H.
Ha′beck.
An instrument used in dressing cloth.Hack.
1. A tool for cutting jags or channels in trees for the purpose of bleeding them. Pines are hacked for turpentine; maples tapped for sap, or sugar-water as Western farmers prefer to call it. The turpentine hack is a tool with a curved or angular edge to cut channels through the bark and alburnum in an oblique direction, so as to lead the resin towards a boxing cut in the tree, or to a cup suspended to catch the drip. 2. A drying-frame for fish. A flake. 3. A pile of bricks arranged in regular order for drying, previous to building up in the clamp or kiln for burning. 4. Wooden bars in the tail-race of a mill. 5. A dung-fork. 6. A large pick used by miners in breaking stone. 7. A carriage for hire (hackney-coach). 8. A feed-rack for cattle. |
| Hack-barrow. |
Hack-bar′row.
A barrow on which bricks are conveyed from the molder's table to the dryingground, where they are sun-dried or hacked, and temporarily covered with a thatching of straw to protect them from rain. Covered sheds are sometimes used.Hack′but.
(Ger. hackbret, a hackboard, or chopping-board.) An old name for the dulcimer. See piano-Forte.Hack′er.
A cutting-tool for making an oblique incision in the pine-tree for leading the gum turpentine towards the box in which it is collected. A hack. The round-shave is used in chipping, and the scraper for removing the gum from the box face.Hack′er-y.
An East Indian two-wheeled cart, drawn by bullocks.Hack′et.
（Joinery.) A hatchet.
Hack-file.
（Locksmithing.) A coarse slitting-file.
Hack-hammer.
A hammer terminating at each end in an obtuse chisel-edge, kept in repair on the grindstone. It is used as the peen of an ordinary hammer, but is narrower, and therefore more local and energetic in its effects. The hack-hammer for reducing unequal protuberances on grindstones is shaped like an adze and has a short handle. When the grindstone has worn unequally, it becomes necessary to dress it, and the high places, being marked, are hacked by oblique and crossing checker lines, which cause it on the next grinding operation to wear more at those points and thus restore equality.Hack′ing.
1. (Masonry.) The division of a portion of a course of stones into two of smaller hight when the larger stones do not hold out. 2. A process employed in dressing the faces of rough grindstones by the use of a hack-hammer, an implement resembling an adze. In some cases the faces of metallic or wooden polishing-wheels are similarly treated, a sharper implement being used. 3. Piling of molded bricks to dry. See hack.
Hack′ing-out knife.
The glazier's knife for cutting out the old putty from the fillister of a sash, in reglazing.Hack-i′ron.
（Mining.) A miner's pick. A hack.
Hack′le; Heck′le; Hatch′el.
A board set with sharp steel spikes for combing or pulling out hemp or flax to dispose the fibers in parallelism, and to separate the tow and hards from the finer fiber. |
| Hackling-machine. |
Hack′le-bar.
One of the gills or spikes over which the lock of flax or hemp is thrown and drawn to lay the fibers parallel and comb out the refuse.Hack′ling-ma-chine′.
A machine for dressing flax. Fig. 2352, A is a side and B an end elevation of a hackling-machine adapted for dressing short or cut flax. The two rollers a a are caused to rotate inwardly toward each other, and are fed with the raw material from a trough c. The peripheries of the cylinders are interspersed with alternate rigid hackles d and brushes e, so that they alternate on each. The exterior rotating cylinders f are also provided with brushes. The broken flax from an upper trough passes between the rollers and is deposited in the trough g. Refuse falls between the bars of a grate, and is removed by the endless carrier h. One of the cylinders a and the brushing cylinders f may have a longitudinal movement. On raising the receivingtrough, the rod i pushes up the weight j, which, by means of the connecting-rod k, causes the holder to traverse the width of one set of brushes. |
| The first (English) hackney-coach. |
Hackney-coach.
（Vehicle.) An English term for a coach plying in the streets for hire. It has two facing seats inside. They were introduced into France in 1650 (fiacre), and about the same time into England. They are mentioned by Pepys, 1660. The name is French (coche-à--haquenee).
Hack-saw.
A frame saw of moderate set, tolerably close teeth, and good temper; used in sawing metal. Such a saw is used to cut the nicks in heads of screws, in cutting off bolts, etc. |
| Hack-saw. |
Hade.
