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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ering.) The frame in which a ship lies on the ways, and which accompanies her in launching; or, the frame in which a vessel lies on a way or slip, or in a canal-lift. A cradle was used in very early times in crossing the Isthmus of Corinth, from the Corinthian to the Cenchrean Sea. The place was called the Diolcos, or drawing-place, and was five miles in length. This crossing-place was again used during the maritime warfare between the Genoese and the Turks. At a number of places in Lombardy and Venetia the locks are insufficient or absent, and boats are cradled and transported over the grade. The same thing takes place on the Morris and Essex Canal, which crosses the State of New Jersey, uniting the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. See inclined plane. In its simple form, the cradle consists of three longitudinal timbers united by ribs or cross-pieces. This is floated beneath the ship, which is lashed thereto by cables. The cradle and its burden are then floated to the inc
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
present time, is a counterpart of that which twenty-three centuries ago was carried on between Athens and the Scyths of the Pontus. The Greeks in former times [Strabo, A. D. 16] imported from the Chersonesus corn and the cured fish of Palus Maeotus. Leucon is said to have sent to the Athenians 2,100,000 medimni of grain from Theodosia (a town). A medimnus was about 1 1/2 bushels, English. A Sicilian bushel of wheat in the time of Polybius (150 B. c.) was worth, in Cisalpine Gaul, Lombardy, and Piedmont, 4 oboli per bushel, barley 2 oboli. The obolus was about 3 cents. The tavern price there for a good meal was 1/4 obolus. The granaries of the Romans were of several kinds, and were enumerated at 327. One kind was a building with heavy brick walls, and a hole in the roof through which it was filled. Another was a structure raised on wooden columns. Egyptian granaries. In Thrace, Cappadocia, Spain, and Africa, grain was laid up in pits lined with chaff. Caverns
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
he latter might as well be counted out as an anachronism on the face of Europe, — slavery survived longest in Scotland, where it was extinguished within the memory of people yet living. It was succeeded by eviction and deportation, which are no great improvement and are now the order of the day. The Scotch lord has no more bowels than Cato, who recommended to sell old and diseased slaves. The poorlaw guardians, lacking a market, pay a bonus for their removal, and call it emigration. In Lombardy the landlord pays taxes and makes repairs; the tenant provides cattle, implements, seed, and labor, and gives one half the produce to the landlord. In the Neapolitan territory the landlord has two thirds the produce. In Ohio and neighboring States the landlord receives one third. In Japan he receives one sixth. The grain or produce rent, in contradistinction to the cash rent, is the more common mode of tenure throughout the Continent of Europe. In England it is on a cash basis. That
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
e same coast, the annual amount is but 8 inches. Latitude exerts a great effect on rainfall, the amount of vapor suspended in the atmosphere decreasing rapidly as we approach the poles, though, owing to its being discharged more equally throughout the year, the number of rainy days is generally greater than in lower latitudes. There are six maximum points of rainfall in Europe, estimated in rainy days, not quantity, — Norway, Scotland, S. W. Ireland and England, Portugal, N. E. Spain, Lombardy. In Ireland it rains 208 days in the year. In England it rains 150 days in the year. In Kazan it rains 90 days in the year. In Siberia it rains 60 days in the year. On the Dofrefelds of Norway it rains and mists nearly continually an aggregate of 82 inches per annum; about equal to Bombay, Havana, Sierra Leone. Humboldt estimates the average rainfall at the equator, 96 inches; at latitude 19° 80 inches; at latitude 45°, 29 inches at latitude 60°, 17 inches. According to
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
they were drowned. Sabots are cherished by the whole Gallic race, and might be used with advantage by other people for occasional protection on sloppy pavements and on wet ground, while about the duties of the kitchen, laundry, and kitchen-garden. Sabots in France are divided into the gros and the fins: the former being course and sold at 14 cents per pair; and the latter at 40 cents, trimming extra. The kinds of wood used, beginning with the commoner varieties, are willow, poplar (Lombardy), beech, birch, aspen, ash, hornbeam, walnut. The wood is cut when it attains a certain size, and is sold on the spot by auction. The sabotiers attend in person and work up their purchases on the spot, giving the crude form to the sabots, which are afterward seasoned, and are then finished, carved, and blacked in Paris or some other mercantile center. The seasoning of the wood takes about twelve months. Gros sabots are sometimes dried and smoked to expedite the seasoning, and are finis
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
Europe, etcA lichen used to give a purple dye to silks. Used in chemistry as a test for alkalies and acids. LogwoodHaematoxylon campechianumCentral AmericaUsed in dying rod and black colors, shades of purple, etc. Called also campeachy wood. Lombardy poplarPopulus dilatataFor tanning. In parts a fragrant smell to the leather, similar to that of Russia leather. MadderRubia tinctoria, etcFranceEmployed to produce the celebrated Turkey red and other dyes. Affords garancine by the action of soors be spaded up and rammed down with chalk and cow-dung. Pliny advises time slacked with the amurca of the olive to make a cement floor. Cow-dung and the marc of olives are still used in France for preparing thrashing-floors. Thrashing in Lombardy is generally performed by means of a fluted roller (Fig. 6390) drawn around in a circular track. Hohlfield of Hermerndorf, in Saxony, 1711-1771, invented a thrashing-machine while working on the estate of Gusow, in the service of the Prussian