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book:
BOOK I.
BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR
FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK V.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES
WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES
BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES.
BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.
BOOK XIX.
THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XXI.
AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS. AND THOSE USED FOR
CHAPLETS MORE PARTICULARLY.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXIII.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XXIV.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XXV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILD PLANT
BOOK XXVI.
A CONTINUATION OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM
PLANTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR
DISEASES.
BOOK XXVII.
A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, AND OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THEM.
BOOK XXVIII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXIX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXX.
REMEDIES DERIEVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXXI.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
BOOK XXXIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXIV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXV.
AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS.
BOOK XXXVI.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES.
BOOK XXXVII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.
chapter:
CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHETHER THE WORLD BE FINITE, AND
WHETHER THERE BE MORE THAN ONE WORLD.
CHAP. 2. (2.)—OF THE FORM OF THE WORLD
.
CHAP. 3. (3.)—OF ITS NATURE; WHENCE THE NAME IS DERIVED.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—OF THE ELEMENTS
AND THE PLANETS
.
CHAP. 5. (7.)—OF GOD
.
CHAP. 6. (8.)—OF THE NATURE OF THE STARS; OF THE
MOTION OF THE PLANETS.
CHAP. 7.—OF THE ECLIPSES OF THE MOON AND THE SUN.
CHAP. 8. (11.)—OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STARS.
CHAP. 9. (12.)—AN ACCOUNT OF THE OBSERVATIONS THAT
HAVE BEEN MADE ON THE HEAVENS BY DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS.
CHAP. 10. (13.)—ON THE RECURRENCE OF THE ECLIPSES OF
THE SUN AND THE MOON.
CHAP. 11. (14.)—OF THE MOTION OF THE MOON.
CHAP. 12. (15.)—OF THE MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS AND
THE GENERAL LAWS OF THEIR ASPECTS
.
CHAP. 13.—WHY THE SAME STARS APPEAR AT SOME TIMES
MORE LOFTY AND AT OTHER TIMES MORE NEAR.
CHAP. 14. (17.)—WHY THE SAME STARS HAVE DIFFERENT
MOTIONS.
CHAP. 15.—GENERAL LAWS
OF THE PLANETS.
CHAP. 16. (18.)-THE REASON WHY THE STARS ARE OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.
CHAP. 17. (19.)—OF THE MOTION OF THE SUN AND THE CAUSE
OF THE IRREGULARITY OF THE DAYS.
CHAP. 18. (20.)—WHY THUNDER IS ASCRIBED TO JUPITER.
CHAP. 19. (21.)-OF THE DISTANCES OR THE STARS.
CHAP. 20. (22.)—OF THE HARMONY OF THE STARS.
CHAP. 21. (23.)—OF THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WORLD.
CHAP. 22. (24.)—OR THE STARS WHICH APPEAR SUDDENLY,
OR OF COMETS
.
CHAP. 23.—THEIR NATURE, SITUATION, AND SPECIES.
CHAP. 24. (26.)—THE DOCTRINE OF HIPPARCHUS
ABOUT
THE STARS.
CHAP. 25.—EXAMPLES FROM HISTORY OF CELESTIAL PRODIGIES;
FACES, LAMPADES,
AND
BOLIDES
.
CHAP. 26.—
TRABES CELESTES; CHASMA CŒLI.
CHAP. 27. (27.)—OF THE COLOURS OF THE SKY AND OF
CELESTIAL FLAME.
CHAP. 28. (28.)—OF CELESTIAL CORONÆ.
CHAP. 29.—OF SUDDEN CIRCLES.
CHAP. 30.-OF UNUSUALLY LONG ECLIPSES OF THE SUN.
CHAP. 31. (31.)—MANY SUNS.
CHAP. 32, (32.)—MANY MOONS.
CHAP. 33. (33.)—DAYLIGHT IN THE NIGHT.
CHAP. 34. (34.)—BURNING SHIELDS
.
CHAP. 35. (35.)—AN OMINOUS APPEARANCE IN THE HEAVENS,
THAT WAS SEEN ONCE ONLY.
CHAP. 36. (36.)—OF STARS WHICH MOVE ABOUT IN VARIOUS
DIRECTIONS.
CHAP. 37. (37.)—OR THE STARS WHICH ARE NAMED CASTOR
AND POLLUX
.
CHAP. 38. (38.)—OR THE AIR AND ON THE CAUSE OF THE
SHOWERS OF STONES.
CHAP. 39. (39.)—OR THE STATED SEASONS.
CHAP. 40. (40.)—OF THE RISING OF THE DOG-STAR.
