[*] 3.7. quae pertinerent: dependent clause in indir. disc. （§ 592. 3 (341. d); B. 323; G. 628; H. 649. i (528. 1); H-B. 535. 1 and a） The mood shows that its clause expresses not the writer's statement, but that of the speaker or actor or some other person concerned. Always bear in mind that Caesar uses the subjunctive to express something different from the indicative, whether you can find the technical rule for it or not. — comparare … confirmare: these infinitives correspond exactly with our idiom to prepare, etc., but the same meaning is oftener expressed by a subjunctive clause with ut （§ 457 (271. a); B. 328. 1; G. 423; H. 607. 1 (533. i. 1); H-B. 586. e）. [*] 3.8. iumentorum, beasts of burden; properly,yoke-animals （kindred with iungo, join, and iugum, yoke）; carrorum, a Celtic word, two-wheeled carts. See Fig. 56, p. 94. — quam maximum, as great as possible （§ 291. c (93. b); 321 (207); B. 240. 3; B. 177. 3 G. 303; H. 159. 2 (170. 2); B. 241. 4）. [*] 3.9. coëmere … facere … confirmare: notice that the Latin more easily dispenses with connectives than we do. [*] 3.11. conficiendas, completing: con in composition may mean together; or, as here, may be simply intensive （cf. do a thing up）. This word is shown to be a gerundive by having a noun with which it agrees. Cf. proficiscendum, 3 7, where there is no noun （§ 503 (296); B. 339. 2; G. 427; H. 623 (544. 1); H-B. 613. 1）. [*] 3.13. lege: probably a resolution passed in a public assembly, which is what a Roman would understand by lex. [*] 3.12. in tertium annum confirmant, fix for the third year. [*] 3.14. sibi suscepit, took on himself （for construction, see § 370 (228); B. 187. iii; G. 347; H. 429 (386); H-B. 376）. Observe the force of sub, as if he put his shoulders under the load. [*] 3.15. civitatīs, clans, such as the Haedui, Sequani,etc., each constituting a commonwealth （civitas）, — about 60 in all. Their territory had no local name, but was known only by that of the clan, which was sovereign and wholly independent, except for voluntary alliances （see ch. 30）. The name Gallia itself — as was said of Italy a few years ago — was only "a geographical expression," implying no united political sovereignty. — persuadet, prevails on: suadet would be, simply, urges. [*] 3.16. filio, Sequano: appositives with Castico. [*] 3.17. obtinuerat, had held: see note on obtineo, 2 1. The pluperfect implies that he had held it formerly, but had been ousted by some popular movement. [*] 3.18. amicus: an honorary title given by the Roman Senate to friendly powers （§ 283 (185); 284 (185); 393. a (239. 1. N. 2); B. 168. 2. b; G. 206; H. 393. 8 (362. 2, 2); H-B. 319. ii 392. b.）. — ut … occuparet, to lay hands on. This clause is the object of persuadet （§ 563 (331); B. 295. 1G. 546; H. 565 (498. ii); H-B. 502. 3. a）; for the sequence of tenses, see § 485. e (287. e); B. 268. 3; G. 511. R. 1; H. 546 (495. ii); H-B. 491. 2;in English it would be expressed by the infin. — regnum: here, not hereditary authority, but personal rule, — what the Greeks called tyranny. [*] 3.19. quod: the relative. — ante: i.e. before the popular movement. — Dumnorigi （dat. after persuadet）: Dumnorix, a younger brother, restless, ambitious, and strongly attached to the old aristocracy of the clan; therefore a bitter enemy of the Roman supremacy. He afterwards headed a desertion of Caesar's cavalry, just before the second invasion of Britain, but was pursued and killed （Bk. v. ch. 6）. It is implied that in the popular movement Dumnorix had come into prominence. It must be borne in mind that the personal rule of a chief （regnum） was an entirely different thing from the prominence （principatum） which one man or another might have in the national councils, as the latter had no constitutional or official power. [*] 3.20. Diviciaci: this Haeduan chief was of the order of Druids （see pp. 165. 