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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
s salts are much used in medicine and pyrotechnics. Antimony was known to the Hebrews as a cosmetic. With it, it is supposed that the wicked Jezebel painted her eyelids and eyebrows, B. C. 884, just before she was thrown out of window by the orders of the cruel Jehu, who trod her under the feet of his horse, and left her to be devoured by dogs. The Arab women use kohl to increase the brilliancy of the expression of their eves, as the Hebrew women did down to the times of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and later. It is yet an Oriental custom. Little toilet boxes and bottles for kohl are found among the relies of the ancient Egyptians, and are preserved in many collections; for instance, in the Abbott Collection in the possession of the Historical Society of New York. Basil Valentine introduced the metal antimony into the practice of medicine. Observing that some swine fattened surprisingly quick after the administration of the drug, he tried it on some of the monks in his vicinity,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
tering-rams are shown in the sculptures of Nimroud. The machine is worked from within, upsetting the walls by dislodging the stones. The testudo was made of wicker-work, and ran upon six wheels. The battering-ram is mentioned by the prophet Ezekiel (iv. 2 and XXI. 22) about 590 B. C. Bat′ter-ing plumb-rule. （Engineering.) An instrument for leveling sloping work. The sides are cut to the required angle with the central line, over which the plummet hangs. Bat′ter-ing-rule. to the spherical form. Bull-nose ring. A hook whose knobs enter the nostrils and clamp the dividing cartilage or septum of the nose. It is used to lead vicious or obstinate bulls, and occasionally to fasten or hitch them. A passage in Ezekiel shows that lions and camels were similarly led about, and that prisoners and captives were treated in the same way. Manasseh, the vicious and unfortunate king of Judah, was thus led by the nose, and carried away captive, 677 B. C., by the captai<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
d to an oxydizing heated blast. This leaves it pure silver, the lead passing into the porous vessel. The assay of gold is more complex. The copper and other oxydizable metals are removed by cupellation with lead. A large excess of silver is then added to the alloy, which is rolled into a sheet called a cornet. The silver is dissolved out with nitric acid, which leaves the gold as a sponge. This is called parting. The process of refining silver with lead in a furnace is described by Ezekiel, and is regarded by Napier as substantially coincident with the modern cupellation. Cu′pel-lo. A small furnace for assaying. Cu′pel Py-rom′e-ter. An alloy pyrometer which indicates the heat by incipient or total liquefaction. Cu′po-la. 1. (Architecture.) a. A lantern or small apartment on the summit of a dome. b. A spherical or spheroidal covering to a building or any part of it. 2. (Metallurgy.) a. A furnace for melting metals for casting. See cupola-furnace.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
the tint imparted by the logwood will be violet. Mordants were used in China and India from very distant periods, and are described by Pliny. See calico-printing. Moses (1490 B. C.) speaks of stuff dyed blue, purple, and scarlet ; rams'-skins dyed red. Joseph (1729 B. C.) had a coat of many colors; probably a product of Damascus. Dyeing is attributed to the Phoenicians. Solomon (1000 B. C.) sent to Hiram of Tyre for a man cunning to work in . . . purple and crimson and blue. Ezekiel speaks, in his burden of Tyre, of the blue and purple from the isles of Elisha, which may mean the Peloponnesus and adjacent islands. The most celebrated dye of antiquity was the Tyrian purple, derived from a species of murex. Pliny cites two, the buccinum and purpura. A single drop of fluid was obtained from a sac in the throat of each animal. A quantity was heated with seasalt, ripened by exposure for three days, diluted with five times its bulk of water, kept warm for six days, bein
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
era assigned, credits one with the inventio who had been dead 2,000 years when he, the great lawgiver, wrote. Chariots, axes, bedsteads, harrows, weapons of iron, are mentioned in Hebrew history between 1490 B. C. and 1040 B. C. Jeremiah and Ezekiel speak of iron, and mention two qualities, one of which the latter calls bright iron, probably steel. The same distinction is made by Hesiod (850 B. C.). Some doubts have been expressed as to the render- ing of the Hebrew passage which speaky used in the chairs and couches of Egypt, as the paintings in the tombs yet testify. Ahab's ivory house, 900 B. C., and the palace of Menelaus, described by Homer, were probably paneled with ivory, or the walls and pillars inlaid therewith. Ezekiel records that ivory was used to ornament the Phoenician galleys. Beds inlaid or veneered with ivory were used by those who, as Amos says, are at case in Zion, that lie upon beds of ivory and stretch themselves upon their couches. Two huntin
