INFLECTION OF MI-VERBS
[*] 744. Verbs in
-μι differ in inflection from verbs in
-ω in the present and second aorist systems and (rarely) in the second perfect system. Verbs in
-μι have the following peculiarities of inflection:
a. The endings
-μι and
-σι (for original
-τι) occur in the present indicative active:
τίθη-μι, τίθη-σι; φη-μί φη-σί.
b. The 3 plural present indicative active has generally the ending
-α_σι, from
α-αντι, as
τιθέα_σι, ἱστᾶσι. So in the 2 perf. active
ἑστᾶσι.
c. The 3 plural of active past tenses has
-σαν:
ἐτίθε-σαν.
d. The imperative ending
-θι is sometimes retained:
φα-θί, στῆ-θι; some forms never had it:
τίθει, ἵστη.
e. The middle endings
-σαι and
-σο regularly retain
ς:
τίθε-σαι, ἐτίθε-σο.
N.—But not in the subjunctive or optative; and usually not in the second aorist; as
τιθῇ for
τιθέη-σαι, τιθεῖο for
τιθέ-ι_-σο, ἔθου for
ἔθε-σο.
f. The infinitive active has
-ναι:
τιθέ-ναι, διδό-ναι; the 2 aorist active has
-εναι rarely:
θεῖναι for
θέ-εναι, δοῦναι for
δό-εναι.
g. Active participles with stems in
-οντ- have the nominative sing. masc. in
-ούς (301 a,
307 a):
διδούς, διδό-ντ-ος.
[*] 745. Forms of
-μι verbs which are inflected according to the thematic conjugation are included under the Second Conjugation.
[*] 746.
μι-verbs may pass into the
ω inflection elsewhere than in the subjunctive.
a. Verbs in
-νυ_μι often inflect the present and imperfect active (not the middle) from a present in
-νύω; as
δεικνύω (but usually
δείκνυ_μι),
δεικνύεις, δεικνύει, imperf.
ἐδείκνυον, -ες, -ε, etc.,; imper.
δείκνυε, inf.
δεικνύειν, part.
δεικνύων.
b. τίθημι, ἵστημι, δίδωμι, ἵ_ημι, etc., show some
ω-forms in pres. (and imperf.) indic. opt. imper. and infin.; but the forms
τιθέω, ἱστέω, διδόω, ἱ_έω, do not occur in the 1 sing.
c. In the present and second aorist optative of
τίθημι and
ἵ_ημι there is a transition to the
ω-conjugation but not in the 1 and 2 singular. The accent is differently reported: (1) as if the presents were
τιθέω, ἱ_έω; (2) as if the presents were
τίθω, ἵ_ω. Thus:
Active:
ἀφί_οιτε for
ἀφι_εῖτε, ἀφί_οιεν for
ἀφι_εῖεν.—Middle:
τιθοῖτο, ἐπιθοίμεθα, συνθοῖτο, ἐπιθοῖντο (also accented
τίθοιτο, ἐπίθοιντο);
προοῖτο, προοῖσθε, προοῖντο (also accented
πρόοιτο, πρόοιντο). Hdt. has
-θέοιτο and
-θεῖτο. The form in
-οῖτο for
-εῖτο occurs especially in Plato.
d. The Mss. vary between
τιθῶμαι and
τίθωμαι, ἀποθῶμαι and
ἀπόθωμαι (426 f).
e. Some other
μι-verbs show alternative
ω-forms, as
πιμπλάω, -εω (
πίμπλημι),
πιπράω (
πίμπρημι), Hom.
ἀγάομαι (
ἄγαμαι), and
ἱ_λάομαι (
ἵ_λημι). So often with
-νημι verbs (
737), as
δαμνᾷ and
δάμνησι, ἐκίρνα_ and
κιρνά_ς.
[*] 746 D. The tragic poets never have the
ω-forms; the poets of the Old Comedy seldom; those of the New Comedy often have the
ω-forms.—Plato usually has
-νυα_σι. Hom. has
ζεύγνυον (and
ζεύγνυσαν, ὤρνυον, ὤμνυε, ὀμνυέτω, etc.). Hdt. usually keeps the
μι-forms, but has some
ω-forms in 2, 3 sing. 3 pl. present indic. and part., and 1 sing., 3 pl. imperfect. Doric usually has the
ω-forms; Aeolic has
ζεύγνυ_, and
ὄμνυ_ν infin.
PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
[*] 747.
Present Indicative.—
a. The primary personal endings are added to the stem with the strong form in the singular and the weak form in the dual and plural.
b. In the 2 sing.
