THIRD DECLENSION
[*] 240. This declension includes stems ending in a consonant, in
ι, υ, or a diphthong, and some in
ω and
ο, representing
ωϝ and
οι.
N.—To determine whether a noun belongs to the third declension it is necessary in most cases to know the
stem, which is usually found by dropping
-ος of the genitive singular. Stems in
ι and
υ are classed under the consonant declension because neither of these vowels admits contraction with the case endings beginning with a vowel, herein being like a consonant.
FORMATION OF CASES: NOMINATIVE SINGULAR
[*] 241. Masculine and feminine stems
not ending in ν, ρ, ς and οντ, add
ς.
a. A labial (
π, β, φ) +
ς becomes
ψ (
97).
b. A dental (
τ, δ, θ) +
ς becomes
σς (
98), which is reduced to
ς (
107).
c. A palatal (
κ, γ, χ) or
κτ ¨ ς becomes
ξ (
97).
(The same changes occur in the dative plural.)
γύ_ψ vulture γυ_π-ός, Ἄραψ Arab Ἄραβ-ος; κακότης baseness κακότητ-ος, ἐλπίς hope ἐλπίδ-ος, ὄρνι_ς bird ὄρνι_θ-ος; φύλαξ guard φύλακ-ος, μάστι^ξ scourge μάστι_γ-ος, σάλπιγξ trumpet σάλπιγγ-ος, ὄνυξ nail ὄνυχ-ος, νύξ night νυκτ-ός; ἅλ-ς salt ἁλ-ός, ἰχθύ_ς fish ἰχθύ-ος; ἐλέφα_ς elephant ἐλέφαντ-ος.
[*] 242. Masculine and feminine stems ending in
ν, ρ, and
ς reject
ς and lengthen a preceding vowel if short (
ε to
η, ο to
ω).
δαίμων divinity δαίμον-ος, χειμών winter χειμῶν-ος, λιμήν harbour λιμέν-ος, Ἕλλην Greek Ἕλλην-ος; ῥήτωρ orator ῥήτορ-ος, ἀήρ air ἀέρ-ος, φώρ thief φωρ-ός,
τριήρης trireme (stem
τριηρεσ-, 263 b),
αἰδώς shame (stem
αἰδοσ-,
266). On
μήν see
259 end. For stems in
ες, nominative
-ος, see 263 c.
[*] 243. Masculine stems in
οντ drop
τ (
133) and lengthen
ο to
ω:
γέρων old man γέροντ-ος, λέων lion λέοντ-ος.
[*] 243 D. Hdt. has
ὀδών tooth ὀδόντ-ος. Attic
ὀδούς has the inflection of a participle in
-ους (
307).
[*] 244. Neuters show the pure stem, from which final
τ and other consonants not standing at the end of a word (
133) are dropped:
ἅρμα chariot ἅρματ-ος, πρᾶγμα thing πρά_γματ-ος, γάλα milk γάλακτ-ος (133 b).
[*] 245.
Summary.—
ς is added to stems ending in a labial, dental, palatal, and in
αντ, εντ, υντ; to some stems in
ν (as
εἷς one ἑν-ός, μέλα_ς black μέλαν-ος); to stems in
ευ, αυ, ου; and to masc. and fem. stems in
ι and
υ. ς is not added to most stems ending in
ν, nor to those in
οντ, ρ, ες, ας, ος, υ (neut.),
ω（
ϝ),
ο（
ι).
ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR
[*] 246. Masculines and feminines usually add
α to stems ending in a consonant;
ν to stems ending in
ι or
υ.
γῦπ-α, ὄνυχ-α, ἐλέφαντ-α, λιμέν-α, ῥήτορ-α, λέοντ-α; πόλι-ν, ἰχθύ_-ν, βοῦ-ν from
πόλι-ς city,
ἰχθύ_-ς fish,
βοῦ-ς ox,
cow. Stems in
ευ take
α (
275).
[*] 247. Barytone stems of two syllables ending in
ιτ, ιδ, ι_θ usually drop the dental and add
ν.
χάρις grace (stem
χαριτ-)
χάριν, ἔρις strife (
ἐριδ-)
ἔριν, ὄρνι_ς bird (
ὀρνι_θ-)
ὄρνι_ν. So
εὔελπις hopeful (
εὐελπιδ-)
εὔελπιν (
292). Oxytones end in
α:
ἐλπίδ-α, σφρα_γῖδα (
σφρα_γί_ς seal).
a. κλεῖς key (
κλειδ-), Old Att.
κλῄς, has
κλεῖν (late
κλεῖδα), acc. pl.
κλεῖς (late
κλεῖδας).
[*] 247 D. The acc. in
α (
χάριτα, ἔριδα, ὄρνι_θα) occurs in Hom., Hdt., and in Attic poetry. So
κόρυθα and
κόρυν (
κόρυς helmet) in Hom.
VOCATIVE SINGULAR
[*] 248. The vocative of masculines and feminines is usually the pure stem.
πόλι (
πόλι-ς city),
βοῦ (
βοῦ-ς ox,
cow),
Σώκρατες (
Σωκράτης). Stems in
ιδ and
ντ cannot retain final
δ and
τ (
133), hence
Ἄρτεμι from
Ἄρτεμις (
Ἀρτεμιδ-),
παῖ from
παῖς boy,
girl (
παιδ-),
νεᾶνι from
νεᾶνις maiden (
νεα_νιδ-);
γέρον from
γέρων old man (
γεροντ-),
γίγαν from
γίγα_ς giant (
γιγαντ-).
