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Part III: Formation of Words

822. Inflected words generally consist of two distinct parts: a stem and an inflectional ending (191):

δῶρο-νgift,stem δωρο-,inflectional ending ν;
λύ_ο-μενwe loose,stem λι_ο-,inflectional ending μεν.

a. The inflectional endings of nouns and verbs, and the formation of verbal stems, have been treated under Inflection. The formation of words, as discussed here, deals primarily with the formation of noun-stems, of verbal stems derived from nouns, and of compound words. Uninflected words (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and particles) are mostly of pronominal origin and obscure; such adverbs as show case forms are mentioned in 341 ff.

823. Some stems are identical with roots (root-stems, 193) to which only an inflectional ending, or no ending at all, has been added.

βοῦ-ς ox, cowμῦ-ς mouseὗ-ς hog, sow
εἷς one (stem ἑν-）ναῦ-ς shipφλόξ flame (φλέγ-ω burn）
θήρ wild beast (gen. θηρ-ός）ὄψ voice (stem ὀπ-）χείρ hand (gen. χειρ-ός）
κλώψ thief (κλέπ-τ-ω steal）πούς foot (stem ποδ-）χθών earth (stem χθον-）

824. Most stems are derived from roots by the addition of one or more formative suffixes.

δῶ-ρο-νgift,stem δωρο-,root δω (δί-δω-μι give),suffix ρο-.
γραμ-ματ-εύ-ςscribe,stem γραμματευ-,root γραφ,suffixes ματ and ευ.

a. Most words are therefore built up from root, suffix, and inflectional ending by a process of composition analogous to that seen in compounds (869 ff.), in which the union of the various elements yields an idea different from that seen in each of the parts.

825. A stem is primary if only one suffix is added to the root (δῶ-ρο-ν); secondary, when more than one suffix is added to the root (γραμ-ματ-εύ-ς).

826. There are two kinds of stems: noun-stems (substantive and adjective) and verb-stems.

827. Words containing a single stem are called simple words, as λόγο-ς speech; words containing two or more stems are called compound words, as λογο-γράφο-ς speech-writer.

828. According to the character of the suffix words are called:

a. Primitive (or Primary): formed by the addition of a suffix either to a root or to a verb-stem to which a vowel, usually ε, has been added (485, 486).

Root γραφ: γράφ-ω write, γραφ-ή writing, γραφ-εύ-ς writer, γράμ-μα something written, γραμ-μή line.

Verb-stem γεν-ε in γενέ-σθαι become (ἐγενόμην, γί-γν-ομαι): γένε-σι-ς genesis, origin; τερ-ε (τέρω bore): τέρε-τρο-ν gimlet, instrument for boring.

b. Denominative (or Secondary): formed from a noun-stem (substantive or adjective) or adverb.

γραμ-ματ-εύς writer (stem γραμματ-, nom. γράμμα); εὐδαιμον-ία_ happiness (stem εὐδαιμον-, nom. εὐδαίμων); δικαιο-σύνη justice, δίκα-ιο-ς just (δίκη right); φίλ-ιο-ς friendly (φίλο-ς dear); δουλό-ω enslave (δοῦλο-ς slave); παλαι-ό-ς ancient, of old date, from the adverb πάλαι long ago.

829. Suffixes forming primitive words are called primary suffixes; suffixes forming denominative words are called secondary suffixes.

a. The distinction between primary and secondary suffixes is not original and is often neglected. Thus, in δεινός terrible (δει- fear), νο is a primary suffix; in σκοτεινός dark (σκότος, 858. 11), it is secondary. So English -able is both primary (readable) and secondary (companionable).

b. It is often difficult to determine whether a suffix is added to a verb-stem or to a noun-stem: ἰσχυ_-ρός strong (ἰσχύ_-ς strength, ἰσχύ_-ω am strong).

c. A primitive word may be formed from a verb-stem which is itself denominative: τοξευ-τής bowman from τοξεύ-ω shoot with the bow, derived from τόξο-ν bow. A primitive may be formed with a suffix derived from a denominative: φλεγ-υρό-ς burning (φλέγ-ω burn) with υρο from λιγυ-ρό-ς (λιγύ-ς) shrill.

d. A denominative often has no corresponding primitive; sometimes the latter has been lost, sometimes it was presumed for the purpose of word-formation by the imitative process always at work in the making of language. Thus, δέμ-ν-ιο-ν bed, from δεμ-νο-ν (δέμ-ω build, construct).