τίθης, ἵ_ης, ἵστης, δείκνυ_ς, etc.,
ς has been added to the stem. This
ς is obscure in origin, but cannot be derived from
-σι. τιθει-ς is rare.
c. 3 sing.
τίθησι, ἵστησι, etc., with
-σι for
-τι (463 c).
d. 3 plur.
τιθέα_σι, ἱστᾶσι, etc., from
τιθέ-αντι, ἱστά-αντι (463 d).
e. For the retention of
ς in
τίθε-σαι, etc., see 465 a, b, and N. 2.
f. δίδομαι in the middle present and imperfect is used only in composition, as
ἀποδίδομαι. But the simple form occurs in the passive.
[*] 747 D. 1. Hom. has
τίθησθα, τίθησι and
τιθεῖ, τιθεῖσι; διδοῖς and
διδοῖσθα, δίδωσι (usually) and
διδοῖ, διδοῦσι, ῥηγνῦσι from
ῥηγνυ-ντι, ἴα_σι they go and
ἔα_σι they are. On
ἵ_στασκε see
495. Mid.
ἐμάρναο from
μάρναμαι.
2. Hdt. has
τιθεῖ τιθεῖσι; ἱστᾷ is doubtful;
διδοῖς, διδοῖ, διδοῦσι, ἴα_σι ἔα_σι, -νῦσι and
-νύουσι. Middle:
-αται and
-ατο (imperf.) for
-νται, -ντο in
τιθέαται ἐτιθέατο, ἱστέαται ἱ_στέατο, δυνέαται ἐδυνέατο. -αται, -ατο have been transferred from the perfect and pluperfect of consonant stems, such as
γεγράφαται, ἐγεγράφατο (465 f).
3. Doric has
ἵστα_μι, and
α_ for
η in all tenses (
στά_σω, ἔστα_σα, ἔστα_ν);
-τι in 3 sing.
τίθητι; -ντι in 3 pl.
τίθεντι, δίδοντι.
4. Aeolic has
τίθης, τίθη, τίθεισι; ἴστα_ς, ἴστα_; δίδως, δίδω; δάμνα_ς.
[*] 748.
Imperfect.—
ἐτίθεις ἐτίθει, ἐδίδουν ἐδίδους ἐδίδου (for
ἐδιδων, -ως, -ω) are thematic forms (746 b). For the imperfect of
δύναμαι and
ἐπίσταμαι see 465 b, N. 1. For the retention of
ς in
ἐτίθεσο see 465 b.
[*] 748 D. Hom. has
ἐτίθει, ἐδίδους, ἐδίδου.—Hdt. has
ὑπερετίθεα 1 sing.,
ἐδίδουν, ἐδίδου, ἵ_στα_ and
ἀνί_στη (both in Mss.).—In poetry
-ν occurs for
-σαν as
τίθεν, ἵ_στα^ν, δίδον (464 e. D.).
[*] 749.
Subjunctive.—Attic
τιθῶ, etc., are derived by contraction from the forms of the weak stem to which the thematic vowel
ώη has been added. Thus
τιθέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, τιθέωμεν, -έητε, -έωσι; διδόω, -όῃς, -όῃ, διδόωμεν, -όητε, -όωσι. ἱστῶ is derived from
ἱστέω. See 746 b. Verbs in
-νυ_μι regularly inflect the subjunctive like
ω-verbs:
δεικνύω, -ύῃς, -ύῃ.
a. Similarly the middle (passive) forms are derived from
τιθέω-μαι τιθέη-（
ς）
αι, etc.,
διδόω-μαι διδόη-（
ς）
αι, ἱστέω-μαι ἱστέη-（
ς）
αι, etc. For the loss of
ς in
-σαι see 465 a.
-νυ_μι verbs inflect the mid. subj. like
λύ_ωμαι.
b. δύναμαι am able,
ἐπίσταμαι understand,
κρέμαμαι hang, and
ἄγαμαι admire put
ώη in place of the stem-vowel so that there is no contraction:
δύνωμαι, δύνῃ, δύνηται, δυνώμεθα, etc. So, too,
ἐπριάμην, πρίωμαι (757 a).
c. Traces of
-υ_ται in
-νυ_μι verbs are very rare:
ῥήγνυ_ται Hipponax 19; cp.
διασκεδάννυ_ται P. Ph. 77b.
[*] 749 D. Dor. has
τιθέω, -έωμεν, but contracts
ε +
η to
η; pl.
διδῶντι (and
τίθηντι). Dor. has
δύνα_μαι, ἵστα_ται; Hdt.