[*] 249. The vocative is the same as the nominative:
a. In stems ending in a stop (
16) consonant (except those in
ιτ, ιδ, ι_θ; ντ in nouns):
ὦ φύλαξ watchman. (
Αἴα_ς Ajax (
Αἰαντ-) is nom. and voc.)
b. In oxytone stems ending in a liquid and not taking
ς to form their nominative (
242):
ὦ ποιμήν shepherd (
ποιμεν-); but
ἀνήρ man,
πατήρ father have
ἄνερ, πάτερ (
262). Barytones use the stem as the vocative:
δαῖμον, ῥη̈τορ from
δαίμων divinity,
ῥήτωρ orator.
c. In all participles.
[*] 249 D. Hom. has
ἄνα oh king as well as
ἄναξ (
ἀνακτ-);
Αἶαν from
Αἰαντ-. Πουλυδάμα_, Λα_οδάμα_ (from stems in
αντ) are later forms due to analogy.
DATIVE DUAL AND PLURAL
[*] 250. The dative plural adds
-σι to the stem.
Ἄραψ (
Ἀραβ-)
Ἄραψι, μάστι^ξ (
μαστι_γ-)
μάστιξι, φύλαξ (
φυλακ-)
φύλαξι, σῶμα (
σωματ-)
σώμασι (
98),
ἐλπίς (
ἐλπιδ-)
ἐλπίσι (
98),
ὄρνι_ς (
ὀρνι_θ-)
ὄρνι_σι (
98),
ἐλέφα_ς (
ἐλεφαντ-)
ἐλέφα_σι, θήρ (
θηρ-)
θηρσί.
a. Stems in
ντ drop
ντ and lengthen the preceding vowel (
100):
λέων (
λεοντ-)
λέουσι, γίγα_ς (
γιγαντ-)
γίγα_σι.
b. Stems in
ν drop
ν without lengthening the preceding vowel (if short):
δαίμων (
δαιμον-)
δαίμοσι, ποιμήν (
ποιμεν-)
ποιμέσι, φρήν mind (
φρεν-)
φρεσί.
N.—Strictly
ν is not dropped, but since the stem of the dat. pl. is weak in form (253 a) the
ν stood originally between two consonants and should become
α (35 b). Thus,
φρασί in Pindar is for
φρṇσι. Attic
φρεσί borrows its
ε from
φρένες, φρενῶν, etc. So
ποιμέσι, for
ποιμασι from
ποιμṇσι, because of
ποιμένες, etc.
c. ρς is not changed to
ρρ (79 a).
[*] 250 D. 1. Hom. has only
-οιιν in the gen. and dat. dual.
2. In the dat. pl. Hom. has
-σι (
βέλεσ-σι, δέπασ-σι), and in a few cases
-εσι, reduced from
-εσσι (
ἀνάκτ-εσι);
-σσι occurs after vowels (
γένυ-σσι; for
γένυ_σι?).
-εσσι was added both to stems not ending in
ς (
πόδ-εσσι, βό-εσσι, ἄνδρ-εσσι, ὀΐ-εσσι, 274 D.), and even to stems in
ς (
έπέ-εσσι). Hom. has also
ποσσί, ποσί; Pind.
χαρίτεσσι, θέμισσι. Tragedy has this
-εσσι (
κορύθ-εσσι), and so Aeolic, and the Doric of Corinth.
ACCUSATIVE PLURAL
[*] 251.
a. The ending
-ας is produced by adding
νς to the stem (
ν becoming
α between two consonants by 35 b). Thus
φύλακ-ας is from
φυλακ-ṇς. This
-ας may be added even to
ι and
υ stems: Hom.
πόλι-ας, ἰχθύ-ας, Hdt.
πήχε-ας. Hom.
πόλι_ς is from
πόλι-νς (Cretan).
b. The nominative pl. masc. or fem. is sometimes used instead of the accusative pl.:
τριήρεις 264,
πόλεις and
πήχεις 268.
ACCENT, STEM FORMATION, QUANTITY, GENDER
[*] 252.
Accent.—Stems of one syllable accent the case ending in the genitive and dative of all numbers; and
-ων and
-οιν take the circumflex accent. Thus,
φλέψ vein,
φλεβ-ός, φλεβ-ῶν; θήρ wild beast,
θηρ-ός, θηρ-οῖν, θηρ-ῶν; θρίξ hair,
τριχ-ός, τριχ-ῶν.
a. Exceptions. The ending of the gen. dual and pl. is not accented in the case of
ὁ, ἡ παῖς boy,
girl,
ὁ δμώς slave,
ὁ θώς jackal,
ὁ Τρώς Trojan,
ἡ δᾴς torch,
τὸ φῶς light,
τὸ οὖς ear. Thus,
παίδων (but
παισί),
Τρώων, ὤτων, etc. So
ὤν being,
ὄντων (
305).
b. A trisyllabic form, if contracted, does not show the accent on the case ending:
ἦρ-ος for
ἔαρ-ος, ἦρ-ι for
ἔαρ-ι, from
τὸ ἔαρ spring.
[*] 253.
Variation of Stem Formation.—Many words of the third declension show traces of an original variation of stem that is due to the influence of a shifting accent which is seen in some of the cognate languages. In Greek this variation has often been obscured by the analogy of other forms. Thus
πατέρων, in comparison with Hom.
