REDUPLICATION
[*] 439. Reduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote completed action. It is sometimes found also in the present and second aorist.
[*] 439 D. Reduplication (or the augment for the reduplication) is generally retained in Hom. Exceptions are
ἔρχαται and
ἔρχατο from
ἔργω shut,
ἄνωγα order,
ἕσται from
ἕννυ_μι clothe. On
δέχαται await,
ἐδέγμην was expecting cp.
634.
[*] 440. Verbs beginning with a simple consonant (except
ρ) or with a stop and a liquid (
λ, μ, ν, ρ) place the initial consonant with
ε before the stem.
λύ_ω loose,
λέ-λυκα, λε-λυκέναι, λέ-λυμαι, λε-λύ_σομαι; γράφω write,
γέ-γραφα; κλί_νω incline,
κέ-κλικα; βλάπτω injure,
βέ-βλαφα; πρί_ω saw,
πέ-πρι_σμαι.
a. Exceptions: verbs beginning with
γν, most of those with
γλ, and some with
βλ. Thus,
γνωρίζω recognize,
ἐ-γνώρικα; γι-γνώσκω know,
ἔ-γνωκα; γλύφω carve,
ἔ-γλυφα; βλαστάνω sprout,
ἐ-βλάστηκα (usu.
βεβλάστηκα).
[*] 441. An initial aspirate is reduplicated by the corresponding smooth stop:
φονεύω murder,
πε-φόνευκα; θύ_ω sacrifice,
τέ-θυκα; χορεύω dance,
κε-χόρευκα.
[*] 442. In all other cases the reduplication is formed like the augment.
a. Verbs beginning with a short vowel lengthen the vowel, as
ἄγω lead,
ἦχα; ὀρθόω set upright,
ὤρθωκα; ἀγγέλλω announce,
ἤγγελκα.
b. Verbs beginning with two or more consonants (except a stop with a liquid), a double consonant, and
ρ simply prefix
ε. ρ is here doubled (cp.
429 a). Thus,
κτίζω found,
ἔ-κτικα; σπείρω sow,
ἔ-σπαρμαι; στρατηγέω am general,
ἐ-στρατήγηκα; ζητέω seek,
ἐ-ζήτηκα; ψαύω touch,
ἔ-ψαυκα; ῥί_πτω throw,
ἔρρι_φα.
N.—
μιμνῄσκω remind and
κτάομαι acquire are exceptions:
μέ-μνημαι, ἐ-μεμνήμην; κέ-κτημαι, ἐ-κε-κτήμην.
[*] 442. b. D. Hom. has
ῥε-ρυπωμένος (
ῥυπόω soil),
ἔμμορε (
μείρομαι obtain) for
ἐ-σμορε 445 a,
ἔσσυμαι (
σεύω urge) for
ἐ-κ[ιγλιδε]υ-μαι; Ionic has
ἔκτημαι.
[*] 443. The verbs mentioned in 431 which originally began with a consonant now lost, reduplicate regularly. Since the reduplicated consonant has disappeared only
ε is left, and this often contracts with the initial vowel of the theme. Thus,
ἔα_γα for
ϝε-ϝα_γα from
ϝάγνυ_μι break; ἔωσμαι for
ϝε-ϝωσμαι from
ϝωθέω push; ἕστηκα for
σεστηκα from
ἵστημι set; εἷκα for
σεσεκα from
ἵ_ημι (
σι-σημι) send.
[*] 444.
Pluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment
ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains the prefix of the perfect.
Thus perf.
λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, plup.
ἐ-λελύκη, ἐ-λελύμην; perf.
ἔ-σταλκα, ἔ-σταλμαι, plup.
ἐ-στάλκη, ἐ-στάλμην from
στέλλω send; perf.
ἠγόρευκα, plup.
ἠγορεύκη from
ἀγορεύω harangue; perf.
ᾕρηκα, plup.
ᾑρήκη from
αἱρέω seize.
a. Verbs showing ‘Attic’ reduplication (
446), in almost all cases augment the pluperfect.
b. The verbs of 431 follow the perfects of 443; as
ἐά_γη (
ἄγνυ_μι),
ἐώσμην (
ὠθέω),
εἵμην (
ἵ_ημι),
ἐρρώγη from (
ϝ）
ρήγνυ_μι. ἵστημι forms
εἱστήκη ( =
ἐ-（
ς）
εστηκη), Ion. and poet.
ἑστήκη (rare in Att. prose).
ἔοικα am like forms
ἐῴκη.
[*] 444 b. D. Hdt. has
οἶκα (for
ἔοικα),
ἔωθα, ἐώθεα; Hom. has
ἔωθεν and
εἴωθε.