（Mining.) The dip, inclination, or slope of a vein or stratum. The angle it bears to the horizon. The underlay.
Had′ley's Quad′rant.
（Optics.) An instrument for measuring altitudes. Used principally at sea. See quadrant; sextant.
Hagbut.
An old fire-arm with a stock bent down to form a ready means of grasping. An arquebus.Haem′a-dyn-a-mom′e-ter.
An instrument for ascertaining the force of the circulation of the blood. Hoematometer; hoematodynamometer. See Sphygmometer.Haft.
The handle of a tool or knife. Some handles have specific names, as helve, nib, etc. Some hafts are solid, others have a central plate and side pieces called scales; e. g. knife-handles.Ha-Ha.
A fence or division wall so depressed below the ground surface as not to obstruct the view. A sunk-fence. A ditch with a scarp.Hair.
1. A filament growing from the skin of an animal. Curled hair for stuffing sofas, cushions, etc., is carded by hand-cards, which straighten, disentangle, and clean it; this is taken in bunches and spun into a rope, the next top, as the bunch is called, being interplaced with the loose strands of the former. The rope is wound on a wheel, and the coil steeped in water for three or four hours, and dried in a hot oven. The ropes are then untwisted, the hairs torn apart, and are ready to form stuffing. Spun into smaller strands, hair is used for nosebags of horses, bags for containing ground and heated flax-meal in the press, and also for containing prepared lard in the press from which lard-oil flows. Curled-hair cords are also used for clothes-lines, and when fine also form fishing-lines. Long and fine horse-hairs are used for the bows of violins and other instruments of this class. Also for making hair-cloth (which see). The English lawyers affect horse-hair wigs, and horribly funny they look. Goat's hair is sometimes substituted for the true equine capillus, and this may partially account for their pugnacity and the fact that they are in bad odor with peaceable persons.2. (Fire-arms.) The secondary spring device in one form of pistol and rifle lock, which is freed by the hair-trigger, and collides with the tumbler-catch to unlock the tumbler.
Hair-brush.
A fine description of brushes of bristles assorted by color, strength, and quality, and put up in superior manner, hard, soft, or silky, according to purpose and taste. The better class are trepanned, a mode of secretly fastening the bunches without gluing a scale of veneer over the wires.Hair-clip′ping shears.
A scissors for clipping the human hair, or one for clipping horses; the latter have sometimes a guide-bar, which forms a gage for length in cutting.Hair-cloth.
Cloth of goat's hair was used for covering the military engines of the Romans, as we read in Arrian, Thucydides, Ammianus, etc. Curtains of goat's hair were used in the Wilderness tabernacle of the Hebrews. The goat's hair cloth was called shac or sac in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; in the Septuagint it became saccos; in the Vulgate saccus. The Latin sagum and English sack perpetuate the sound and sense. (See sack.) The nose-bags of the Arabian horses are of goat's hair cloth, and from them they eat their barley habitually. Goat's hair cloth also covers their tents. See also camlet. Horse-hair for the manufacture of hair-cloth is principally derived from South America, and is imported in bales weighing about 1,000 pounds. In the process of manufacture, it is first sorted according to color, and then hackled to get the hairs straight and remove dirt. A number of tufts are then placed between the teeth of two cards, and the longer hairs removed by hand, so as to leave only those of uniform length remaining. It is now ready to be woven or curled, according to quality. Hair is curled by forming it into a rope which is afterwards boiled, and then baked so as to set the kink in the hairs. Hair-cloth is made from the longer and better varieties. The hair is first dyed, usually of a black color, and is merely employed as the weft of the cloth, the warp being composed of cotton or linen thread, according to quality and purpose. The process for- [1048] merly required two hands to each loom, but those at present used only require the attendance of one person, and recently power-looms have been employed. After leaving the loom, the cloth is pressed between hot metallic plates to polish it.Hair-cloth loom.
The warp of the web is of black linen yarn; the hair weft is thrown with a long hooked shuttle or a long rod having a catch hook at its end. The length of this boxwood shuttle is about 3 feet, its breadth 1/2 inch, and its thickness 1/6 inch. The reed is of polished steel. The weaver passes the shuttle through the shuttle-way when it is opened by the treadles; a child presents a hair to the catch of the shuttle, and the weaver draws it through the shed and beats it up by two motions of the batten. The hairs are laid in a trough of water to keep them supple. The warp is dressed with paste, and the hair-cloth web is hot-calendered to give it luster. |
| Hair-cloth loom. |
Hair-com′pass.