830. To determine the root all suffixes must be removed from the stem until only that part remains which contains the fundamental idea.

a. Most roots are noun-roots or verb-roots; but originally a root was neither noun or verb (193). Some roots are pronominal, and express direction or position. Greek has many words whose roots cannot be discovered. The form of a root in Greek is not necessarily that which Comparative Grammar shows was common to the cognate languages.

b. Since the origin of many words, even with the help of the cognate languages, is uncertain, we are often at a loss where to make the dividing line between root and suffix. Suffixes are often preceded by a vowel which may be regarded as a part of the suffix or as an expansion of the root (by some scholars regarded as a part of the root itself).

831. Changes of the root-vowel.—a. The root-vowel is sometimes strong, sometimes weak: ει, οι (weak ι); ευ, ου (weak υ); η or ω (weak α or ε). λεῖμ-μα remnant, λοιπ-ό-ς remaining, cp. λείπ-ω, ἔ-λιπ-ον; ζεῦγ-ος team, cp. ζεύγ-νυ_-μι, ζυγ-όν yoke; σπουδ-ή zeal, σπεύδ-ω hasten; λήθ-η forgetfulness, λανθάνω (λαθ-) forget; ἦθ-ος disposition, ἔθ-ος custom, habit; ῥωχ-μός cleft, ῥήγ-νυ_-μι break (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-). Cp. 36.

b. ε often varies with ο, sometimes with α; η sometimes varies with ω. γόν-ο-ς offspring, γί-γν-ομαι (γεν-); τόν-ο-ς tone, τείνω (τεν-) stretch; τραφ-ερός well-fed, τροφ-ή nourishment, τρέφ-ω nourish; ἀρωγ-ό-ς helping, ἀρήγ-ω help. Cp. 36.

832. Root-determinatives.—A consonant standing between root and suffix (or ending), and not modifying the meaning of the root, is called a root-determinative.

βά-θ-ρο-ν pedestal, from βαίνω go (βα-); ἔσ-θ-ω (poetical for ἐσθίω) eat, for εδ-θ-ω, cp. Ionic ἔδ-ω; πλή-θ-ω (poet.) am full, πλῆ-θ-ος crowd, πλη-θ-ώρη satiety, cp. πίμ-πλη-μι; στα-θ-μός day's journey, στά-θ-μη a rule, from ἵστημι (στα-); σμή-χ-ω wipe, cp. σμάω wipe.—On the insertion of ς, see 836.

a. The origin of root-determinatives is obscure. In part they may be relics of roots, in part due to the analogy of words containing the consonants in question.

833. Suffixes.—A suffix is a formative element added to a root (or to a stem) and standing between the root and the ending. Suffixes limit or particularize the general meaning of the root; but only in a few cases is the distinct meaning of the suffix known to us.

a. The origin of the Greek suffixes is often obscure; of those inherited from the parent language only some were employed to make new words; others were formed by Greek itself (productive suffixes). From the analogy of the modern languages we infer that some suffixes were once independent words, which, on becoming a part of a compound, lost their signification. Thus -hood, -head in childhood, godhead are derived from Old Eng. ‘hād,’ Gothic ‘haidus’ character, nature; -ship in ownership, courtship, comes from a lost word meaning ‘shape’; -ly in friendly from Old Eng. ‘līc’ body. So -ώδης meaning smelling (ὄζω), as in εὐώδης fragrant, acquired a range of meaning originally inappropriate to it by passing into the general idea of ‘full of,’ ‘like,’ as in ποιώδης grassy (ποία_), λοιμώδης pestilential (λοιμός), σφηκώδης wasp-like (σφήξ). This suffix is distinct from -ειδής having the form of, like (898 a).

