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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 86 0 Browse Search
Margaret Fuller, Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli (ed. W. H. Channing) 2 0 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: March 4, 1861., [Electronic resource] 1 1 Browse Search
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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
do but to separate it from the gold; to effect which it is poured upon leather, and exudes through it in a sort of perspiration, leaving the pure gold behind. Vitruvius (B. C. 27) describes the manner of recovering gold from cloth in which it has been interwoven. The cloth, he says, is to be put in an earthen vessel, and placed Aneroid. Varro is said to have been the first who connected the vane by a rod to a dial in the interior of a building. This instrument is mentioned by Vitruvius, and was introduced in mansions in the time of William III. On the Hall of Commerce, London, is an anemoscope connected with an index and dial in a room belowhe first to place the frame on wheels, at the siege of Byzantium. Plutarch informs us that Marc Antony, in the Parthian war, made use of an aries 80 feet long. Vitruvius says they were sometimes 106 to 120 feet in length. A-rith-mom′e-ter. An instrument for assisting in calculating. The most ancient form is the Abacus (whi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
racks, and churches are made of this material. A dwelling of five stories, in Miromesnil Street, Paris, is constructed of a single mass of beton; a staircase of the same material runs in helicoidal form from the basement to the highest floor, molded in the position where it stands. In making foundations of blocks of hydraulic concrete, sheet piling is first driven, and forms a wall or curb to maintain the concrete in place until set. This is an old Roman method, and was described by Vitruvius. It has also been used by the French in their works in Algiers. Blocks of 324 cubic feet were floated out and dropped from slings into their places. English recipe:— Puzzuolana12 Quicklime9 Sand 6 Stone spalls9 Iron scales3 Molded or mixed in a box. M. Coignet erected a test arch at St. Denis, near Paris, whose dimensions are as follows:— Span196 feet. Rise of arch19 feet. Cross-section at the crown4 feet by 3.25 feet. Cross-section at the springing6.5 feet by 6.5 feet.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
cured respectively to the load and to posts set firmly in the ground. When Vitruvius moved the columns of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus from the quarry to the sid. This was the method devised by Ctesibus of Alexandria. Metagenes, son of Vitruvius, varied the plan in moving the entablature of the same temple, making the iro hypocaust of the baths, was at hand. See hypocaust ; heating apparatus. Vitruvius does not mention chimneys. Winckelmann states that no traces of them are fout kind of cashmere. Cir′ci-nus. The compass of the Romans, described by Vitruvius. Circle. 1. This plane figure — comprehended by one line, every part ofhe hours of the night, at a time when they could not be seen on the index. Vitruvius dates the invention something over 100 years later, attributes it to Ctesibuse, and in the latter case we know, that these were current-wheels. Strabo, Vitruvius, Pliny, and Procopius have described them at various times from 70 B. C. to A
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
, the time being determined by the shadow of the point of the gnomon on the graduations of that arc-shaped step which was designed for that season of the year at which the observation was made. It might thus resemble the analemma, described by Vitruvius, which, by marking the length of the shadows of a fixed gnomon, showed the different altitudes of the sun at the different seasons of the year. Grotius supposed the dial of Ahaz to be a concave hemisphere with a central globe whose shadow fell on the lines engraved on the concavity. This would resemble the Greek scapha, a semicircular concave dial, or hemicyclium, ascribed by Vitruvius to Berosus the Chaldean, 340 B. C.; this was long in use in Rome, and many have been discovered. It consisted of a semi-spherical horizontal basin with a style erected in such a manner that its extremity was exactly at the center of the sphere. The shadow of the point of the gnomon on the concave surface had the same position with regard to the l
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
is hollow throughout its length, and carries a silver wire which is left in its place when the needle is retracted by backward rotation. Fissure-needle. Fis′tu-ca. A pile-driver. A monkey. Fis′tu-la. A water-pipe, according to Vitruvius, who distinguishes three modes of conveying water: by leaden pipes, by earthen pipes, and by channels of masonry. Fit-rod. （Shipwrighting.) A gage-rod used to try the depth of a bolt-hole in order to determine the length of the bolt reqous stream, which is rendered more uniform by an air-chamber. The invention of the force-pump is ascribed to Ctesibus of Alexandria, who is assumed to have been the tutor of Hero, who wrote so largely on hydraulics. It was also described by Vitruvius. In 1582, Peter Morice, a Dutchman, erected a pumping-engine at London Bridge, where it or its successors remained till 1821. The power was a current-wheel turned by the flow and ebb, and first placed near the bridge, then under the norther<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
