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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
n each side connected by arches of timber which crossed the street. This was burned in July, 1212, and 3,000 persons perished. The buildings being on fire at the Surry end, a great crowd rushed to see the fire, and the wind blew the burning shingles to the north end, lighting the buildings at the Middlesex side of the river. Between fire and water the loss of life was dreadful. The bridge was restored in 1300; again partially burned in 1471, 1632, and 1725. The houses were pulled down in 1756. At what time stone arches were substituted for wooden spans does not appear. When the present London bridge was built in 1831, the elm piles of the old bridge were yet sound, after 600 years use. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries A. D. a very useful society flourished in Europe, called the Brothers of the bridge. The building of bridges was at that time deemed an act of piety, and we must highly respect that devotion which, in the fear of God, finds its expression in deeds of exa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
wood. It is then removed by a hard brush; the warmth evaporates the moisture. File-cut′ting ma-chine′. A machine by which files are cut automatically. The usual form has a table to which the blank is secured, and on which it is fed beneath the chisel, which receives the blows of a trip-hammer above. Many attempts have been made in this direction in France, England, and the United States. Among these may be mentioned Duverger, 1699; Fardouet, 1725; Thiout, 1740; Brachal and Gamain, 1756, 1778; Raoul, 1800; Ericsson, 1836; Robison, 1843. See also Skilton's machine, Ure's Dictionary, Vol. II. pp. 202-204, edition of 1860. See also Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. II., in which a machine is described in which the file is fixed on a bed of lead, and a chisel fixed at the end of a lever is struck down by a hammer. The lever is again raised by means of a spring, and during its rise moves a ratchet-wheel connected with the support of the bed, which is s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
etic system, is reserved for a remote posterity All that we can hope to do is to leave behind us observations that may be confided in, and to propose hypotheses which after-ages may examine, amend, or refute. Magnetic changes made Halley's chart obsolete in forty years, and it was reconstructed by the joint efforts of the English navy, East India Company, and Hudson's Bay Company. This chart was not satisfactory, and its discrepancies became positive inaccuracies as time wore on. About 1756, John Canton, in England, made about 4,000 experiments for discovering and explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of the needle. La Perouse sailed from France with instructions and instruments, intending to make special observations at remote stations in regard to the variation and dip of the needle. The lamented death of the Admiral and destruction of his vessels in 1788 prevented the results from being communicated to the scientific world. M. Hansteen of Denmark undertook the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
York, the New York gazette, in 1725. From this period they multiplied rapidly in the Colonies. The common name Gazette is derived from the name of a Venetian coin, worth about a cent and a half, and which was the price of the Venetian newspaper first published. The Maryland gazette was established in 1727 or 1728; the Virginia gazette, 1736; the Rhode Island gazette, 1732; South Carolina gazette, 1731 or 1732; Georgia gazette, 1763. The first paper in New Hampshire was published in 1756, but in the adjacent State of Vermont none existed prior to 1781. After the Revolution, the history of newspaper progress becomes identical with that of the nation, the printing-press keeping closely in the van of Anglo-American civilization. The honor of publishing the first paper west of the Alleghanies is claimed for John Scull of Pittsburgh, who, it is stated, founded the Pittsburgh gazette in 1783. The first north of the Ohio River, being the third or fourth west of the Alleghan
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
aw for cutting off piles below the surface of the water was invented by Labelye in planning the operation for establishing foundations for the piers of the Westminster Bridge, 1738, and improved by De Cessart, when building the bridge of Saumur, 1756– 64. In a simple form the machine consists of a frame composed of two longitudinal and three transverse timbers; to the central transverse piece are attached two uprights projecting above and below the frame, the saw being inserted between their s in Turkey was brought from Paris by Mohammed Effendi, in 1721; the first press in Annapolis, Md., was in 1726; Williamsburg, Va., 1729; Charleston, S. C., 1730; Newport, R. I., 1732; Halifax, N. S., 1751; Newbern, N. C., 1755; Portsmouth, N. H., 1756; Savannah, Ga., 1763; Quebec, Canada, 1764. The first press west of the Alleghany range was in Cincinnati, 1793. The first press west of the Mississippi, in St. Louis, 1808. Stereotyping was invented by William Ged of Edinburgh, in 1725; inki
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
ow fabric used for trimming. Ribbons are of various materials, textures, and qualities. Among these are the following: chine, ferret, galloon, love, lustring (lutestring), ribbon velvet, sarsnet, satin, taffety, etc. The ribbon manufacture is largely carried on at Coventry, in England, and at Saint-Etienne, in France. A great number of the improvements in the different branches of the manufacture are due to the Swiss and Germans, among others the bar-loom, brought from Switzerland, in 1756, by M. Flachat, of Saint-Chamond, and the economical processes for fining velvet, introduced in 1775, by Roland de la Platiere. The application to the bar-loom of the Jacquard machine, and of the various improvements derived from it, have resulted in the production of an admirable working instrument, with which a skilled workman is able to make everything, from simple taffetas to elaborate portraits. The ornaments vary considerably in style and arrangement. Sometimes these are purely fan
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
sted into the atmosphere. This latter feature was novel. The positive pressure of steam was not. Papin had used it 25 years before. The two coacting, alternate cylinders was a novel feature. The engine never had any practical importance. In 1756, Blakey took out a patent for a water-raising apparatus, as an improvement on Savery's, to avoid the condensation of steam incident to its contact with the water. To avoid this he interposed a stratum of oil or air between the water and the steamth houses on each side, connected by arches of timber, which crossed the roadway. This was burned in July, 1212, and 3,000 persons perished. It was restored in 1300; again partially burned in 1471, 1632, and 1725. The houses were pulled down in 1756, and finally the bridge itself, to make way for New London Bridge, constructed by the Rennies, opened in 1831. On this occasion the original piles, mostly of elm, were found to be but partially decayed, some portions being even used for making ar
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
into two principal classes, — those in which the wood is saturated with the preservative material by immersion, and those in which the material is forced into the pores in a vaporiform state. The first of these processes appears to date back no farther than the last century; the latter is of still more recent introduction. As early as 1740, Fagol, a Frenchman, experimented with solutions of alum, sulphate of iron, and other substances, in which he immersed the wood for several days. In 1756, Haller recommended the use of vegetable oil for this purpose. Jackson, in 1767, proposed to employ a solution of sea-salt, to which sulphate of iron and magnesia, alum, lime, and potash, were to be added. Pallas, 1779, proposed to mineralize wood immersion first in solution of copperas and afterward in milk of lime. Dr. Hales recommended steeping in solution of sulphate of copper (blue vitriol), and coating with oil of tar; for which Dr. Fordyce substituted sulphate of iron; this was tr