πατρῶν, Lat.
patrum, gets its
ε from
πατέρες.
a. Variation of stem is seen in
ων, ον (
259);
ηρ, ερ, ρα (
262);
ης, εσ- (
264); in stems in
ι, ει (
270);
υ, ευ (
270);
ευ, ηυ (
278);
οι, ω (
279), etc. Words in
ων, ην show a middle form
ον, εν, and a weak form in
ν (
250 N.).
b. Several words ending in
ρ show a parallel stem in
τ; thus,
ὕδωρ water ὕδατ-ος, ἧπαρ liver ἥπατ-ος, φρέα_ρ tank φρέα_τ-ος (but poet.
δάμα_ρ wife δάμαρτ-ος). The reason for this change is uncertain, but
ατ is derived from
ντ after a consonant (35 b):
ὑδντος, ἡπντος, cp. Lat.
jecinoris, nom.
jecur.
ἧπαρ is probably derived from
ἡπαρτ (
133).
c. -ατος was transferred from such genitives as
ὀνόματος, ἥπατος to other neuter words:
γόνατος from
γόνυ knee, instead of
γονϝ-ος, whence Hom.
γουνός. φῶς light, for
φάος (stem
φαεσ-), has taken on the
τ inflection (
φωτ-ός, etc.).
d. Neuter stems in
-ες show
-ος in the nominative. Cp.
ἔτος year (stem
ἐτεσ-) with Lat.
vetus,
veter-is (for
vetes-is).
[*] 254.
Variation of Quantity.—
a. In poetry the quantity of
ι in words in
-ις may differ from that of prose; as in tragedy
ὄρνι^ς bird,
κόνι_ς dust,
ὄφι_ς serpent (in prose
ὄρνι_ς, κόνι^ς, ὄφι^ς); so in Pind.
ἰχθυ?́ς (prose
ἰχθύ_ς)
fish.
b. κῆρυ^ξ herald,
Φοῖνι^ξ Phoenician,
μάστι^ξ whip have long
υ and
ι in the oblique cases except the dat. pl. (
κήρυ_κος, Φοίνι_κι, μάστι_γα, etc.).
ἀλώπηξ fox has
ε in the gen.
ἀλώπεκος, etc., by analogy to such words as
ποιμήν, ποιμένος (
ἀλωπήκων occurs in Ionic).
πῦρ fire has
πυ^ρός, πυ^ρί, etc. (
285,
25).
[*] 255.
Gender.—The gender of substantives of the third declension is frequently known by the last letters of the stem.
1. Masculine are stems ending in
a. ντ:
ὀδούς tooth (
ὀδοντ-),
δράκων serpent (
δρακοντ-).
b. ητ, ωτ:
πένης day-labourer (
πενητ-),
γέλως laughter (
γελωτ-).
Exceptions. Stems in
-τητ (2, b):
ἡ ἐσθής dress (
ἐσθητ-),
τὸ φῶς light (
φωτ-).
c. ν:
λειμών meadow (
λειμον-).
Exceptions. Fem.: stems in
γον, δον (2, a), and
φρήν mind (
φρεν-),
ἴ_ς strength (
ἰ_ν-),
ῥί_ς nose (
ῥι_ν-),
ἀκτί_ς ray (
ἀκτι_ν-),
γλωχί_ς arrow-point (
γλωχι_ν-),
ὠδί_ς birth-pang (
ὠδι_ν-),
εἰκών image (
εἰκον-),
ἠϊών shore (
ἠϊον-),
χθών earth (
χθόν-),
χιών snow (
χιον-),
ἀλκυών halcyon (
ἀλκυον-), etc.,
ὁ, ἡ χήν goose (
χην-).
d. ρ:
θήρ wild beast (
θηρ-),
φώρ thief (
φωρ-).
Exceptions. Fem.:
χείρ hand (
χερ-),
κήρ fate (
κηρ-),
γαστήρ belly (
γαστερ-); neut.: stems in
αρ (3, a),
πῦρ fire (
πυρ-), and the indeclinable
πέλωρ monster,
τέκμωρ (Hom)
token, etc.
e. ευ:
γονεύς parent,
φονεύς murderer.
2. Feminine are stems ending in
a. γον, δον:
σταγών drop (
σταγον-),
χελι_δών swallow (
χελι_δον-).
b. τητ, δ, θ:
κακότης baseness (
κακοτητ-),
ἔρις strife (
ἐριδ-),
ἐλπίς hope (
ἐλπιδ-).
Exceptions. Masc.:
πούς foot (
ποδ-),
ὁ, ἡ ὄρνι_ς bird (
ὀρνι_θ-).
c. ι, υ with nom. in
-ις, -υς:
πόλι-ς city,
ἰσχύ_-ς strength.
Exceptions. Masc.:
ὄφι-ς serpent,
ἔχι-ς viper,
ὄρχι-ς testicle; βότρυ-ς cluster of grapes,
ἰχθύ_-ς fish,
μῦ-ς mouse,
νέκυ-ς corpse,
στάχυ-ς ear of corn,
πέλεκυ-ς axe,
πῆχυ-ς fore-arm; and
ὁ, ἡ σῦ-ς or
ὗ-ς swine.
d. οι:
ἠχώ echo,
πειθώ pèrsuasion.