Conversely, many suffixes, themselves insignificant, acquired a definite meaning by reason of the root with which they were associated.—Irrespective of its meaning, one word may serve as a model for the creation of another word; as starvation, constellation, etc., are modelled on contemplation, etc.

b. Many dissyllabic suffixes, due to a combination of the final letter or letters of the stem and an original monosyllabic suffix, adapt themselves to independent use. Cp. ego-tism for ego-ism because of patriot-ism, -able in laughable and probable (from proba-bilis). Thus, patronymics in -άδης, -ιάδης 845. 2, 3; words in -αινα 843 b, 5; -αῖος 858. 2 a; -εῖον 851. 1; -έστερος 316; -έτης 843 a, N.; -ήεις 858. 3; -ήϊος 858. 2 b; -εῖος 858. 2 a; -όεις 858. 3; -ίδιον 852. 2; -ί_της 843 a, N., 844. 2 a; -σιμος 858. 9; -ώτης 843 a, N., 844. 2 a; and many others.

c. Simple suffixes are often added to case forms or adverbs, thus producing, by contamination, dissyllabic suffixes; as ἀρχαῖ-ο-ς ancient 858. 2 a; παλαι-ό-ς of old date 828 b, ἐαρι-νό-ς vernal 858. 12; φυσι-κό-ς natural 858. 6 b; cp. ἐν-άλι-ο-ς marine (ἅλς).

d. Many compound suffixes are formed by the union of two suffixes, new stems being created by the addition of a suffix to a stem, as: τηρ-ιο 851. 2, ισκ-ιο 852. 6, ισκ-ιδιο 854. See 854.

e. Suffixes often show gradations: τηρ, τωρ, τερ, τρ (36 N. 1) as in δο-τήρ, δώ-τωρ, δότειρα (out of δοτερ-ῖα) giver; ψάλ-τρ-ια harp-player; μην μν: λι-μήν harbour, λί-μν-η lake; μωρ μαρ: τέκ-μωρ, τέκ-μαρ goal; ωρ ρ: ὕδ-ωρ water, ὕδ-ρα_ hydra; ων αν: τέκτ-ων carpenter, fem. τέκταινα, from τεκταν-ῖα; and in λέων lion, fem. λέαινα (843 b. 5).

834. Changes in stems.—Various changes occur when a suffix is added to a stem.

a. The final vowel of a stem is contracted with the initial vowel of a suffix: ὀφί_διον small snake (ὄφι- ¨ ιδιον from ὄφι-ς). So when a consonant is dropped at the end of a stem: αἰδο-ῖο-ς venerable (αἰδώς reverence, stem αἰδοσ-), βασιλε-ία_ kingdom (βασιλεύ-ς king, stem βασιλεϝ- for βασιλεῦ-. 43), ἀστε-ῖο-ς refined (ἄστυ city, stem ἀστεϝ- for ἀστεῦ-, 43). Cp. 858. 2.

b. A long final vowel of a stem may be shortened before the initial vowel of a suffix: δίκα^-ιο-ς just, δίκη right, stem δικα_-. (Properly δίκαι is an old case form, 833 c, to which -ο-ς is added.)

c. A final vowel or diphthong may be dropped before the initial vowel of a suffix: σοφ-ία_ wisdom (σοφό-ς wise), τί_μ-ιο-ς honoured, costly (τι_μή honour, stem τι_μα_-), βασιλ-ικό-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king), πολι_τ-ικό-ς civic (πολί_της citizen, stem πολι_τα_-).

d. The final letter or letters of a consonant stem may be dropped: σωφρο-σύνη temperance, moderation (σώφρων temperate, stem σωφρον-), μελ-ύδριον little song (μέλ-ος song, μελεσ-), ἀληθ-ινό-ς genuine (ἀληθής -ές true). So apparently in the case of a vowel stem in δεσπό-συνος belonging to the master (δεσπότης).