A pair of dividers, one of the legs of which is provided with a set screw and spring, admitting of very nice adjustment.Hair-cord.
（Fabric.) A cotton goods, the warp of which consists of corded ribs.
Hair-di-vid′er.
A dividing compass having one leg arranged for minute movements by a screw; used for fine adjustments.Hair-line.
1. The fine line or up-stroke of a letter. 2. A kind of type having all fine face-lines. 3. A fishing-line of horse-hair.Hair-pen′cil.
A fine brush for painting. Small tufts of hair inserted into quills. The hairs of the camel, fitch, sable, badger, squirrel, martin, minever, European polecat, raccoon, goat, or other animal, are used for brushes of different qualities. A small tuft of the hairs is collected with the points all in one direction, and the bunch is bound by a strong thread, and passed point first through a wet quill, so that the point projects to the required distance. The quill shrinks tightly upon the bunch in drying. The various sizes require the quills of the crow, pigeon, goose, turkey, or swan. Larger bunches are secured in tin-plate tubes. The ancient Greek painters used hair-pencils and palettes. They are now principally used by artists in watercolors, and to some extent by house and sign painters in lettering, graining, and other fine work. |
| Hair-picker. |
Hair-pick′er.
A machine for cleansing and straightening hair. The one represented is for operating on loose hair. The two rollers have similar rotation by connection with a common motive wheel, and turn in a double recessed, adjustable, concave block. The faces of the rollers and concave are armed with pins. The hair is straightened and dirt removed by being drawn through between the rollers and the concave surfaces.Hair-pin.
1. A pin used in fastening up the hair. A corking-pin. 2. A forked pin commonly used by ladies in securing the braids or bands of hair.Hair-py-ri′tes.
（Mining.) A native sulphuret of nickel which occurs in capillary filaments of a yellow-gray color.
Hair-rope Pick′er.
A machine for unwinding and picking to pieces hair-rope which has been twisted, wetted, and baked to give a permanent curl to the hair. The rope is coiled around the shaft J, the revolution of which untwists it. It then passes between the fluted rolls R S and toothed drum B′, by which it is straightened and cleansed. |
| Hair-rope picker. |
Hair-salt.
（Mining.) A native sulphuret of magnesia occurring as a fine capillary incrustation.
Hair-side.
（Leather.) The grain side.
Hair-space.
（Printing.) The thinnest space used by printers.
Hair-spring.
The recoil-spring of a watch-balance. The balance is pulsating, and is the time measurer. It is driven in one direction by the power of the mainspring imparted through the escapement, and is returned by the power of the hair-spring, the running of the train of wheels being intermitted meanwhile. It is one of the most delicate of steel articles, and is a favorite illustration of the value given to a cheap article by protracted manipulation. Hair-springs are made of fine steel, which comes upon spools like thread. To the naked eye it is a round hair, but under a glass it is seen to be a flat steel ribbon, which the gage shows to be 2/2500 of an inch in thickness, about one half the thickness of an average human hair. A hair-spring weighs 1/15000 of a pound Troy. In a straight line it is a foot long. It is exquisitely tempered, for it is to spring back and forth 18,000 times an hour, perhaps for several generations. A pound of steel in the bar may cost one dollar; in hair-springs it may be worth $4,000. The hair-spring of a watch is usually a flat helix, but chronometer balance-springs are coiled cylindrically. Hooke introduced the balance-spring into the watch. He made it straight. Huyghens soon after gave it the coiled form. This was about 200 years ago. We are indebted to this brilliant pair of philosophers and mechanicians for much that we enjoy in the approximate perfection of our instruments of precision, — mathematical, optical, and horological. See under horological instruments, etc.; chronometer; balance, watch.Hair-stroke.
（Printing.) A fine line at the top or bottom of a letter; a ceriph.
Hair-trig′ger.
（Fire-arms.) The secondary trigger of a gun. Its movement is effected by a very slight force, and unlocks a secondary spring device called a hair, which strikes the tumbler-catch and throws the sear out of the notch in the tumbler.
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| Hair-weaving machine. |