3. Neuter are stems ending in
a. ατ, αρ:
πρᾶγμα thing (
πρα_γματ-),
νέκταρ nectar (
νεκταρ-). But
ὁ ψά_ρ starling.
b. ας, ες (with nom. in
-ος):
κρέας flesh (
κρεασ-),
γενος race (
γενεσ-).
c. ι, υ with nom. in
-ι, -υ:
σίνα_πι mustard,
ἄστυ city.
N.—No stem ending in
π, β, φ or
κ, γ, χ is neuter.
STEMS IN A LABIAL (π, β, φ) OR IN A PALATAL (κ, γ, χ）
[*] 256.
Masculine:
κλώψ thief (
κλωπ-),
γύ_ψ vulture (
γυ_π-),
Ἄραψ Arab (
Ἀραβ-),
θώρα_ξ breastplate (
θωρα_κ-),
ὄνυξ nail (
ὀνυχ-). Feminine:
κλῖμαξ ladder (
κλι_μακ-),
μάστι^ξ whip (
μαστι_γ-, 254 b),
σάλπιγξ trumpet (
σαλπιγγ-),
κατῆλιψ upper story (
κατηλιφ-).
STEMS IN A DENTAL (τ, δ, θ）
[*] 257. A. MASCULINES AND FEMININES
Masculine:
γέλως laughter (
γελωτ-),
ἐλέφα_ς elephant (
ἐλεφαντ-),
λέων lion (
λεοντ-),
ὀδούς tooth (
ὀδοντ-), voc.
ὀδούς. Feminine:
ἐσθής clothing (
ἐσθητ-),
ἔρις strife (
ἐριδ-),
ἀσπίς shield (
ἀσπιδ-),
πατρίς fatherland (
πατριδ-),
κόρυς helmet (
κορυθ-).
a. In
πούς foot, Doric
πώς (stem
ποδ-)
ου is irregular.
[*] 257 D.
χρώς skin (
χρωτ-) and some other words often show a stem with no
τ. Thus, Hom.
χροός, χροΐ (also Hdt.),
χρόα, and also, but rarely,
χρωτός, χρῶτα. Hom. has
ἱδρῷ, γέλῳ, ἔρῳ for Att.
ἱδρῶτι (
ἱδρώς sweat),
γέλωτι (
γέλως laughter),
ἔρωτι (
ἔρως love). Hom. has also acc.
ἱδρῶ, γέλω (or
γέλων),
ἔρον (from
ἔρος). Some stems in
-ιδ are generally
ι stems in Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic:
Θέτις, Θέτιος (but
Θέτιδος Θ 370),
Πάρις, Πάριος.
B. NEUTERS WITH STEMS IN τ AND IN α_τ VARYING WITH ας
[*] 258.
ὄνομα name (
ὀνοματ-),
στόμα mouth (
στοματ),
μέλι honey (
μελιτ-),
γάλα milk (
γαλακτ-, 133 b),
φῶς light (
φωτ-),
κῆρ heart (for
κηρδ-, 133 b).
a. Stems in
ας (
264) drop
ς before the endings and contract
αο, αω to
ω, and
αα to
α_.
b. κέρας, meaning
wing of an army, is declined from the stem
κερασ- (
ἐπὶ κέρως in single file); in the meaning
horn, from the stem
κερα_τ-.
c. For the inflection
ἧπαρ, ἥπατ-ος, see 253 b. Of like inflection are
ἄλειφαβ fat,
φρέα_ρ cistern,
δέλεαρ bait, and poetic
ἦμαρ day,
εἶδαρ food,
πεῖραρ end.
d. τέρας, κέρας form their nominative from a stem in
ς. So, too,
πέρας end πέρατ-ος, φῶς light (contracted from
φάος)
φωτ-ός (253 c).
[*] 258 D. The other dialects rarely show the
τ forms. Hom. has
τέρας, τέραα (
τείρεα),
τεράων, τεράεσσι, κέρας, κέραος, κέραι, κέρα, κεράων, κέρασι and
κεράεσσι. Hdt. has
ε for
α before a vowel (cp. 264 D. 3) in
τέρεος, τέρεα (also
τέρατος, τέρατα),
κέρεος, κέρει, κέρεα, κερέων. Hom. has
πεῖρας πείρατος for
πέρας πέρατος. From
φάος (
φόως), whence
φῶς, he has dat.
φάει, pl.
φά_εα. φάος is used in tragedy.
STEMS IN A LIQUID (λ, ρ) OR A NASAL (ν).
[*] 259.
STEMS IN A LIQUID (λ, ρ) OR A NASAL (ν）—Concluded
ὁ αἰθήρ upper air (
αἰθερ-),
ὁ κρα_τήρ mixing bowl (
κρα_τηρ-),
ὁ φώρ thief (
φωρ-),
τὸ νέκταρ nectar (
νεκταρ-),
ὁ δελφί_ς dolphin (
δελφι_ν-),
ὁ Ἕλλην Greek (
Ἑλλην-),
ὁ δαίμων divinity (
δαιμον-), voc.
δαῖμον, 249 b. The only
λ stem is
ὁ ἅλς salt (pl.
grains of salt);
ἡ ἅλς (poetic) means
sea.
ὁ μήν month was originally a sigma stem (
μηνσ-, cp.
mensis).
[*] 259 D. Late Greek shows
δελφί_ν, ῥί_ν, θί_ν shore (Hom.
