Causal.
(Zimmermann:
Gebrauch der Conjunctionen
quod und quia im älteren Latein. Posen, 1880.)
Quando, properly Temporal (
see 10), has sometimes in Plautus
and always in Terence (except perhaps
Adelph. 206) a Causal sense
(like
quandoquidem), e.g.
A fuller list of examples is given by Scherer (see p. 106, above.)
Quia was apparently an I-stem Neuter Pl, as
quod an O-stem
Neuter Singular of the Pronoun. The two Conjunctions thus differ as
mira sunt and
mirum (est) (see
2 s.v. ‘si’）.
In Plautus
quia is
more frequent than
quod (whereas in classical Latin
quod attains the
supremacy), and is always selected for answering such questions as
begin with an Interrogative, e.g.
Examples of the equivalence of
quod and
quia are:
Quia is often strengthened by the Particle
enim (see above,
2
s.v.), e.g.
Capt. 884 “
A. quid tu per barbaricas urbes iuras? B. quia enim … asperae sunt.”
Quom, as has been already mentioned, is the equivalent of
quod
in sentences like
quom tu es liber gaudeo. We cannot assign a
definite Mood to Old Latin
quom, as we can assign the Subjunctive to Causal
quom in classical Latin. It follows the variable course of the Relative
qui, which is found now with Indicative, e.g.
Bacch. 464 “
stultus es, qui
illi male aegre patere dici”, now with Subjunctive, e.g.
Mil. 370
“
ego stulta et mora multum, quae cum hoc insano fabuler”, according
to the nuance of the sentence in which it stands. (On the nuance
of Subjunctive and Indicative see
V, 24-31）
But since it is generally an actual fact which is assigned as cause,
the Indicative is greatly predominant with Causal
quom. Examples of
Subjunctive are:
On
quippe qui, see above, s.v. The line between the Temporal
and the Causal use of a Conjunction is not always distinct. See
above (s.v.) on
postquam with a half Causal sense, e.g.
Ter. Adelph.
prol. 1 “
postquam poeta sensit scripturam suam ab iniquis observari,
. . indicio de se ipse erit, vos eritis iudices”.
Quoniam (i.e.
quom
iam) is never (or hardly ever) Temporal after Plautus (see below
10), and in many of his lines it stands on the border-line between the two senses, e.g.
