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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
often soaked in milk and honey before eating. Vinegar, to soak the bread, was a regular ration with the Roman soldiery. It is much older than that, however: Boaz said unto Ruth, Eat of thy bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar. After the conquest of Macedon, 148 B. C., Greek bakers came to Rome and monopolized the business. Loaves of bread, or their pseudomorphs, are found in the excavations of Pompeii, partially buried A. D. 79. Bread was made with yeast by the English bakers in 1634. Was made by machinery in England in 1858. Was artificially inflated with carbonic-acid gas, with which the water of mixing was impregnated, by Dr. Dauglish, in 1859. Aerated bread was made in the United States prior to 1854. Bread-knife. Bread-knife. A knife pivoted at one end to a post on a table, and used by a vertical motion to cut loaves into slices. In the example the hinged cutter plays in a slotted arched frame; an adjustable guide is adapted to the size of the loaf, and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
mitive customs were adopted in other lands and at a later date. Egyptian car-saddles (from Wilkinson). In England and Ireland, horses were sometimes hitched to the plows by their tails, a barbarous custom that existed in Ireland, as late as 1634, for an act of the Irish Parliament, 11 and 12 Car. II. c. 15, entitled an Act against plowing by the tayle and pulling wool off living sheep, sets forth, that Whereas there have been for a long time practiced in this country a barbarous custome e, but they also used harrows made of planks studded with iron spikes. The harrow is represented in the tapestry of Bayeaux, A. D. 1066, and is mentioned by Googe, in his Heresbachius, A. D. 1578. An act of the Irish Parliament was passed in 1634, forbidding harnessing horses by the tayles to harrows. See notice under harness, p. 1062. Harrows are made of various forms, and if we reject the harrow, if such it be, on the shoulder of Osiris (a), we may suppose it to have been originally
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
had for a long time a monopoly of the business, and till about the end of the seventeenth century their glasses were met with all over Europe and both the Indies. After that period, the improvements in glass-making in other countries, particularly in France, where it was discovered that glass could be cast into much larger plates than had been before prepared by blowing and rolling, destroyed the ancient supremacy of Venice in this art. An unsuccessful attempt was made in France as early as 1634 to establish glass-houses for manufacturing mirrors, and in 1665 Nicholas de Mayer obtained a patent from the French government, and proceeded to erect works for the purpose. This patent was in 1684 renewed for thirty years, but in 1688 Abraham Thevart succeeded in casting at Paris plates of a size which astonished all who saw them; they were 84 inches long and 50 broad, while the largest of those previously made had not exceeded 45 or 50 inches in length. Among the more remarkable mode
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
he German and Dutch builders appear to have taken the lead, and we find that, notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of Zuinglius and some of the early reformers, the German churches were, during the sixteenth century, generally provided with organs. During this century, the German builders introduced the register and the stopped pipe. The key-board also was extended to four octaves. England, also, was well provided with artists of this class, and possessed some fine instruments. In 1634, we are informed that the organ in the cathedral of Durham cost pound1,000. Those of York, Litchfield, Hereford, Bristol, and other cathedral towns were also noted. During the civil war, the Puritans, particularly the parliamentary soldiers, destroyed many fine organs, breaking them in pieces and selling the pipes for old metal. Few or none being built during this period, the art became almost forgotten in England, so that Pepys records, under date of July 8, 1660: To White-Hall Chapel,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
e is derived from the tapestry hangings, for which it forms a substitute. The art originated in China, where it has been in use from time immemorial. England appears to have been the first European country into which it was introduced; Lanyer, 1634, having obtained a patent for a velvet paper surfaced with a short, dyed, woolen flock, which adhered to figures printed in glue on the paper. This invention was also claimed by several Continental inventors. Among the kinds of paper-hangings as sowing wheat and another harrowing with three horses, while the master sat on horseback directing the several operations of this posse. Hitching horses by the tails to plows, harrows, and other implements was forbidden in Ireland by law in 1634. See harrow. In the United States we generally prefer a plow without a wheel, in England called a swing-plow. If this be rightly constructed and adjusted, and the team be properly hitched and even-pulling, the plow will keep a level sole and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
II. Called, anciently, vellet. There bought velvett for a coat and camelott for a cloak for myself. — Pepys's Diary, 1666. Vel-vet-een′. （Fabric.) A cut-piled fabric of cotton. It differs from velvet only in respect of the material. When it has a twilled back it is called Genoa. Vel′vet-loom. A pile-fabric loom. Vel′vet-pa′per. Wall-paper printed with glue and dusted with shearings of cloth or flock. It was invented by Lanyer, who obtained an English patent in 1634. He employed shearings of wool, silk, and other materials upon backings of paper, cloth, silk, cotton, and leather. See wall-paper. Vel′vet-pile Car′pet. A carpet made in the same manner as Brussels carpet, except that the wire, over which the loops of the worsted yarn are made, is of a flattened form, and has a grooved upper surface, which acts as a director for the knife by which the series of loops is cut. The carpet is known as Wilton carpet. See Brussels carpet. Vel
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
aphic studios; the rooms in hospitals devoted to eye-diseases, etc. Great improvements have been made of late both in the quality of the material and its ornamentation. Paper-hangings were first attached in the stead of silk or tapestry, about A. D. 1555. They were made by the Spanish and Dutch, and ornamented by stamping, or stenciling velvet or flock paper in which the surface was ornamented with silk or floss, by Lanyer, who obtained a patent therefor in the reign of Charles I., about 1634. He called the product Londrinding, and states that he had found out an art for affixing wool, silk, and other materials upon linen, cotton, leather, and other substances, with oil, size, and cements, so as to make them serviceable for hangings and other purposes. His claim to priority was disputed, and it was stated to have been invented in 1620 by Francois of Rouen, where the business was carried on by father and son till the death of the latter, in 1748. Wooden blocks for printing the