θί_ς).
ἕλμινς worm in Hippocrates has its
ν from the oblique cases. Hom. has
ἠέρι, ἠέρα from
ἀ_ήρ air; from
Κρονί_ων Hom. has
Κρονι?́ωνος and
Κρονί_ονος. μάκαρς is Doric for
μάκα_ρ happy. Pind. has
φρασί (
250 N.). Ionic
μείς, Doric
μής are from
μενς for
μηνς (
40,
37 D. 1, 2). Aeolic gen.
μῆννος is from
μηνσ-ος.
[*] 260.
Accusative Sing.—
Ἀπόλλω and
Ποσειδῶ are found as well as
Ἀπόλλωνα, Ποσειδῶνα. The shorter forms are regular in inscriptions, and occur especially in expressions of swearing after
νὴ τόν, μὰ τόν (1596 b).
[*] 260 D.
κυκεών potion usually has
κυκεῶ for
κυκεῶνα.
[*] 261.
Vocative.—
σωτήρ preserver,
Ἀπόλλων, Ποσειδῶν (from
Ποσειδέων, -ά_ων, -α_ϝων) have voc.
σῶτερ, Ἄπολλον, Πόσειδον with recessive accent. Recessive accent also occurs in compound proper names in
-ων; as
Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀγάμεμνον; Αὐτομέδων, Αὐτόμεδον; Φιλήμων, Φιλῆμον; but not in those in
-φρων (
Εὐθύφρον).
Λακεδαίμων has
Λακεδαῖμον.
STEMS IN ερ VARYING WITH ρ
[*] 262. Several words in
-τηρ show three forms of stem gradation:
-τηρ strong,
-τερ middle,
-τρ weak.
ρ between consonants becomes
ρα (35 b). The vocative has recessive accent.
ἀνήρ man has the weak form in
ρ even before vowels; between
ν and
ρ, δ is inserted by 130.
a. The accent in the weak forms of
μήτηρ, θυγάτηρ in the gen. and dat. sing. follows that of
πατρός, πατρί.
b. γαστήρ belly, has
γαστρός, etc.
Δημήτηρ is inflected
Δήμητρος, Δήμητρι, Δήμητρα, Δήμητερ.
c. ἀστήρ star has gen.
ἀστέρος, dat.
ἀστέρι, dat. pl.
ἀστράσι.
[*] 262 D. Poetry often has
πατέρος, πατέρι, μητέρος, μητέρι, etc. Poetical are
πατρῶν; θυγατέρι, θύγατρα, θύγατρες, θυγατρῶν, θυγατέρεσσι, θύγατρας, γαστέρος, etc.; and
ἀνέρος, ἀνέρι, ἀνέρα, ἀνέρες, ἀνέρων, ἀνέρας all with long
α. Hom. has
ἄνδρεσσι and
ἀνδράσι (with
-ασι only in this word),
Δήμητρος and
Δημήτερος.
STEMS IN SIGMA (ες, ας, ος）
[*] 263. Stems in sigma are contracted where
ς falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending (
120). Thus,
γένος race, gen.
γενε（
ς）
-ος γένους, dat.
γενε（
ς）
-ι γένει, cp. Lat.
genus gener-is (for
genes-is),
gener-i.
a. The masculine and feminine accusative plural, when it is contracted, borrows the form of the contracted nominative plural.
-εις is not derived from
-εας. In the dative plural the union of
ς of the stem and
ς of the ending produces
σς, which is reduced to
ς without lengthening the preceding vowel (
107).
b. Masculine stems in
ες with the nominative in
-ης are proper names; the feminine
τριήρης trireme is an adjective used substantively (properly,
triply fitted; ἡ τριήρης (
ναῦς) ‘ship with three banks of oars’).
c. Neuters with stems in
ες have
-ος in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular; neuters with stems in
ας have
-ας in these cases.
d. Some stems in
ας have also a stem in
ατ or
α_τ (
258).
[*] 264.
Διογένης Diogenes,
Ἱπποκράτης Hippocrates. Neuters:
ἔτος year,
εὖρος width,
ξίφος sword,
τεῖχος wall,
γῆρας old age,
κρέας flesh (for
κέρας horn see
258).
a. Proper names in
-ης have recessive accent in the vocative.
b. Proper names in
-γένης, -κράτης, -μένης, -φάνης, etc., may have an accus. in
-ην derived from the first declension. Thus,
Σωκράτην, Ἀριστοφάνην, like
Ἀτρείδην (
222,
282 N.). But names in
-κλῆς (
265) have only
-εα_.
c. Proper names in
-ης often show
-εος, -εα in the lyric parts of tragedy.
d. Neuters in
-ος often show open forms (especially
-εων) in Attic poetry.
-εων is frequent in Xenophon.
e. τριήροιν and
τριήρων have irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.
f. A preceding
ρ does not prevent the contraction of
εα to
η, as
ὄρη from
τὸ ὄρος mountain (cp.
31. 1).
g. The dat. sing. of
ας stems is properly
-α^ι; but
-ᾳ is often written on the authority of the ancient grammarians. This
ᾳ may possibly be due to the analogy of
ᾳ in
α_ stems.
[*] 264 D. 1. Hom. uses the open or the closed forms according to convenience.
-ευς occurs in the gen. of a few words in
-ος (
βέλευς);
-εων is often a monosyllable (
60), as is the accus. sing. and pl.