CHAP. 41. (41.)—OF THE REGULAR INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT SEASONS.
CHAP. 42. (42.)—OR UNCERTAIN STATES OF THE WEATHER.
CHAP. 43. (43.)—OR THUNDER AND LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 44.—THE ORIGIN OF WINDS.
CHAP. 45.—VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING
WINDS.
CHAP. 46. (47.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WINDS
.
CHAP. 47.—THE PERIODS OF THE WINDS
.
CHAP. 48.—NATURE OF THE WINDS
.
CHAP. 49. (48.)—ECNEPHIAS AND TYPHON.
CHAP. 50.—TORNADOES; BLASTING WINDS; WHIRLWINDS
,
AND OTHER WONDERFUL KINDS OF TEMPESTS.
CHAP. 51. (50.)—OF THUNDER
; IN WHAT COUNTRIES IT
DOES NOT FALL, AND FOR WHAT REASON.
CHAP. 52. (51.)—OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIGHTNING
AND THEIR WONDERFUL EFFECTS.
CHAP. 53. (52.)—THE ETRURIAN
AND THE ROMAN
OBSERVATIONS ON THESE POINTS.
CHAP. 54. (53.)—OF CONJURING UP THUNDER.
CHAP. 55. (54.)—GENERAL LAWS OF LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 56. (55.)—OBJECTS. WHICH ARE NEVER STRUCK.
CHAP. 57. (56.)—SHOWERS OF MILK, BLOOD, FLESH, IRON,
WOOL, AND BAKED TILES
.
CHAP. 58. (57.)—RATTLING OF ARMS AND THE SOUND OF
TRUMPETS HEARD IN THE SKY.
CHAP. 59. (58.)—OR STONES THAT HAVE FALLEN FROM THE
CLOUDS
. THE OPINION OF ANAXAGORAS RESPECTING
THEM.
CHAP. 60. (59.)—THE RAINBOW.
CHAP. 61.—THE NATURE OF HAIL, SNOW, HOAR, MIST,
DEW; THE FORMS OF CLOUDS.
CHAP. 62. (62.)—THE PECULIARITIES OF THE WEATHER IN
DIFFERENT PLACES.
CHAP. 63. (63.)—NATURE OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 64. (64.)—OF THE FORM OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 65. (65.)—WHETHER THERE BE ANTIPODES?
CHAP. 66.—How THE WATER IS CONNECTED WITH THE EARTH.
OF THE NAVIGATION OF THE SEA AND THE RIVERS.
CHAP. 67. (67.)—WHETHER THE OCEAN SURROUNDS THE
EARTH.
CHAP. 68. (68.)—WHAT PART OF THE EARTH IS INHABITED.
CHAP. 69. (69.)—THAT THE EARTH IS IN THE MIDDLE OF
THE WORLD.
CHAP. 70. (70.)—OF THE OBLIQUITY OF THE ZONES
.
CHAP. 71.—OF THE INEQUALITY OF CLIMATES.
CHAP. 72.—IN WHAT PLACES ECLIPSES ARE INVISIBLE, AND
WHY THIS IS THE CASE.
CHAP. 73. (71.)—WHAT REGULATES THE DAYLIGHT ON THE
EARTH.
CHAP. 74. (72.)—REMARKS ON DIALS, AS CONNECTED WITH
THIS SUBJECT.
CHAP. 75. (73.)—WHEN AND WHERE THERE ARE NO
SHADOWS.
CHAP. 76. (74.)—WHERE THIS TAKES PLACE TWICE IN THE
YEAR AND WHERE THE SHADOWS FALL IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS.
CHAP. 77. (75.)—WHERE THE DAYS ARE THE LONGEST AND
WHERE THE SHORTEST.
CHAP. 78. (76.)—OF THE FIRST DIAL.
CHAP. 79. (77.)—OF THE MODE IN WHICH THE DAYS ARE
COMPUTED.
CHAP. 80. (78.)—OF THE DIFFERENCE OF NATIONS AS DEPENDING ON THE
NATURE OF THE WORLD.
CHAP. 81. (79.)—OF EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 82. (80.)—OF CLEFTS OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 83. (81.)—SIGNS OF AN APPROACHING EARTHQUAKE.
CHAP. 84. (82.)—PRESERVATIVES AGAINST FUTURE
EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 85. (83.)—PRODIGIES OF THE EARTH WHICH HAVE
OCCURRED ONCE ONLY.
CHAP. 86. (81.)—WONDERFUL CIRCUMSTANCES ATTENDING
EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 87. (85.)—IN WHAT PLACES THE SEA HAS RECEDED.
