches in the blocks of an inner endless apron, running at a different speed from the former apron, so as to cause rotation in the pencils as they are carried forward beneath the polishing-blocks, which are reciprocated transversely as to the machine and lengthwise of the pencils. Th
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 4: Edwards (search)
may amount to cruelty, and something is due to the weakness of human nature. The result was inevitable. The people of Northampton listened to Edwards for a time; were rapt out of themselves; suffered the relapse of natural indolence; grew resentful under the efforts to keep them in a state of exaltation; and freed themselves of the burden when it became intolerable. At first all went well. Stoddard, in whose declining years the discipline of the church had been somewhat relaxed, died in 1729, and the fervour of his successor soon began to tell on the people. In 1733, as Edwards notes in his Narrative of surprising Conversions, there was a stirring in the conscience of the young, who had hitherto been prone to the awful sin of frolicking. The next year the sudden conversion of a young woman, who had been one of the greatest company keepers in the whole town, came upon the community like a flash of lightning ; the Great Awakening was started, which was to run over New England lik
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 5: philosophers and divines, 1720-1789 (search)
achusetts divines, Chauncy and Mayhew, one may traverse, by parallel paths, the whole controversy between old and new lights, a controversy beginning with a narrow emotionalism and ending with a rationalistic trend towards universalism. A similar course of thought, but expressed with far higher literary skill, may be pursued in the writings of the Connecticut scholar Samuel Johnson (1696-1772), a graduate of Yale College in 1714, a disciple of George Berkeley when he came to Rhode Island in 1729 and, in 1754, the first head of King's College, Now Columbia University. New York. Especially does Johnson's Elementa Philosophica strike a balance between extremes. Like the Alciphron of Berkeley, to whom the Elements was dedicated, Johnson's work was directed against both fatalists and enthusiasts. The author's situation was logically fortunate. He was familiar with both predestination and fanatical principles and avoided the excesses of each. Brought up in Yale College, under the r
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