-εα from nom.
-ης or
-ος. Hdt. has open
-εος, -εα, -εες (?),
-εα. In the dat. pl. Hom. has
βέλεσσι, βέλεσι, and
βελέεσσι (250 D. 2) from
βέλος missile.
2. Stems in
ας are generally uncontracted in Hom. (
γήραος, γήραϊ), but we find
-αι in the dat. sing.,
κρεῶν and
κρειῶν in the gen. pl. In the nom. and acc. pl.
α is short (
γέρα^), and this is sometimes the case even in Attic poetry (
κρέα^). The explanation is obscure (
γέρα^ does not stand for
γέρα᾽). Hom. has
δέπασσι and
δεπάεσσι (
δέπας cup).
3. In Hom. and Hdt. several words in
-ας show
ε for
α before a vowel (cp.
ὁρέω in Hdt. for
ὁράω). Hom.:
οὖδας ground,
οὔδεος, οὔδεϊ and
οὔδει; κῶας fleece,
κώεα, κώεσι; Hdt.:
γέρας, γέρεος, but
κρέας, κρέως, κρεῶν. In Attic poetry:
βρέτας image,
βρέτεος, βρέτει, etc. Cp. 258 D.
[*] 265. When
-εσ- of the stem is preceded by
ε, the forms are inflected as follows:
τὸ δέος fear (
δεεσ-),
Περικλῆς from
Περικλέης Pericles (
Περικλεεσ-):
a. After
ε, εα contracts to
α_ (
56). On the contraction of
-εεος, see
55.
b. δέος is uncontracted because the form was originally
δε[ιγλιδε]ος (
58).
[*] 265 D. Hom. has
κλέα (for
κλέα᾽?), and from
-κλῆς:
-ῆος, -ῆι; Hdt.:
-έος (for
-έεος),
-έϊ, -εα^. For
-ῆος, -ῆα the open
-έεος, -έεα may be read. Attic poetry often has the open forms
-έης (also in prose inscrip.),
-έει, -εες.
STEMS IN ος
[*] 266.
ἡ αἰδώς shame is the only
ος stem in Attic. It is inflected in the singular only. Nom.
αἰδώς, Gen.
αἰδοῦς (
αἰδό-ος), Dat.
αἰδοῖ (
αἰδό-ι), Acc.
αἰδῶ (
αἰδό-α), Voc.
αἰδώς.
[*] 266 D. Hom. and Ion.
ἡ ἠώς dawn (
ἠοσ-) is inflected like
αἰδώς. For
αἰδοῦς, ἠῶ we may read
αἰδόος, ἠόα and some other open forms in Hom. The Attic form
ἕως is declined according to 238; but the accus. is
ἕω (238 d). Hom. has
ἱδρόα from
ἱδρώς sweat (usually a
τ stem). Cp. 257 D.
STEMS IN ω（ϝ）
[*] 267. Stems in
ωϝ have lost
vau and appear as
ω stems. This
ω contracts with the case endings in the dative and accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. Stems in
ωϝ are masculine.
Τρώς Trojan (252 a),
πάτρως father's brother,
μήτρως mother's brother,
δμως slave (poetic, cp.
252 a).
a. Forms of the Attic second declension (
237) are gen.
ἥρω, Μί_νω, acc.
ἥρων; dual
ἥρῳν (on an inscription).
[*] 267 D. Hom. has
ἥρωϊ (for
ἥρῳ read
ἡρω^ϊ),
ἥρωα (or
ἥρω᾽),
ἥρωες ἥρωας, Μί_νωα and
Μί_νω. Hdt. has the gen.
Μί_νω and
Μί_νωος, the acc.
πάτρων, ἥρων, but
μήτρωα.
STEMS IN ι AND υ
[*] 268. Most stems in
ι and some stems in
υ show the pure stem vowel only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. In the other cases they show an
ε in place of
ι and
υ, and
-ως instead of
-ος in the genitive singular. Contraction takes place when this
ε stands before
ε, ι, or
α of the case ending.
[*] 268 D. 1.
ι stems.
a. Doric, Aeolic, and New Ionic retain the
ι stem without variation in all cases:
πόλις, πόλιος, πόλι_ (from
πολι-ι) and rarely
πόλει in Hdt.,
πόλιν, πόλι, πόλιες, πολίων, πόλισι, πόλι_ς from
πόλινς (Cretan), and
πόλιας.
b. Hom. has
πόλις, πόλιος, πόλι_, πόλει or
-ιϊ (for which some read
πόλι_, as
κόνι_; πόσεϊ is correct) and
πτόλεϊ, πόλιν, πόλι; pl.
πόλιες, πολίων, πόλεσι (some read instead
πόλισι) or
πολίεσσι (250 D. 2)
ἐπάλξεσιν, πόλι_ς or
πόλιας (
πόλεις appears in some texts).
c. Hom. has also forms with
η:
πόληος, πόληι, πόληες, πόληας.
2.
υ stems.
a. Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic have the open forms
πήχεες, ἄστεϊ, ἄστεα; in the gen. sing.
-ος, never
-ως (
πήχεος, ἄστεος). In the dat. sing. of words of more than one syllable Hom. has
-υϊ or
-υι, as
νέκυι (
νέκυς corpse), but Hdt. does not show
-υι.
b. The gen. pl. has the regular accent (
πηχέων, ἀστέων). On the dat.