ἐνίστηται, ἐπιστέωνται, δυνέωνται.
[*] 750.
Present Optative.—The optative active has the secondary endings and the mood sign
-ιη- in the singular,
-ι_- (
-ιε- 3 pl.) in the dual and plural. In the dual and plural the longer (
-ιη-) forms are rare. Thus
τιθείην (
τιθε-ίη-ν),
τιθεῖμεν (
τιθέ-ι_-μεν),
ἱσταίην (
ἱστα-ίη-ν)
ἱσταῖεν (
ι:στά-ιε-ν). The shorter forms in dual and plural occur in poetry and prose, the longer forms only in prose.
a. The middle (passive) has the secondary endings and the mood sign
-ι_- throughout:
τιθείμην (
τιθε-ί_-μην),
ἱσταίμην (
ἱστα-ί_-μην),
ἱσταίμεθα (
ἱστα-ί_-μεθα),
διδοῖντο (
διδό-ι_-ντο). On
τιθοῖτο, etc., see 746 c.
b. The accent follows 424 c, N. 1 (
τιθεῖτο not
τίθειτο). But the verbs of 749 b are exceptional:
δύναιο δύναιτο; and so
ὄναιο ὄναιτο from
ὀνίνημι benefit (424 c, N. 2).
[*] 750 D. Hom. has the
μι-forms
δαινῦτο and
δαινύ_ατο, Plato has
πηγνῦτο.
[*] 751.
Present Imperative.—
τίθει and
δίδου are formed (cp.
ποίει and
δήλου) from
τίθε-ε, δίδο-ε. ἵστη and
δείκνυ_ show the stronger stem forms.
For the middle endings and the retention of
ς, see
466. 2. a.—On the forms
τιθέτωσαν for
τιθέντων, τιθέσθωσαν for
τιθέσθων, see
466. 2. b.
[*] 751 D. Hom. has
ἵστη and
καθίστα_, δίδωθι, ἐμπίπληθι, ὄμνυθι, ὄρνυθι, ἵστασο and
ἵσταο. τίθου, ἵστω occur in the drama. Pind. has
δίδοι (active).
[*] 752.
Present Infinitive.—The active adds
-ναι, the middle
-σθαι. δείκνυ_μι admits the form
δεικνύειν.
[*] 752 D. Hom. has
-μεναι or
-ναι preceded by
η in
ἀήμεναι ἀῆναι from
ἄημι blow,
τιθήμεναι, κιχήμεναι and
κιχῆναι as from
κίχημι. Also
ἱστάμεναι (and
ἱστάμεν),
ζευγνύμεναι (and
ζευγνύμεν, once
ζευγνῦμεν).
-μεν after a short vowel, as
τιθέμεν, διδόμεν (once
διδοῦναι). Doric has
τιθέμεν, διδόμεν. Theognis has
τιθεῖν, συνιεῖν.
[*] 753.
Present Participle.—The active adds
-ντ-, the middle
-μενος. Thus
τιθείς (
τιθε-ντ-ς),
τιθεῖσα (
τιθε-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α);
τιθέ-μενος. For
δεικνύ_ς we find
δεικνύων.
[*] 753 D. Hom. has
τιθήμενος K 34.
THE FUTURES
[*] 754. The futures of verbs in
-μι do not differ in formation and inflection from those of verbs in
-ω.
τίθημι:
θήσω, θήσομαι, τεθήσομαι; ἵστημι:
στήσω, στήσομαι, σταθήσομαι, ἑστήξω; ἵ_ημι:
ἥσω, -ἤσομαι, -ἑθήσομαι; δίδωμι:
δώσω, -δώσομαι, δοθήσομαι; δείκνυ_μι:
δείξω, δείξομαι, δειχθήσομαι, δεδείξομαι (late) or
δεδειγμένος ἔσομαι; μείγνυ_μι:
μείξω, -μιχθήσομαι, μιγήσομαι (poet.),
μεμείξομαι (poet.);
πήγνυ_μι:
πήξω, παγήσομαι.
a. ἑστήξω is the only future perfect from a
μι-verb (
584).
FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE
[*] 755. The verbs
τίθημι, ἵ_ημι, δίδωμι form the singular active of the first aorist in
-κ-α, thus,
ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα. The forms of the second aorist (
756) are generally used in the dual and plural and in the other moods.
a. The form in
κ rarely appears outside of the singular, chiefly in the 3 pl., as
ἔδωκαν ( =
ἔδοσαν), less frequently in the 1 and 2 pl., as
ἐδώκαμεν, -ατε.
b. That
κ was not a suffix but a part of an alternative root appears from a comparison of
θηκ- in
ἔθηκα and perf.
