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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
problem, using the gas to obtain a partial vacuum in a chamber; the exploding of the gas expelled the atmospheric air, and the gases suddenly condensing left the vessel nearly void. Huyghens adopted the same principle, but used a cylinder for his explosive chamber, the vacuum being utilized by the resulting atmospheric pressure upon the piston moving in the cylinder. Papin substituted a bell-valve over a hole in the middle of the piston for the leather tubes used by Huyghens. In 1791, Barker patented a gas-engine having the main features of the modern gas-engine; streams of carbureted hydrogen gas and atmospheric air being introduced through different conductors into a cylinder, in which the gas was exploded, the effect being to drive a piston. See gas-engine. Papin's apparatus consisted of a tube closed at bottom and having a valved piston below which a charge of gunpowder was exploded. The idea was, that the sudden blast of the explosion would expel the air, causing a v
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
with perspiration at the end of the hour's performance. This is one of the largest instruments in Europe, having 60 stops and 8,000 pipes. One at Seville has 5,300 pipes. The expenditure of wind varying greatly, according to the series of notes produced, the tension of the air supply was very different at different times, causing a variation in the purity of the tone and difficulty in opening the valves when under high pressure. These difficulties were remedied by the pneumatic lever of Barker, in which small subsidiary bellows operated by the movement of the key are employed to depress the wires by which the valves are opened. Where an extraordinarily large supply of air is required, it may be furnished by blowers or bellows operated by hydraulic or steam power. Fig. 3426 illustrates the blowing-engine employed for the great organ at the Hall of Arts, South Kensington, London, England. It is a vertical beam-engine, having two steam cylinders of 7 inches diameter and 24 inche
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
of a complete scene, such as that of London as viewed from a central point, by Barker, from the summit of St. Paul's, or made continuous upon an unrolling canvas, as, is, or should be, a circular view. The invention of the panorama is due to Barker, a portrait-painter of Edinburgh, who obtained a patent for his invention in 17nce, 1799. In 1821, during the absence for repairs of the cross of St. Paul's, Barker erected an observatory at that giddy hight, and during the summer completed hisy a pipe c at bottom. Pneu-mat′ic Le′ver. （Music.) A device invented by Barker of Bath, England, in which the elasticity of the air itself is made to overcomeaeolipile of Hero is substantially analogous to the water-wheel of the worthy Dr. Barker, who left us a century back or thereabout, except that the fluid agent of oneof action from the aeolipile of Hero, 150 B. C., or the reaction water-wheel of Barker, say A. D. 1740. We are much indebted to the worthy Otto Guericke, a magistr<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
ashed; dipped in a bath of clay 100, lampblack 1, prussiate of potash .5; heated and rolled; the sheet-iron is dipped in same composition and rerolled. No. 88,002, Atkins, 23, 3, 1869. Roll into sheets, scale with acid, neutralize with lime-water, oil; lay up the iron in packs with intervening charcoal and marble dust; raise to a red-heat, roll singly; reheat, and roll in pairs, and so on; rolling till cold to develop polish; heat in packs to anneal; roll, and cool slowly. No. 95,554, Barker, 5, 10, 1869 Roll; remove scale by acid; wash; potash bath, in which they remain till rolled; roll in packs, cold; mottled rolls, made by a peculiar process of chill casting. No. 98,364, Fields, 28, 12, 1869. Iron is of Franklinite 100, good pig-iron 400. Sheet-iron is scaled; dipped in a bath of flour of zinc 1, graphite 1, tallow enough to make consistence of cream, when melted; a pack of three sheets is placed beneath a steam-hammer with a hard-wood face; the anvil having a similar fa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
e pressure of the external air. These were probably similar to the aerometers of the Spanish Saracens. See Aerometer. As early as 1641 observations of temperature were made at regular intervals with spirit-thermometers similar to our own. Barker and Mayer's thermoscope, August 26, 1873, is designed to indicate in a manner to be readily discernible to the eye the existence of excessive heat in journal-bearings, etc., and also the proper degree of heat to be employed in various processes iliquid metal above. See Bessemer; convertor; steel. The blast-pipe of the forge or furnace is sometimes cooled by passing through a casing around which a current of water is caused to pass. Such an arrangement is called a water-tuyere. Wm. Barker's United States patent, November 10, 1818, for a water tew-iron, is the first instance of a water-tuyere known to the writer. Cupola-furnace. An external covering or case of metal passing round the common tew-iron and forming a chamber
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
. Sun-cases are similar to the above. Catherine-wheels are revolving wheels, whose rotation is caused by the flame escaping from a series of cases arranged so as to form a continuous spiral. Old-time wool-wheel. Knot-reel. See under the following heads:— Aero-hydro dynamic wheel.Double-gear wheel. Angular wheel.Downward-discharge wheel. Annular wheel.Driver. Anti-friction wheel.Driving-wheel. Back-frame wheel.Drum. Balance-wheel.Eccentric. Band-wheel.Eccentric wheel. Barker's wheel.Edge-wheel. Bastard wheel.Elliptical wheel. Bevel-wheel.Emery-wheel. Brake-wheel.Emery-vulcanite wheel. Breast-wheel.Epicycloidal wheel. Brush-wheel.Escape-wheel. Bucket-wheel.Face-wheel. Buff-wheel.Fan-wheel. Burring-wheel.Feed-wheel. Cam-wheel.Fifth wheel. Canting-wheel.Flash-wheel. Car-wheel.Flush-wheel. Carriage-wheel.Flutter-wheel. Caster-wheel.Fly. Center-wheel.Fly-wheel. Center-discharge wheel.Follower. Chain-wheel.Friction-wheel. Change-wheel.Fuzee. Chapelet