πελέκεσσι, νέκυσσι, πίτυσσι (some would read
νέκυ_σι, πίτυ_σι),
νεκύεσσι, see 250 D. 2. Hom. has accus.
ἰχθῦς and
ἰχθύας, Hdt. has
ἰχθύας very rarely.
[*] 269.
Stems in ι and υ are of two kinds:—
1.
a. Stems in
ι, with genitive in
-εως, as (masc.)
μάντις seer,
ἔχις viper; (fem.)
πόλις city,
ποίησις poetry,
δύναμις power,
στάσις faction,
ὕβρις outrage. Neuter nominatives in
-ι are not used in classical prose.
b. Stems in
ι, with genitive in
-ιος, as
ὁ κί_ς weevil, gen.
κι_-ός, dat.
κι_-ί; and so in proper names in
-ις, as
Λύγδαμις Lygdamis, gen.
Λυγδάμιος.
2.
a. Stems in
υ, with genitive in
-υος; as (masc.)
μῦς mouse,
βότρυς cluster of grapes,
ἰχθύ_ς fish; (fem.)
δρῦς oak,
ὀφρύ_ς eyebrow,
ἰσχύ_ς force.
b. Stems in
υ, with genitive in
-εως: (masc.)
πῆχυς forearm,
πέλεκυς axe; (neut.)
ἄστυ town.
N. 1.—In the nom., acc., and voc. sing. barytone stems in
υ have short
υ; oxytone substantives (usually) and monosyllables have
υ_; and monosyllables circumflex the
υ_ (
σῦς, σῦν, σῦ).
N. 2.—
ἡ ἔγχελυς eel follows
ἰχθύ_ς in the singular (
ἐγχέλυ-ος, etc.), but
πῆχυς in the plural (
ἐγχέλεις, etc.). But this does not hold for Aristotle.
[*] 270. Stems in
ι and
υ vary with stronger stems, of which
ε in the cases other than nom., acc., and voc. sing. is a survival. Thus:
a. ι, υ, as in
πόλι-ς, πῆχυ-ς.
b. ει, ευ, which before vowels lost their
ι and
υ (
43), as in
πολε（
[ιγλιδε]）
-ι, πολε（
[ιγλιδε]）
-ες, πηχε（
[υγλιδε]）
-ες; which contract to
πόλει, πόλεις, πήχεις.
c. There is also a stem in
η, as in Hom.
πόλη-ος (268 D. 1, c), whence
πόλε-ως.
N. 1.—
πόλε-ος in Attic poetry for the sake of the metre is due to the analogy of
υ stems with gen. in
-ε-ος (
ἡδέ-ος,
297). Hom.
πήχε-ος is the regular form (from
πηχε（
[υγλιδε]）
-ος). Attic
πήχε-ως follows
πόλεως. πόλε-σι and
πήχε-σι for
πόλι-σι and
πήχυ-σι are due to the analogy of forms from stems in
ει, ευ (
πόλε-ων, πήχε-ων, etc.).
N. 2.—The dual
πόλεε occurs in some Mss.
[*] 271.
Accent.—Final
-ως of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the antepenult (163 a). Thus
πόλε-ως, πήχε-ως, ἄστε-ως. πόλε-ως retains the accent of the earlier
πόλη-ος, which, by transference of quantity (
34), became
πόλε-ως. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.
[*] 272.
Accusative plural.—
πόλεις, πήχεις are borrowed from the nominative.
ἰχθῦς is from
ἰχθυν-ς. ἰχθύας occurs in late Greek. Cp. 251 a.
[*] 273.
Contraction.—
ἰχθῦ (once) for
ἰχθύε and
ἰχθῦς for
ἰχθύες occur in comedy.
ἰχθῦ is not a legitimate contraction, as
υ cannot contract with
ε (51 c).
ἰχθῦς (for
ἰχθύες) is the accus. form used as the nom. (251 b).
[*] 274.
οἶς sheep is declined as follows:
οἶς, οἰ-ός, οἰ-ί, οἶ-ν, οἶ; dual,
οἶ-ε, οἰ-οῖν; pl.
οἶ-ες, οἰ-ῶν, οἰ-σί, οἶ-ς. Here the stem is
οι᾽, representing
ὀϝι, which is properly an
ι stem:
ὀϝι-ς, Lat.
ovi-s.
[*] 274 D. Hom. has
ὄϊς, ὀΐος and
οἰός, ὄϊν, ὄϊες, ὀΐων and
οἰῶν, ὀΐεσσι (
οἴεσσι ο 386) and
ὄεσσι, ὄϊς（
ι_).
STEMS IN ευ, αυ, ου
[*] 275.
Like
βασιλεύς are declined the masculine oxytones
ὁ ἱππεύς horseman,
ὁ ἱερεύς priest,
ὁ γονεύς parent,
ὁ φονεύς murderer; like
βοῦς is declined
ὁ χοῦς threequart measure (but acc.
χόα_ and
χόας).
[*] 275 D. 1. Hom. has
βασιλῆος, -ῆι, -ῆα, -εῦ, -ῆες, -εῦσι (and
-ήεσσι),
-ῆας. Also
-έος, -έϊ, -έα^, from the stem
εϝ ῀ ε[υγλιδε]. -εῦς and
-εῖ for
-έος and
-έϊ are not common.
