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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
f. （Metal-working.) Tempering by means of burning oil or tallow spread on the spring or blade, which is heated over a fire. Bleach′ing. The art of removing color from fabries, etc. It was known in India, Egypt, and Syria, and in ancient Gaul. As at present practiced, the process dates back only to the beginning of the present century. Linen was formerly sent from England to Holland to be bleached. This was performed by several months exposure to air, light, and moisture. The l is 156 pounds of dough, and 153 pounds 11 1/2 ounces of bread from 100 pounds of flour. The Romans appear to have leavened their bread with preparations similar to that known in some places as salt rising, instead of yeast. Pliny says that in Gaul and Spain, where they make a drink (beer) by steeping grain in water, they employ the foam which thickens on the surface (yeast) as a leaven, and that consequently the bread in those countries is lighter than that made elsewhere. He must mean in
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
nd the state. The Rhine had in early Roman times but two outlets; Virgil calls it bicornis, and Tacitus says that the largest of these branches, that nearest to Gaul, is called Vahalum. In the days of Charlemagne the Rhine communicated with the Escaut by a branch of the Meuse which has since disappeared. A great inundation, A. Fig. 1346 illustrates one mode of harvesting clover-seed, and resembles the first of which we have any record. A wheat-harvester on this principle was running in Gaul, in the first century of the Christian era, and the machine continued in favor for 300 years, although it does not appear to have been used in Italy. In front of , while the heads remaining above are torn off and are scraped into the box of the machine. It is known as a header. In the old machine used 1,800 years ago in Gaul, it was the duty of the attendant to sweep the ears back into the box of the machine, which was driven before the ox that impelled it. The English clover-harves
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
equently on a hard stone, moistened with water; and when woven into cloth it is again beaten with clubs, being always improved in proportion as it is beaten. Answering to the iron hooks described by Pliny, and to our hackle, were the combs like that shown in the cut b; two of which were found at Thebes, with some flax-tow attached, and are now in the Berlin Museum. One of them has 29 and the other one 46 teeth. c is a netting-needle from the same place. Flax was exported from Egypt to Gaul as late as the Christian era, and was ordered to be grown in England by statute of Henry VIII., 1533. A braking and scutching machine was run by water-power in Scotland in 1750. To prepare flax for manufacture, after the removal of the seeds, the hare (useful, fibrous portion) is separated from the boon (the refuse portions of the stalk). For this purpose the uniting gluten must be dissolved and removed. This is effected by rotting, either in ponds or by exposure to dew. In either case a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
-har′vest-er. A machine for cutting standing grain. There are many varieties, and the idea is as old as the time of Pliny, A. D. 79. In his time the plains of Gaul were reaped by a machine driven by one ox harnessed between shafts. The head of the grain was cut from the straw and fell into a large box which formed a part of f grain from Theodosia (a town). A medimnus was about 1 1/2 bushels, English. A Sicilian bushel of wheat in the time of Polybius (150 B. c.) was worth, in Cisalpine Gaul, Lombardy, and Piedmont, 4 oboli per bushel, barley 2 oboli. The obolus was about 3 cents. The tavern price there for a good meal was 1/4 obolus. The gplied with meal. The Goths tried to destroy them by throwing logs into the stream, but the Romans intercepted these by booms. Water-mills soon became common in Gaul and Germany, and we read of some on a tributary of the Moselle A. D. 379, and a mention of them by Fortunatus in the next century. It is needless to particulari
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