e. The final consonant of a stem undergoes regular euphonic change before the initial consonant of a suffix: βλέμ-μα glance (βλέπ-ω look), δικασ-τής a judge (δικαδ-της, from δικάζω judge, stem δικαδ-), πίσ-τι-ς faith ( = πιθ-τι-ς, from πείθ-ω persuade, stem πιθ-), λέξις style ( = λεγ-σι-ς, from λέγ-ω speak).

f. Stems in ο have an alternative in ε (cp. ἵππο-ς, voc. ἵππε; 229 b). This ε often appears in denominatives: οἰκέ-ω dwell, οἰκέ-της house-servant, οἰκε-ῖο-ς domestic (οἶκο-ς house).

g. Derivatives of α_ stems may apparently show ω in place of α_; as στρατιώ-της soldier (στρατιά_ army), Ἰ_ταλιώ-της an Italiote, Greek inhabitant of Italy (Ἰ_ταλία_ Italy). See 843 a, N. Stems in α_ have η in τι_μή-εις honoured (τι_μή, stem τι_μα_-).

h. Vowel stems, especially those derived from verbs, often lengthen a final short vowel before a suffix beginning with a consonant: ποίη-μα poem, ποίη-σι-ς poetry, ποιη-τή-ς poet, ποιη-τι-κό-ς creative, poetical (ποιέ-ω make); δεσμώ-τη-ς prisoner (δεσμό-ς, δεσμά fetters). Verbs with stems in α, ε, ο usually show in derivatives the stem vowel as found in the tenses other than the present; as δηλό-ω manifest, fut. δηλώ-σω, δήλω-σι-ς manifestation; ἀρόω plough, fut. ἀρό-σω, ἄρο-σι-ς arable land, ἀρο-τήρ ploughman; εὑρ-ίσκ-ω find out, fut. εὑρ-ή-σω, εὕρ-η-μα discovery, but εὕρ-ε-σις discovery, εὑρ-ε-τής discoverer.

i. Vowel stems sometimes insert a vowel before a suffix beginning with a consonant: πολι-ή-τη-ς, Ionic for πολί_-τη-ς citizen, πτολί-ε-θρο-ν (poetic) city.

j. Consonant stems, and vowel stems not ending in ο, often show ο before a suffix in denominatives; a stem in -ον is thus replaced by one in -ο: σωφροσύνη temperance (σώφρων temperate, σωφρον-); αἱματ-ό-εις bloody (αἷμα, -ατος blood) and σκι-ό-εις shadowy (σκιά_ shadow) by analogy to δολό-εις wily, 858. 3. Cp. 873-875.

835. Several substantives are formed by reduplication: ἀγ-ωγ-ή training (ἄγ-ω lead), ἐδ-ωδ-ή food (Ionic ἔδ-ω eat), γί-γα_ς, -αντος giant. Some, by metathesis (128 a): τμῆ-σι-ς cutting (τέμ-ν-ω cut).

836. Insertion of sigma.—Between root (or stem) and suffix ς is often found, and in some cases it has become attached to the suffix. This parasitic letter spread from the perfect middle, where it is properly in place only in stems in τ, δ, θ, or ς; as in σχι-σ-μό-ς cleaving with ς from ἔ-σχι-σ-μαι by analogy to ἔ-σχισ-ται for ἐ-σχιδ-ται (σχίζω cleave). In -σ-της the transference was made easier by words like σχισ-τός cloven for σχιδ-τος. This ς appears before many suffixes, and usually where the perfect middle has acquired it (489).

μα: σπά-σ-μα spasm (σπάω rend, ἔσπασμαι), κέλευ-σ-μα command (κελεύ-ω command, κεκέλευσμαι), μία-σ-μα stain (μιαίνω stain, μεμίασμαι).—μο: σπα-σ-μός ῀ σπά-σ-μα, κελευ-σ-μός command.—μη: δύ-σ-μη setting (δύ_ω set).—της: κελευσ-τής signal-man, ὀρχη-σ-τής dancer (ὀρχ-έ-ομαι dance), δυνά-σ-της lord (δύνα-μαι am able). Also in δρα-σ-τήριος efficacious (δρά-ω do), ὀρχή-σ-τρα_ dancing-place, πλη-σ-μόνη fulness. -σ-μ has displaced δμ, -θ-μ (832) in ὀσμή odour (earlier ὀδμή), ῥυ-σ-μός (and ῥυ-θ-μός) rhythm.