Ἀτρεύς, Τυ_δεύς have
-έ（
ϝ）
-ος etc. regularly (
Τυ_δῆ from
Τυ_δέα). Hdt. has
-έος, -έϊ or
-εῖ, -έα^, -εῦ, -έες, -έων, -εῦσι, -έα^ς.
2. Hom. has
γρηῦς or
γρηΰς, γρηΐ, γρηῦ and
γρηΰ; the unattic
βόεσσι (and
βουσί),
βόας (and
βοῦς),
βῶν acc. sing. H 238. The Doric nom. sing. is
βῶς, acc. pl.
βῶς.
3. The declension of
ναῦς in Doric, Homer, and Herodotus is as follows:
Hom. has
ναυσί in
ναυσικλυτός.
[*] 276. Substantives in
-εύς preceded by a vowel may contract in the gen. and acc. sing. and pl. Thus,
ἁλιεύς fisherman has gen.
ἁλιέως or
ἁλιῶς, acc.
ἁλιέα_ or
ἁλιᾶ, gen. pl.
ἁλιέων or
ἁλιῶν, acc. pl.
ἁλιέα_ς or
ἁλιᾶς. All other forms are regular. The contracted forms were in use in the fifth century, but in the fourth (especially after 350 B.C.) the open forms are common. So are declined
Εὐβοεύς Euboean from
Εὐβοιεύς, Παιραιεύς Peiraeus,
Πλαταιεύς Plataean.
[*] 277.
Other Forms.—
a. In the drama from words in
-εύς we find rarely
-έα^ in acc. sing.,
-έα^ς in acc. pl.
-έος and
-ῆος, -ῆες, -ῆας are occasionally found.
b. The nom. pl. in older Attic ended in
-ῆς (
βασιλῆς), derived either from
-ῆες by contraction or from
-έης (once on an inscription) by 34.
-ῆς occurs on inscriptions till about 350 B.C., and is the form to be adopted in the texts of authors of the fifth century and in Plato.
-έες occurs rarely, but is suspected.
βασιλεῖς (regular on inscriptions after 329 B.C.) is from analogy to
ἡδεῖς.
c. The acc. pl.
βασιλεῖς was not used till the end of the fourth century.
-ῆς (the nom. form) is used for the acc. in a few passages (251 b).
[*] 278.
Stem Variation.—Stems ending in
ευ, αυ, ου lose
υ before case endings beginning with a vowel,
[υγλιδε] passing into
ϝ (
43). Stems in
ευ show the pure form only in the vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger stem
ηυ. ηυ and
α_υ before a consonant become
ευ, α^υ (
40) as in
βασιλεύς, βασιλεῦσι, ναῦς, ναυσί from
βασιληυς, να_υς, etc. From
βασιλῆ（
ϝ）
-ος, -ῆ（
ϝ）
-ι, -ῆ（
ϝ）
-α, -ῆ（
ϝ）
-ας come, by transfer of quantity (
34), the Attic forms. So
νεώς is derived from
νη（
ϝ）
-ός. In
βασιλέων, νεῶν, ε is shortened from the
η of
βασιλήων, νηῶν by 39.
βο-ός, etc. are from the stem
βου- βοϝ-, cp. Lat.
bovis.
STEMS IN οι
[*] 279. Stems in
οι, with nominative in
-ώ, turn
ι into unwritten
[ιγλιδε] (
y) (
43) before the endings beginning with a vowel.
ἡ πειθώ persuasion is thus declined:
N.
πειθώ. G.
πειθοῦς (
πειθό-ος). D.
πειθοῖ (
πειθό-ι). A.
πειθώ (
πειθό-α). V.
πειθοῖ. Dual and plural are wanting.
So
ἠχώ echo,
εὐεστώ well-being,
φειδώ sparing,
Σαπφώ, Λητώ, Καλυψώ. οι stems are chiefly used for women's names.
a. A stronger form of the stem is
ωι, seen in the earlier form of the nominative (
Σαπφῴ, Λητῴ). The accusative has the accent of the nominative.
b. When dual and plural occur, they are of the second declension: nom.
λεχοί (late) from
λεχώ woman in child-bed, acc.
γοργούς from
γοργώ gorgon.
c. ἡ εἰκών image,
ἡ ἀηδών nightingale, properly from stems in
ον, have certain forms from this declension (
εἰκοῦς, εἰκώ, voc.
ἀηδοῖ).
[*] 279 D. In Ionic the forms are contracted (
πειθοῦς, etc.). Hdt. has acc.
Ἰ_οῦν from
Ἰ_ώ, Λητοῦν, but also
πειθώ.
CASES IN -φι（ν）
[*] 280.
Cases in -φι（
ν).—
-φι（
ν) is often added to noun stems in Hom. to express the relations of the lost instrumental, locative, and ablative, both singular and (more commonly) plural; rarely to express the relations of the genitive and dative cases. From
α_ stems are made singulars, from
ο stems singulars or plurals, from consonant stems almost always plurals. Except in
θεό-φιν with the gods -φι（
ν) is not added to a stem denoting a person. (
a) Instrumental:
βίη-φι by might,
ἑτέρη-φι with the other (
hand),
δακρυό-φιν with tears; (
b) Locative:
θύρη-φι at the door,
ὄρεσ-φι on the mountains; (
c) Ablative:
κεφαλῆ-φιν from off the head; especially with prepositions, as
ἐκ ποντό-φιν from off the sea,
ἀπὸ ναῦ-φιν from the ships.