τέθηκα with
fēc- in
fēci.
c. ἵστημι has
ἔστησα I set,
placed (mid.
ἐστησάμην), to be distinguished from 2 aor.
ἔστην I stood.
d. ἐθηκάμην is un-Attic;
ἡκάμην (in comp.) is rare and probably found only in the indic.;
ἐδωκάμην is very late.
[*] 755 D. Hom. has
ἔθηκαν, ἔδωκαν, ἐνήκαμεν, θήκατο; Hdt.
συνθήκαντο; Pind.
θηκάμενος.
SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE
[*] 756.
Indicative.—
τίθημι, ἵ_ημι, δίδωμι use the short grade forms in dual and plural active:
ἔ-θε-τον, ἔ-θε-μεν, ἔθε-σαν; εἷ-τον, εἷ-μεν, εἷ-σαν (for
ἐ-ἑ-τον, etc.);
ἔ-δο-μεν, ἔ-δο-σαν. In the singular the
κ-forms,
ἔθηκα, ἧκα, ἔδωκα, are used.
ἵστημι has
ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη (for
ἐστητ, 464 c),
ἔστημεν, etc. (p.
138).
a. σβέννυ_μι extinguish is the only verb in
-νυ_μι forming a second aorist (
ἔσβην, σβῶ, σβείην, σβῆθι, σβῆναι, σβείς).
b. The middle uses the weak stems
-θε-, -ἑ-, -δο- in
ἑ-θί-μην, -εἵμην (for
ἐ-ἑ-μην),
ἐ-δό-μην (only in composition). For the loss of
ς in
-σο (
ἔθου, ἔδου) see 465 b.
c. In prose the only uncompounded second aorists middle are
ἐπριάμην bought (pres.
ὠνέομαι) and
ὠνήμην derived benefit (
ὀνίνημι).
ὠνήμην keeps
η (poet.
ὄνησο, ὀνήμενος).
ἵστημι does not make the form
ἐσταμην.
[*] 756 D. Hom. has older
-ν for
-σαν in
ἔστα^ν (he uses
ἔστησαν also), Dor. has
ἔθεν, ἔστα^ν, ἔδον. For the iterative
στά-σκε, δό-σκον see
495.
c. D. In poetry:
ἐπτάμην (prose
-ἐπτόμην) from
πέταμαι fly; Hom.
πλῆτο approached,
ἔβλητο was hit (others,
688).
[*] 757.
Second Aorist Subjunctive.—All the forms of the 2 aor. subj. are due to contraction of the thematic vowel with the weak stem-vowel. Thus
θῶ, etc., from
θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέωμεν, etc.;
ὧ, etc., from
ἕω, ἕῃς, ἕωσι; δῶ, etc., from
δόω, δόῃς, δόῃ; στῶ, etc., from
στέω, στέῃς, etc., with
ε from
η before a vowel. Cp.
682.
a. ἐπριάμην has
πρίωμαι with
ώη in place of the final vowel of the stem (749 b).
[*] 757 D. The subjunctive shows traces of an earlier double form of inflection:
1. With short thematic vowel:
θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι. Homer:
θήομεν, στήομεν, -στήετον, κιχήομεν, δώομεν, ἀποθήομαι.
2. With long thematic vowel:
θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι. Hom.
θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, στήῃς, στήῃ, ἀνήῃ, δώῃ or
δώῃσι, περιστήωσι, δώωσι.
By shortening of the long vowel of the stem we obtain a third form:
3.
θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι. Hom.
ἀφέῃ, θέωμεν, στέωμεν, Hdt.
θέω, θέωμεν, θέωσι, θέωμαι, στέωμεν, ἀποστέωσι, Aeolic
θέω.
4. From 3 are derived the contracted forms
θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, etc. Hom.
ἀναστῇ, δῷς, δῷ or
δῷσι, δῶμεν; Dor.
δῶντι; Hdt.
-θῇ, -θῆται; δῶμεν, -δῶτε, δῶσι.
N.—In Hom. the Mss. often have
ει for
η of the stem, as
θείω, βείω, θείομεν, κιχείομεν.
[*] 758.