a period at about A. D. 400. See forging. The examples cited from the writings of Moses, Hesiod, and Homer, the attestation of the recovered implements from Egypt and Nineveh, and the Egyptian paintings, render it useless to cite the facts within the notice of the gossiping and credulous Pliny, who professes to give the early history of the metal. Palestine, Asia Minor, Scythia, Elba, and Spain were each celebrated in their time for the production of iron. From Iberia the art spread to Gaul, and from the latter, probably, to Germany. An army of Gauls was defeated by the Romans, 222 B. C., chiefly because the swords of the former bent after a blow or two, and required straightening by the foot, while the superior metal of the Romans stood the brunt. Strabo mentions that one of the exports of Britain was iron; the bold islanders met their invaders with scythes, hooks, broadswords, and spears of iron. The arrival of the Romans and the introduction of artificial blast, whic
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
gian togas, began to be used in the latter part of the reign of Augustus. The pretexta had its origin among the Etrurians. The method of weaving with more than one thread was invented at Alexandria. These cloths are called polimita; it was in Gaul that they were first divided into checkers. Pliny gives the Gauls good credit, — checker-work weaving, the reaping-machine, beer of malt, bread raised by yeast, sieves of horsehair, embroidered rugs; but all trans Padanus (Po) seems to have been Gaul with Pliny. The Greeks and Romans had looms in which the warp was horizontal, and others in which it was vertical, so that the weaver sat at work. The boxwood shuttle was of the modern shape, pointed at each end, and had a cavity in which the woof-thread was wound on a stationary piru or quill, or on a bobbin which revolved as the yarn unwound, and passed through a hole in the side of the shuttle. The threads of the warp were decussated by a stick (arundo), which divided the thread
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
oss the width of the driving-gear. The side-draft, in which the cutter-bar projects laterally, so that the horses walk in the swath previously cut, not tramping in the standing grass. This feature is shown in most of the figures in the Plates. One other mode of draft Steam mowing-machine. is to be noticed, and that is the propeller, in which the cutting apparatus is ahead of the horses, which push the implement before them. This is the original form, it may be presumed, and was used in Gaul eighteen centuries since (see figure under the subject reaper). The form still survives in the Cloverheader (which see). Reapers have other features, such as reels, rakes, droppers, etc., and are considered under reaper. Classification of Mowers by Structural Features. The numbers refer to corresponding numbers in Plates XXXI., XXXII., XXXIII. Mowers. Connection of cutting apparatus with frame Finger-bar rigidly connected To main frame1 To hinged coupling-frame2 To vertically
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
universal in houses of moderate and bumble pretensions. The formacei, or earth-walls, described by Pliny as existing in Gaul and Spain, are of this character. See wall, concrete ; Beton, etc. The best material for pise — work is clay with smal Pliny. The best of the memoranda on husbandry compiled by the latter are from Cato and Varro. It revived in the part of Gaul called Rhaetia, where reaping-machines were running in the first century A. D., as recorded by Pliny, and subsequently ref at the sides, cuts up the weeds by the roots. There has been invented at a comparatively recent period. in that part of Gaul known as Rhaetia a plow with the addition of two small wheels, and known by the name of plaumorati. The extremity of the he scaffold poles. Putlogs. The holes for the putlogs are yet visible in the Pont du Garde erected by the Romans in Gaul. They are called columbaria by Vitruvius, from their resemblance to nests in dovecots. Put′tock-shrouds. （Nautica<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
eaders of the nineteenth century and the wheat-harvester of Gaul, which gathered the crops of that fertile land in the first also find two other modes, and they were also practiced in Gaul in the time of Pliny, 1,500 years afterward. One was to cu. In the first century of the Christian era we hear from Gaul. Says Pliny (A. D. 70):— The mode of getting in the ries considerably. In the vast domains of the provinces of Gaul, a large hollow frame, armed with teeth and supported on twription of Palladius is as follows:— In the plains of Gaul, they use this quick way of reaping, and without reapers cur gathering clover-seed. See Figs. 1346, 2465. Reaper in Gaul. (A. D. 70). The separation of the ears from the grain African war a paved road was constructed through Spain and Gaul to the Alps. These roads connected the capital with Savoy, Dauphine, and Provence, Germany, all parts of Spain, Gaul, Constantinople, Hungary, Macedonia, and the mouths of the Danu