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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
z40,000 Rouen40,000 Sens34,0008.6 Erfurth30,800 Westminster ( Big Ben, 1858）30,324 London (Houses of Parliament)30,000 Paris (Notre Dame, 1680）28,6728.67 1/2 Montreal (1847）28,5608.68 1/4 Cologne25,000 New York (City Hall）23,0008.6 1/2 to 7 New York (Fire-alarm, 33d Street）21,612 York ( Great Peter, 1845）10 3/4 tons.8.3 Weight.Diameter.Thickness. Pounds.Ft. In.Inches. Bruges23,000 Rome (St. Peters, 1680）18,600 Oxford ( Great Tom, 1680）18,0007.16 1/8 Antwerp16,000 Exeter (1675）5 1/2 tons.6.35 Lincoln ( Great Tom, 1834）5 1/2 tons.6.86 London (St. Paul's, 1709）11,4706.7 Fig. 636 represents a bell having a rotatable clapper. The various parts are — Bell. B, clapper or tongue. C, clapper-bolt. D, yoke. F, canon or ear. M, mouth. P, sound-bow. S, shoulder. T, barrel. Cattle and sheep bells are cast, or are made of wrought-metal by being doubled over at the angles or cutting and brazing. Each carries its clapper.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
ed that there was a repulsive as well as an attractive force in electricity, observing that a globe of sulphur, after attracting a feather to it, repelled it until the feather had again been placed in contact with some other substance. Newton, in 1675, observed signs of electrical excitement in a rubbed plate of glass. Hawkesbee, who wrote in 1709, also observed similar phenomena; and Dulay in the Memoirs of the French Academy, between 1733 and 1737, generalized so far as to lay down the princr was an iron needle poised on a pivot. Otto Guericke, of Magdeburg, recognized phenomena of repulsion. He heard the first sound and saw the first light in artificially excited electricity. Newton saw the first traces of an electric charge in 1675, in some experiment with a rubbed plate of glass. Although Wall in 1708, Gray in 1734, and Nollet, conjectured the identity of frictional electricity and lightning, yet Franklin was the first to attain the experimental certainty by his well-kno
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
h, the finest being at the upper end. Within the cylinder is a reel whose rails are covered with brushes, which, in their revolution, act against the interior wire surface of the cylinder. The meal is conducted within the cylinder by a spout or hopper, and is thus rubbed through the wire meshes, the finest at the top, the next at the succeeding grade, and so on. The various qualities are collected in the separate partitions of the box. The machine is described in the patent of John Milne, 1675. Flour-mill. See grinding-mill. Flour-pack′er. A machine for compactly filling barrels or bags with flour. It is usually a follower or piston which presses upon the flour, but in some cases the flour as it falls into the barrel is continuously packed by a spiral, as in the example. The barrel is placed on a platform suspended by a steelyard and by a weighted cord passing over a pulley. The steelyard takes under and clamps another pulley attached to the former one, driving it
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
te of potash mixed with sugar kindles into flame on the contact of sulphuric acid. The matches were dipped successively in melted sulphur and then in chlorate of potash, and were ignited by pressing the prepared ends upon a sponge of asbestus saturated with sulphuric acid and placed in a bottle. This was the Promethcan. 7. Phosphorus, placed between the folds of a piece of paper and rubbed to and fro, will heat sufficiently to kindle a sulphur match. Hence the phosphorus light in use in 1675. 8. The phosphoric tapers were of wax, having wicks coated with phosphorus. They were inclosed in glass tubes hermetically sealed. They were ignited by cutting off the end of the tube with a file, when the phosphorus became ignited by the action of the air. 9. The phosphorus bottle was a small vial, into which a piece of phosphorus was placed and stirred around with a hot wire. The phosphorus being partially burnt emitted fumes which coated the inside of the vial with oxide of phosph
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
the dispersion of the rays as little as possible. Spec′tro-scope. An instrument for viewing the spectra formed by the solar rays and by those of other bodies in an incandescent condition. Steinheil's spectroscope and spectrum. Newton, 1675, determined the fact that the solar light was composed of six different and unequally refrangible colors. (See prism.) He also found that these colors, which combined to form white light, could not be farther separated by undergoing a second refronly during the four winter months; at this time the lamps were kept burning on moonlight nights as well as others. Their number in 1771 was estimated at 6.232. Amsterdam had street lanterns in 1669; The Hague, 1678; Copenhagen, 1681; Hamburg, 1675; Berlin, 1682; Vienna, 1704; Birmingham, England, 1733. For lighting by gas, see gas. Street-lamp. In the example, the glass is in a single piece, flaring at top, and having an opening at the bottom to receive the burner. The cover, to w
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
dvantage over most other methods, where the wire is tinned in the fire and then drawn through a drawing-plate. Tin-plate. Iron-plate coated with tin by dipping it into a molten bath of the latter metal. The art of tinning plate-iron seems to have been invented in Bohemia, was carried from thence into Saxony, 1620, and other parts of Germany, whence the rest of Europe was supplied until near the end of the seventeenth century. The art was introduced into England by Yarranton about 1675. The iron used is charcoal iron, rolled into sheets of various thickness, according to the grade and size of the plates, which are cut into rectangular pieces of the required sizes. The processes are as follows:— Scaling. The plate is bent so as to enable it to stand when placed on edge, and is then pickled in a trough containing dilute hydrochloric acid. The bent plates being laid on the floor in a row, a rod is placed under them, and they are thus lifted and placed in a furnace, w
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
art box, the sections of which are united by bolts. l m n, Keller's shaft-coupling. A globular slotted shell enters a hemispherical shell, and is connected thereto by a pin or bolt which passes through the sides of the latter and through an axial bolt, which merely bears against the interior wall of the former, permitting the two shells to move freely about each other in all directions. Sir Isaac Newton contrived a universal joint for the mounting of his telescope, which was made about 1675, and is now in the possession of the Royal Society, to whom it was presented by the illustrious philosopher. See Coup-Ling; ball-and-socket joint; gimbal. U-ni-vers′al Syr′inge. （Surgical.) A syringe to be used for various purposes, having irrigatingnozzles of various shapes and sizes, for reaching different portions of the body, washing out wounds and ulcers, injecting caustic solutions, etc. The various attachments are applicable to the uterus, male and female urethra, and bladd<