168）; he had been in Rome, where he made the acquaintance of Cicero and other eminent Romans. He was thoroughly impressed with the power andsuperiority of the Romans, and was a faithful friend and ally of Caesar. Theparty of Druids, represented by Diviciacus and Liscus （ch. 16）, was in a manner the popular party, strong especially in the large towns; it was opposed to the old clan feeling kept up for ambitious purposes by military or tribal chiefs （principes）, such as Orgetorix and Dumnorix. The former, or popular party, was headed by the Haedui; the latter, or aristocratic, by the Sequani and Arverni. The Druids were a religious or priestly order, jealous of the aristocracy （equites） of the tribe or clan, which latter represented what may be called the patriotic or "native-Celtic" party （see Bk. vi. chs. 12-17）. A knowledge of this division helps to clear up many of the events of Caesar's campaigns. In fact, Gaul was conquered by the strategy underlying the maxim "divide et impera." — qui: i.e. Dumnorix. The regular rule is that the relative should refer to the last person named. But this in all languages is often overborne by the prominence of some preceding person. — principatum, highest rank, as distinct from political power （see above）. [*] 3.21. plebi acceptus, a favorite with the people （acceptable to the people）. — ut idem conaretur: i.e. put down the constitutional authority, and establish a rule of military chiefs. The expression here is a striking example of the tendency of the Latin to say things by verbs which we say by nouns; Lat. attempt the same thing, Eng. make the same attempt. [*] 3.23. perfacile factu （§ 510 N. (303. R.); B. 340. 2; G. 436. N. 1; H. 635 (547); H-B. 619. 1）: in predicate agreement with conata perficere,which is subject of esse,depending on probat. — illis probat, undertakes to show them, i.e. to Casticus and Dumnorix （conative present, § 467 (276. b ); B. 259. 2.; G. 227. N. 2; H. 530 (467. 6); H-B. 484）. — propterea quod: see note on 1 6. [*] 3.24. ipse, etc., i.e. and so they could count on him for a powerful ally. — non esse dubium quin, there was no doubt （he said） that: here esse is infin. of indir. disc.; for the construction of quin, see § 558. a (319. d); B. 284. 3; G. 555; H. 595. 1 (504. 3. 2.); H-B. 521. 3. b For purposes of analysis we may consider the quin clause a, subject of esse, and dubium as a predicate adjective in the neuter to agree with the subject. [*] 3.25. Galliae: part. gen. with plurimum; § 346. a (216. a. 2); B. 201. 1; G. 372; H. 442 (397. 3); H-B. 346. [*] 3.26. se suis: begin as soon as possible to master the use of the reflexive in Latin, to which we have nothing that exactly corresponds in English. Our forms with self are emphatic and not ordinarily reflexive. The forms of se and suus refer （without emphasis） to the subject of their clauses, and in indir. disc. to the speaker. They take the place of an I or mine of the direct. Where no ambiguity would arise in English translate them by he and his. In case of ambiguity some device must be used to avoid it. Here there is an emphasis on se, but it comes from position. — regna: translate by the singular. To a Roman each man's power would be a separate regnum, hence the plural here. — conciliaturum: sc. esse, which is often omitted with the fut. infin. [*] 4.1. oratione, plea, or argument （abl. of means）. — fidem et ius iurandum: i.e. assurance confirmed by oath （hendiadys; § 640 (385); B. 374. 4; G. 698; H. 751. 3. N. 1 (636. iii. 2); H-B. 631. 5）. [*] 4.2. regno occupato （abl. abs., expressing condition, § 419. 4, 521. a (255. 4, 310. a); B. 227. 2. b; G. 409, 593. 2; H. 489. 1, 638. 2 (431. 2, 549. 2); H-B. 421. 6, 578. 6）, in case they should get in their hands the royal power = si occupaverimus in the direct. — per tres populos: i.e. Helvetii, Haedui, and Sequani; a league between these, they hope, will secure their power over all Gaul. — firmissimos, most stable.
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| Figure 111. Gallic coin. Rude representation of a human head. |