[*] 445. Some verbs beginning with a liquid or
μ take
ει instead of the reduplication:
λαμβάνω (
λαβ-)
take,
εἴ-ληφα, εἴ-λημμαι, εἰ-λήφη; λαγχάνω (
λαχ-)
obtain by lot,
εἴ-ληχα, εἰ-λήχη; λέγω collect (in composition)
-εἴ-λοχα, -εἰ-λόχη, -εἴ-λεγμαι (rarely
λέ-λεγμαι);
μείρομαι receive a share,
εἵ-μαρται it is fated,
εἵ-μαρτο with rough breathing; also the stems
επ, ρη say,
εἴ-ρηκα, εἰ-ρήκη.
[*] 445 D. Hom.
δείδω fear stands for
δε-δϝω from
δε-δϝο（
[ιγλιδε]）
α (cp.
δϝέος). So
δείδοικα for
δε-δϝοικα. For
δείδεκτο greeted we should read
δήδεκτο with
η-reduplication. Hdt. has
λελάβηκα and
-λελαμμένος. λέλημμαι occurs in tragedy.
a. εἴληφα is from
σε-σληφα by 37 (cp. Hom.
ἔλλαβον for
ἐ-σλαβον),
εἵμαρται is from
σε-σμαρται (cp. Hom.
ἔμμορε). The other forms are probably analogues of
εἴληφα.
[*] 446.
Attic Reduplication.—Some verbs whose themes begin with
α, ε, or
ο, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate by repeating the initial vowel and the consonant and by lengthening
α and
ε to
η, ο to
ω. Thus
ἀγείρω collect,
ἀγ-ήγερκα, ἀγ-ήγερμαι; ἐγείρω awaken,
ἐγ-ήγερμαι; ἐλέγχω confute,
ἐλ-ήλεγμαι; ὀρύττω dig,
ὀρ-ώρυχα, ὀρ-ώρυγμαι; ὄμ-νυ_μι swear,
ὀμ-ώμοκα; ὄλ-λυ_μι destroy,
ὀλ-ώλεκα. So also
φέρω bear,
ἐν-ήνοχα, ἐν-ήνεγμαι.
a. The name ‘Attic’ was given by the Greek grammarians to this form of reduplication though it occurs in Homer and in the other dialects.
b. ἀκούω hear has
ἀκ-ήκοα for
ἀκ-ήκο（
[υγλιδε]）
α; ἄγω has
ἀγ-ήοχα for
ἀγ-ή（
γ）
οχα. The pluperfect augments except in the case of verbs with initial
ε:
ἠκ-ηκόη, ὠμ-ωμόκη, ἀπωλώλη; but
ἐλ-ηλύθη, ἐν-ηνέγμην.
[*] 446 D.
—In Hom. ‘Attic’ reduplication is even more frequent than in Attic; thus,
ἐδηδώς from
ἔδω eat,
ἐρήριπα have fallen,
ἐρέριπτο (without lengthening) from
ἐρείπω overthrow,
ὀρωρέχαται from
ὀρέγω reach. For other poetical forms see in the List of Verbs
ἀγείρω, αἱρέω, ἀλάομαι, ἀραρίσκω, ἐρείδω, ἐρίζω, ἔχω, ὄζω, ὁράω, ὄρνυ_μι.
[*] 447.
Reduplication in the Present.—A few verbs reduplicate in the present by prefixing the initial consonant and
ι, as
γί-γνομαι, γι-γνώσκω, μι-μνῄσκω, τί-κτω for
τι-τ（
ε）
κω, πί_-πτω for
πι-π（
ε）
τω, ἵ-στημι for
σι-στημι, τί-θημι for
θι-θημι (125 a),
δί-δωμι. πίμ-πλη-μι fill (
πλα-, πλη-) and
πίμπρημι burn (
πρα-, πρη-) insert
μ.
a. In some verbs the reduplication belongs to the verbal stem:
βιβάζω make go ἐβίβασα, διδάσκω teach ἐδίδαξα.
[*] 448.
Reduplication in the Second Aorist.—
ἄγω lead forms the second aorist
ἤγ-αγον, ἀγ-άγω, ἀγ-άγοιμι, ἀγ-αγεῖν, middle
ἠγ-αγόμην. So also
ἤν-εγκα and
ἤν-εγκον from
φέρω.
[*] 448 D. Hom. has many reduplicated second aorists, as
πέ-πιθον from
πείθω (
πιθ-)
persuade,
κεκλόμην, κε-κλόμενος from
κέλομαι command,
λε-λαθέσθαι from
λανθάνω (
λαθ-)
escape the notice of,
πε-φιδέσθαι from
φείδομαι (
φιδ-)
spare,
ἤρ-αρον from
ἀραρίσκω (
ἀρ-)
join,
ὤρ-ορον from
ὄρνυ_μι arouse. The indicative forms may take the syllabic augment, as in
ἐ-πέ-φραδον from
φράζω (
φραδ-)
tell. From
ἐνίπτω chide and
ἐρύ_κω check come
ἠνί_παπον and
ἐνένι_πον, and
ἠρύ_κακον.
