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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
r a lapse of eighteen hundred years it still continues to furnish Modern Rome with pure and wholesome water. The ninth (Anio Novus, to distinguish it from the second-named water) was begun and finished by the same persons as the last-mentioned. It is the water of the Anio, which, being exceedingly thick and muddy after the rains, is conveyed into a large reservoir at some little distance from Rome, to allow the mud to subside. The Acqua Felice is modern, and was erected by Sixtus V. in 1581. The Popes have, from time to time, been at considerable pains and expense in repairing and renewing the aqueducts; but the quantity of water delivered is constantly diminishing. In the ancient city the sum-total of the areas of the different pipes (which were about an inch in diameter) through which the above immense quantity of water was delivered, amounted to about 14,900 superficial inches; but the supply was subsequently reduced to 1170. The waters were collected in reservoirs cal
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
, called the maiden, and sometimes the widow, by the lively Scotch, was imported from Halifax, England, into Scotland, about 1550, by the Regent Morton, who seems to have been enamored of the maiden's business capacity. He was beheaded thereby in 1581, — though he was not the first victim, as has been sometimes stated. The murderers of Rizzio were beheaded by it in 1566; and among its last victims was the Earl of Argyle, 1681. It is laid up as a memorial in the Museum of the Scotch Society hain. A surveyor's chain 66 feet or 4 rods (of 5 1/2 yards each) in length, having 100 links, each joined to the adjacent one by three links. A square chain is 1/10 of an acre, or 10,000 square links. It was invented by the Rev. Mr. Gunter (1581– 1626), of England, to aid in calculating areas. Gunter's Chain. 7.92 inches = 1 link. 100 links = 1 chain, 4 rods, or 22 yards. 80 chains = 1 mile. Gun′ter's scale. A large plane scale invented by Mr. Gunter of England. It has vario<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
in districts where wood was scarce, and of good quality from charcoal in places where the forests yet remained. The demand for iron continuing to grow, — a natural effect of advancing civilization, — iron was exported from Sweden and Russia in large quantities and of excellent quality. The forests of these countries gave them a natural advantage over England, whose woods had by this time become thinned out, so that the use of wood for iron smelting had been forbidden by act of Parliament in 1581, within twenty-two miles of the metropolis, or fourteen miles of the Thames, and eventually was forbidden altogether. The art of making iron with pit-coal, and of casting articles of iron, was revived by Abraham Darby, of Colebrook dale, about 1713, and was perseveringly followed, although it was but little noised abroad. In the Philosophical Transactions for 1747 it is referred to as a curiosity. Certain parties had attempted to smelt iron in clay pots exposed in a furnace, resembling
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
ss pleasantry. The Halifax machine was an importation (as to design) from Italy, where it was used in the thirteenth century. Conradin of Swabia was decapitated by the mannaia at Naples, 1268. The machine is supposed to have originated in Persia. It was used in the execution of the Due de Montmorenci at Toulouse, 1632. By the Germans during the Middle Ages, and by the Dutch in their colonies. The Scotch maiden was imported into Scotland by the Regent Morton, who died by its axe, 1581. The murderers of Rizzio were executed by it in 1566; and the Marquis of Argyle, 1681. The maiden was not as complete an instrument as the guillotine, which has a turning plank and track, with other devices for an artistic performance of tragedy. See guillotine. Mail. 1. (Weaving.) One of the small brass eyes through which the end or worsted yarn passes in a Brussels carpet-loom, and by which it is lifted in order to form the loop which distinguishes the surface of that variety
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
rg, 1370, Courtray, 1370, and Spire, 1395, were probably of this character, as were also the astronomical clocks of Tycho Brahe and other less celebrated astronomers of his period. b shows the Harris pendulum as contrived by him in the clock put up in the turret of the Church of St. Paul, Covent Garden, London, in 1641. It will be seen that it may have occurred as a modification of the De Wyck vibrating arm, one of the weights being taken off and the arm hung vertically. Galileo, about 1581, observed the swinging of a suspended lamp and the regularity of the vibrations recommended a pendulous weight as a time-measurer. He applied it as such successfully, at first employing persons to count the oscillations, but soon effected it by machinery. Dr. Thomas Young in his lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanic Arts, 1807, Vol. I. p. 19, ascribes the first com- bination of the pendulum with wheel-work to Sanctorius, in 1612. Pendulums. The conical or spherical pendu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ide. A similar contrivance, termed sella, was used by the Romans under the Empire; the poles (asseres) were removable. The name is derived from Sedan, in France, where they were originally made. Their introduction into England dates back to 1581. Sir Sanders Duncomb obtained a patent or monopoly of their manufacture for 14 years. In the reign of James 1. the Duke of Buckingham incurred great odium by using one, requiring free Britons to perform the work of beasts. Come in a sedauantities and of excellent quality. The forests of these countries gave them a natural advantage over England, whose forests had by this time become thinned out, so that the use of wood for iron smelting had been forbidden by act of Parliament in 1581 within 22 miles of the metropolis, or 14 miles of the Thames, and eventually was prohibited altogether. The art of making iron with pit-coal and of casting articles of iron was revived by Abraham Darby, of Colebrookdale, about 1713, and was per
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
nd planking. It is also secured by a fore-and-aft dowel to the beam. It forms a channel to lead the water to the scuppers. In iron vessels it assumes many different forms, according to the judgment of the builders. See beam; Spirketing. Wa′ter-wheel. A wheel which is turned by the action of water upon its floats. In 1701, a lease for 381 years was made of the 4th arch of London Bridge for water-wheel purposes, to raise water for the city of London. The 1st arch was leased in 1581 for the same purpose, for a term of 500 years. The 5th and 2d arches were leased in 1767 for 315 years for the same purpose. Fig. 7125 is an overshot water-wheel employed at Laxey, Isle of Man, for driving the pumps which drain the mines at that village; these have an extreme depth of 1,380 feet. The wheel is 72 feet 6 inches in diameter, 6 feet in breadth, exerts a force of about 200 horse-power, and is capable of pumping 250 gallons per minute from a depth of 400 yards. Its crank-stro