Second Aorist Optative.—The forms of the optative of the second aorist are made and inflected like those of the present except for the reduplication. Thus, in the active:
θείην (
θε-ίη-ν),
σταίην (
στα-ίη-ν),
δοῖμεν (
δό-ι_-μεν),
δοῖεν (
δό-ιε-ν). The shorter forms are preferred in the dual and plural, and poetry has only these; prose admits either the longer or the shorter forms.
a. In the 2 pl. cases of
-ιη-τε (
δοίητε) are more numerous than
-ι-τε; but they usually lack metrical warrant.
b. Second aorists of stems in
υ lack the optative in Attic.
c. In the middle:
θείμην (
θε-ί_-μην),
δοίμην (
δο-ί_-μην),
-εἵμην (
ἑ-ί_-μην). For
θοίμεθα see 746 c. For the accent of
πρίαιο see 424 c, N. 2.
[*] 758 D. Hom. has
σταίησαν P 733, the only case of
-ιη- outside of the singular;
δύ_η (for
δυ-ίη),
ἐκδῦμεν (for
-δύ-ι_-μεν), and
φθῖτο (for
φθί-ι_-το) from
φθί_νω perish.
[*] 759.
Second Aorist Imperative.—On
θέ-ς, δό-ς, ἕ-ς, see
466. 1. b. These verbs show the weak form of the stem (
θέ-τω, θέ-ντων).
ἵστημι and
σβέννυ_μι have
-θι in
στῆ-θι, σβῆ-θι. For
στῆ-θι the poets may use
-στα_ in composition, as
ἀπόστα_ stand off.
a. The middle adds
-σο, which loses its
ς after a short vowel, as in
θοῦ for
θέ-σο, δοῦ for
δό-σο, πρίω (and poet.
πρία-σο).
ς is not dropped after a long vowel (
ὄνησο). Cp. 465 b, N. 2.
b. In composition
περίθες, ἀπόδος, παράστηθι, ἐνθοῦ, προδοῦ; but
κατάθου, περιδου, περίδοσθε (426 b-c).
c. For the 3 pl.
θέτωσαν, δότωσαν, ἕσθωσαν, see
466. 2. b.
[*] 759 D. Hom. has
θέο and
ἔνθεο.
[*] 760.
Second Aorist Infinitive.—The active adds
-εναι in
θεῖναι (
θέ-εναι),
στῆναι (
στή-εναι),
δοῦναι (
δό-εναι),
εἷναι (
ἕ-εναι). The middle adds
-σθαι, as
θέ-σθαι.
[*] 760 D. Hom. has
θέμεναι, θέμεν; στήμεναι; δόμεναι, δόμεν; and
θεῖναι, στῆναι, δοῦναι. Dor. has
θέμεν, δόμεν, στᾶμεν.
[*] 761.
Second Aorist Participle.—The active adds
-ντ- like the present:
θείς (
θε-ντ-ς),
θεῖσα (
θε-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α),
θέν (
θε-ντ);
στά_ς (
στα-ντ-ς),
στᾶσα (
στα-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α),
στάν (
στα-ντ). The middle adds
-μενος, as
θέ-μενος.
FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVE
[*] 762.
Indicative.—The perfect of
τίθημι is
τέθηκα. A later form
τέθεικα, not found on Attic inscriptions till after 200 B.C. and due to the analogy of
εἷκα, still appears in some texts.
τέθεκα is Doric. For
καθέστακα Attic used
καταστήσα_ς ἔχω (cp.
599 b).
a. The dual and plural of the second perfect and pluperfect of
ἵστημι (
417) are formed without
κ:
ἕστατον, ἕσταμεν (without augment in the pluperf.),
ἑστᾶσι from
ἑ-στα-αντι, pluperf.
ἕστα-σαν. The singular is supplied by the 1 perf.
ἕστηκα I stand.
[*] 763.
Subjunctive.—
ἑστήκω and
ἑστῶ appear in prose and poetry,
ἑστηκὼς ὦ in prose.
[*] 764.
Optative.—
ἑστήκοιμι occurs in comp. in prose,
ἀφεστῶτες εἶεν in Plato,
τεθηκὼς εἴης and
δεδωκότες εἶεν in Demosthenes.
ἑσταίην is poetical.
[*] 765.
Imperative.—
ἕσταθι is poetical.
[*] 766.
Infinitive and Participle.—
ἑστάναι and
ἑστώς are much more common than
ἑστηκέναι and
ἑστηκώς.
[*] 766 D. Hom. has
ἑστάμεναι and
ἑστάμεν, ἑσταώς, -αότος. Hdt. has
ἑστεώς, -εῶτος. Doric has
-εῖα for
-υῖα (
ἑστα_κεῖα).
PERFECT MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
[*] 767.
τέθειμαι even in composition is rare and is unknown on Attic inscriptions. For the pass. perf.
κεῖμαι (
791) was used. Doric has
τέθεμαι.
Part I: Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Accent
Part II: Inflection