CHAP. 88. (86.)—THE MODE IN WHICH ISLANDS RISE UP.
CHAP. 89. (87.)—WHAT ISLANDS HAVE BEEN FORMED, AND
AT WHAT PERIODS.
CHAP. 90.—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN SEPARATED BY
THE SEA.
CHAP. 91. (89.)—ISLANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN UNITED TO
THE MAIN LAND.
CHAP. 92. (90.)—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN TOTALLY
CHANGED INTO SEAS.
CHAP. 93. (91.)—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN
SWALLOWED UP.
CHAP. 94. (92.)—CITIES WHICH HAVE BEEN ABSORBED BY
THE SEA.
CHAP. 95. (93.)—OF VENTS
IN THE EARTH.
CHAP. 96. (94.)—OF CERTAIN LANDS WHICH ARE ALWAYS
SHAKING, AND OF FLOATING ISLANDS.
CHAP. 97. (96.)—PLACES IN WHICH IT NEVER RAINS.
CHAP. 98.—THE WONDERS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
COLLECTED TOGETHER.
CHAP. 99. (97)—CONCERNING THE CAUSE OF THE FLOWING
AND EBBING OF THE SEA.
CHAP. 100.—WHERE THE TIDES RISE AND FALL IN AN
UNUSUAL MANNER.
CHAP. 101. (9S.)—WONDERS OF THE SEA.
CHAP. 102. (99.)—THE POWER OF THE MOON OVER THE
LAND AND THE SEA.
CHAP. 103. (100.)—THE POWER OF THE SUN.
CHAP. 104.—WHY THE SEA IS SALT.
CHAP. 105. (102.)—WHERE THE SEA IS THE DEEPEST.
CHAP. 106. (103.)—THE WONDERS OF FOUNTAINS AND
RIVERS.
CHAP. 107.—THE WONDERS OF FIRE AND WATER UNITED.
CHAP. 108. (104.)—OF MALTHA.
CHAP. 109. (105.)—OF NAPHTHA.
CHAP. 110. (106.)—PLACES WHICH ARE ALWAYS BURNING.
CHAP. 111. (107.)—WONDERS OF FIRE ALONE.
CHAP. 112. (108.)—THE DIMENSIONS OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 113.—THE HARMONICAL PROPORTION OF THE UNIVERSE.
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Table of Contents:
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
1 Hence the passus will be equal to 5 Roman feet. If we estimate the Roman foot at 11ċ6496 English inches, we shall have the miliare of 8 stadia equal to 1618 English yards, or 142 yards less than an English statute mile. See Adam's Roman Antiquities, p. 503; also the articles Miliare and Pes in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities; and for the varieties of the stadium, as employed at different periods and in different countries, see the article Stadium. The stadium which Herodotus employed in measurements of Babylon has been supposed to consist of 490 English feet, while that of Xenophon and Strabo has been estimated at 505; see Ed. Rev. xlviii. 190. The Abbé Barthelemi supposes the stadium to be equal to 604 English feet; Anach. Travels, vii. 284.
2 There appears to have been two individuals of this name, who have been confounded with each other; the one referred to by Pliny was an astronomer of Alexandria, who flourished about 260 years B.C.; the other was a native of Apamea, a stoic philosopher, who lived about two centuries later; see Aikin's Biog. in loco; also Hardouin's Index Auctorum, Lemaire, i. 209.
3 The terms in the original are respectively nubila and nubes. The lexicographers and grammarians do not appear to have accurately discriminated between these two words.
4 The terms in the original are respectively nubila and nubes. The lexicographers and grammarians do not appear to have accurately discriminated between these two words.
5 The words in the text are "vicies centum millia "and "quinquies millia."
6 Archimedes estimated that the diameter of a circle is to its circumference as 1 to 3ċ1416; Hutton's Diet. in loco. Ptolemy states it to be precisely as 1 to 3; Magn. Const. i. 12.
7 The author's reasoning is founded upon the supposition of the length of the sun's path round the earth being twelve times greater than that of the moon's; the orbit therefore would be twelve times greater and the radius in the same proportion.
8 "Non inter Lunam et Saturnum, sed inter Lunam et cœlum affixarum stellarum, medium esse Solem modo dixerat. Quam parum sui meminit! "Alexandre in Lem. i. 291.
9 "Qui computandi modus plurimum habet verecundiæ et modestiæ, quum ibi sistit, nec ulterius progreditur." Hardouin in Lemaire, i. 292.
10 "....ad Saturni circulum addito Signiferi ipsius intervallo,..."
The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
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