ibes the first combination of the pendulum with wheel-work to Santorio, in 1612. The hydraulic clock of Ctesibus, under Ptolemy Euergetes II., which gave the civil hours throughout the year at Alexandria, was, according to the description of Vitruvius, a real astronomical clock; a very complicated hydraulic machine, working by means of toothed wheels. It is not improbable that the clock presented by Haroun al Raschid to Charlemagne, and which marked the hours by the sound of small balls fthe same pieces, differing only in size and minor details of construction. The parts are the legs, the prypole, which is in fact the third leg, the braces, the cleris, and the block and fall. A similar contrivance to the gin is mentioned by Vitruvius (about 40 B. C.):— Three pieces of timber are prepared, suitable to the weight to be raised, connected at the top by a pin, but spreading extensively at the feet; these are raised by means of ropes made fast to the top, and when raised are
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
a balance, from the similarity in form, the long arm and perpendicular post. The word libro meant to level or to weigh. The libra aquaria, we may deduce from Vitruvius, to have been a tube with upturned ends and holding water. It was probably mounted on an axis so as to be oscillated like a balance (libra), to adjust it on a vertical plane. Vitruvius remarks that Archimedes had stated that a surface of water was not level, as it partook of the convexity of the earth, yet, he observes, the water will rise in the ends of the tube to an equal hight if the instrument be held level. The surface of water is not flat, but, on the contrary, convex, of a sphing of wheels four feet high, provided with paddles placed outside the ship, after the manner of a modern steamboat, and according to the detailed description of Vitruvius, having a train of gearing consisting of three-toothed wheels, and registering the number of revolutions made by the exterior paddles, and also miles traversed b
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
-part, much time is saved in making the parting. O-dom′e-ter. The machine for measuring distances when traveling, Vitruvius says, was discovered by the ancients and is yet found very useful. （50 B. C.) When adapted for a chariot or traveling is derived, denoted an instrument of any kind, but was more particularly applied to musical instruments. According to Vitruvius, organum was a term applied to any instrument requiring skill in its use, while the machina merely required animal forcuction of it given in Fig. 3423 is by Woodcroft, from the text of the Spiritalia. The descriptions of it by Athenaeus, Vitruvius, and Claudian render it certain that the pipes were musical, and blown by the force of water, instead of expansible air — From the Deipnosophists, by Athenaeus, A. D. 220. A fuller description of an organ of this kind may be found in Vitruvius. An organ with pipes of varying length, and apparently about 10 feet high, is shown on a coin of the gentle Emperor Ne<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
the number of revolutions. It may be driven by hand or attached to the wheel of a carriage, as in those described by Vitruvius and those among the effects of the deceased Emperor Commodus. The latter not only measured the distance traveled, but have been used by the ancient Egyptians. The combination of pulleys is ascribed to Archimedes, who died 212 B. C. Vitruvius described the pulley. He refers to the sheaves (orbicuti) in the blocks (trochlea), and defines the system by the aggrtroke and expelled it on the down-stroke into a chamber which received the water from both pumps. See fire-engine. Vitruvius ascribes the invention of the pump to Ctesibus. He did not understand the lift, but the force pump. The pressure of toles for the putlogs are yet visible in the Pont du Garde erected by the Romans in Gaul. They are called columbaria by Vitruvius, from their resemblance to nests in dovecots. Put′tock-shrouds. （Nautical.) The short shrouds which lead from t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
head of the rudder is carried away. Rud′der-port. （Shipbuilding.) The hole in a ship's counter for the passage of the rudder-head. Rud′der-tack′le. A tackle employed for operating the rudder in case its head is carried away or for working a make-shift rudder. Ru-den′ture. （Architecture.) The figure of a rope or staff, sometimes plain, sometimes carved, with which the third part of the flutings of columns is frequently filled up. Ru′der-a′tion. A term used by Vitruvius for laying of pavement with pebbles. Ruf′fle. A strip gathered and sewn on one edge and the full edge hemmed. A double ruffle is full on both edges and gathered in the middle. A puff is gathered on both edges and full in the middle. Ruf′fler. 1. A sewing-machine attachment for forming ruffles in goods. That illustrated at A, Fig. 4493, is Toof's, particularly designed for the Singer machine, but its mode of attachment may be varied to suit other machine. The
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