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
aters, is a part of the triumphal song of Miriam, 1491 B. C. Job refers to its use for writing-tablets, An iron pen and lead. A work of Hesiod was preserved for many centuries scratched on leaden tablets. Iron, tin, and lead were enumerated by Ezekiel as among the commercial objects of the Tyrian trips to Tarshish. The mines of the Cassiterides, that gave the tin to alloy with copper for the vessels of the temple at Jerusalem, gave also lead to the brave merchants of Phoenicia. The Romans uhe bandaging of the dead. The ceremonial law of the Hebrews also prescribes linen for the priests. Cotton was then unknown, except as a curiosity. Wool was regarded as foul. We read of the Egyptian linen in Genesis, Chronicles, Proverbs, and Ezekiel. Pharaoh arrayed Joseph in vestures of fine linen, 1716 B. C. The mixture of flax and wool in a fabric was forbidden (Lev. XIX. 19). Solomon had linen yarn brought out of Egypt (1 Kings x. 28). He [Aaron] shall put on the holy linen coat, a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
tors from England, as those maritime nations were yet in existence. Poor Tyre had been desolated by Alexander 100 years before, but the people dispersed around the Mediterranean were yet active, and Carthage had not fallen before her imperial rival, remorseless Rome. In the time of Isaiah the masts were strengthened with shrouds from the deck or bulwarks. A few years later we read that the Tyrians obtained cedar masts from Lebanon, as no doubt they had been doing for 1,000 years before Ezekiel wrote. The planking of the vessels was fir-trees of Senir (Hermon), calked by men of Gebal; the oars of oak from Bashan; the rowers' benches of ivory from the Isles of Chittim (some western land on the African coast). The sails were fine linen of Egypt, the awnings of purple and blue fabric from the Isles of Elishah. Josephus identifies the descendants of Elishah, the eldest son of Javan, with the Aeolians. So Greece furnished the Tyrian dye. Lydia of Thyatira, a seller of purple, was co
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
re also in the Abbott Collection, New York City. Some of the ancient Egyptian pins are 7 or 8 inches long, and have large golden heads or a band of gold at the upper end, these latter being probably used as hair-pins. The ancient Mexicans also used pins, but generally employed the thorns on the agave as a substitute. The pins mentioned in the Bible were those of metal for fastening the hanging around the court of the temple, and were like tent-pins; and others of wood, mentioned by Ezekiel, which were in fact wooden pegs driven into a wall to hang clothes upon. The Roman pins had round, square, perforated, or ornamented heads; were usually of bronze; were from 1 1/2 to 8 inches long, and were sometimes of wood, ivory, or bone. Hair-pins were common for holding up the knot of braided hair. Before the invention of pins there were many pretty and ingenious devices for fastening the dresses and ornaments of both sexes, such as ribbons, loop-holes, laces with pearls and tag
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
obably worn by Judith when, as it is said, her sandals ravished the eyes of Holofernes. Badger's skin is referred to by Ezekiel (xvi. 10) as a choice material therefor. On the sculptures of Nimroud the king is represented wearing sandals. Thos about 1450 B. C., as the result that follows unfaithfulness on the part of the people whom he led and served. See also Ezekiel, chap. XXVII. The ships on the Nile for navigating during the inundation are from 10,000 to 24,000 bushels burden. larly credited with the success of the domestication of the worm and the mode of availing its product. The passage in Ezekiel rendered silk is believed to be a misnomer; probably fine flaxen goods. Another reference to silk in the Bible is in w of steel shall strike him through. — Job XX 24. Shall iron break the northern iron and the steel? — Jer. XV. 12. Ezekiel, about 600 B. C., speaks of the bright iron of Javan; and Hesiod, 850 B. C., of bright iron and black iron, the former p
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
nt and some adobes, the bricks of Egypt were universally adobes, or merely sundried, and this does not suit a thin tile, however well it may answer for a thick brick. The references to tiles in Holy Writ are not infrequent. We read of tiles in Ezekiel and in the Gospel of Luke, where the sick man was let down through the tiles. Tiles were also common in Rome at that day. The art of glazing tiles came from China, and before the introduction west of this Chinese art, neither bricks, tiles, , Solinus, and P. Mela referred to the islands. The metal is believed to have been brought to the Mediterranean, from the Malay islands to India and Arabia, in early times. Tin is mentioned in the Bible in the books of Numbers, Isaiah, and Ezekiel. The latter mentions it as coming from Tarshish to Tyre, probably Tartessus, now Cadiz, where there was a famous Phoenician colony, and where the tradingves-sels from the Cassiterides would naturally call. Tin is first mentioned as among the