POSITION OF AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION IN COMPOUND VERBS
[*] 449. In verbs compounded with a preposition, augment and reduplication stand between the preposition and the verb.
Thus,
ὑπερβαίνω pass over,
ὑπερέβαινον, ὑπερβέβηκα; εἰσβάλλω throw into,
εἰσέβαλλον, εἰσβέβληκα.
a. Before
ε of the augment
ἐκ regains its fuller form
ἐξ (133 a), and
ἐν and
σύν reappear in their proper forms which were modified in the present. Thus
ἐκβάλλω throw out,
ἐξέβαλλον, ἐκβέβληκα; ἐμβάλλω throw into,
ἐνέβαλλον; συλλέγω collect,
συνέλεγον, συνείλοχα; συρρί_πτω throw together,
συνέρρι_ψα, συνέρρι_φα; συσκευάζω pack together,
συνεσκεύαζον, συνεσκευάσθην.
b. Prepositions (except
περί and
πρό) drop their final vowel:
ἀποβάλλω throw away,
ἀπ-έβαλλον; but
περιβάλλω throw around,
περιέβαλλον, προβαίνω step forward,
προέβην. But
πρό may contract with the augment (
προὔβην).
[*] 450. But some verbs, which are not often used except as compounds, are treated like uncompound verbs and take the augment before the preposition, as
ἐκαθήμην sat from
κάθημαι, ἐκάθιζον set,
sat from
καθίζω, ἠμφίεσα clothed from
ἀμφιέννυ_μι, ἐκάθευδον (and
καθηυ_δον)
slept from
καθεύδω, ἠπιστάμην, ἠπιστήθην from
ἐπίσταμαι understand.
ἵ_ημι forms
ἀφί_ει and
ἠφί_ει. The simple verbs occur mostly in poetry. But
ἀπολαύω enjoy makes
ἀπολέλαυκα, ἐξετάζω review ἐξήτακα.
[*] 451.
Double Augment.—Some verbs take two augments, one before and the other after the preposition, as
ἠν-ειχόμην, ἠν-εσχόμην from
ἀν-έχομαι endure,
ἠν-ώχλουν from
ἐνοχλέω annoy,
ἐπηνώρθωμαι from
ἐπανορθόω set upright. So also, by analogy to the foregoing, a few verbs derived from compound words:
ἠμφεσβήτουν from
ἀηφισβητέω dispute,
ἠντεδέκει from
ἀντιδικέω go to law (
ἀντίδικος).
[*] 452. Compounds of
δυς- ill and
εὖ well. (1)
δυστυχέω am unhappy,
ἐ-δυστύχουν, δε-δυσ-τύχηκα. δυσ-ηρέστουν, δυσ-ηρέστηκα from
δυσ-αρεστέω do not occur. (2)
εὐεργετέω do good,
εὐεργέτησαν, εὐεργέτηκα (inscrip.)
εὐηργέτηκα (texts).
[*] 453. Verbs derived from compound nouns take the augment and the reduplication at the beginning; as
ἐμυ_θολόγουν, μεμυ_θολόγηκα from
μυ_θολογέω tell legends (
μυ_θολόγος teller of legends);
ᾠκοδόμουν, ᾠκοδόμηκα from
οἰκοδομέω build (
οἰκοδόμος house-builder);
ἠμπόλων, ἠμπόληκα from
ἐμπολάω traffic in (
ἐμπολή traffic).
a. ἐκκλησιάζω hold an assembly (
ἐκκλησία_) makes
ἠκ-κλησίαζον or
ἐξ-ε-κλησίαζον. ἐγγυάω pledge makes
ἐνεγύων, ἐνεγύησα and (better)
ἠγγύων, ἠγγύησα.
[*] 454. Verbs derived from compound nouns whose first part is a preposition are commonly treated as if compounded of a preposition and a simple verb; as
κατηγορέω accuse (
κατήγορος),
κατηγόρουν, κατηγόρηκα; ἐνθυ_μέομαι ponder (
ἔνθυ_μος)
ἐνεθυ_μήθην, ἐντεθυ_μῆσθαι; ἐπιορκέω swear falsely (
ἐπίορκος),
ἐπιώρκηκα; ἐγχειρίζω entrust (
ἐν χειρί),
ἐνεχείρισα.
a. But several verbs are not treated as compounds, such as
ἀπατάω deceive,
ἀπιστέω distrust,
ἀπορέω am in difficulty,
παρρησιάζομαι speak freely.
Part I: Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Accent
Part II: Inflection