837. Insertion of tau.—In a few words τ is inserted before the suffixes μο, μα, μη, μην. Thus, ἐφ-ε-τ-μή command (ἐφί_ημι, root ἑ, ἡ), λαῖ-τ-μα depth of the sea, ἀϋ-τ-μή and ἀϋ-τ-μήν breath (ἄημι blow). In ἐρετ-μό-ν oar the τ may be part of the verb-stem (ἐρέσσω, 515), and have spread thence to the other words.

FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVES

838. Some suffixes have a special significance; of these the most important are given in 839-856. But suffixes commonly used with a special function (such as to denote agency, action, instrument, etc.) are not restricted to this function. Only a few have one function, as τερο to denote comparison.

a. The instrument may be viewed as the agent, as in ῥαι-σ-τήρ hammer, lit. smasher, from ῥαί-ω smash. τρο (863. 16) may express the agent, instrument, or place. Suffixes used to denote actions or abstract ideas often make concrete words, as τροφ-ή nurture and nourishment, ἀγγελ-ία_ message (cp. Eng. dwelling, clothing). πορθμεῖον means ferry, ferry-boat, ferryman's fee. Words originally denoting an agent have lost that meaning, as πα-τήρ father (orig. protector), and in many cases the original force is changed.

839. AGENCY

a. The primary suffixes τα_, τηρ, τορ, τρο, ευ, denoting the agent or

1. τα_ (nom. -τή-ς): κρι-τή-ς judge (κρί_νω decide, κρι-), κλέπ-τη-ς thief (κλέπ- steal), ποιη-τή-ς poet, i.e. maker (ποιέ-ω make), αὐλη-τή-ς flute-pl<*> (αὐλέ-ω play the flute), μαθ-η-τή-ς pupil (μανθάνω learn, μαθ-ε-), ἱκ-έ- suppliant (ἱκ-νέ-ομαι come, ἱκ-).

2. τηρ (nom. -τήρ): δο-τήρ giver (δί-δω-μι give, δο-, δω-), σω-τήρ saviour (σῳ save).

3. τορ (nom. -τωρ): ῥή-τωρ orator (ἐρέω shall say, ἐρ-, ῥε-), εἴ-ρη-κα h<*> spoken, κτίσ-τωρ founder (κτίζω found, κτιδ-), σημάντωρ comman<*> poet. (σημαίνω give a signal, σημαν-).

4. τρο (nom. -τρό-ς): ἰ_α_-τρό-ς physician (ἰ_ά_-ομαι heal).

5. ευ (nom. -εύ-ς): γραφ-εύ-ς writer (γράφ-ω write), τοκ-εύ-ς father (τί<*> beget, τεκ-).

b. The primary suffixes τριδ, τρια_, τειρα_, τιδ are feminine.

1. τριδ (nom. -τρίς): αὐλη-τρίς female flute-player.

2. τρια_ (nom. -τρια): ποιή-τρια poetess (late), ψάλ-τρια female harper (ψάλ<*> play the harp, ψαλ-).

3. τειρα_ (nom. -τειρα from τερ-ῖα): σώ-τειρα fem. of σω-τήρ, δό-τειρα fem. δο-τήρ.

4. τιδ (nom. -τις): ἱκ-ε-τις female suppliant fem. of ἱκ-έ-της.

c. The same root or verb-stem may have different suffixes denoting the agen<*> γεν-έ-της, γεν-ε-τήρ, γεν-έ-τωρ begetter; μαθ-η-τρίς, or μαθ-ή-τρια female pup fem. of μαθ-η-τής.

d. Words in -τηρ, -τρις, -ευς are oxytone. Words in -τωρ, -τειρα, -τρια ha<*> recessive accent. Words in -της are oxytone or paroxytone.

e. See also ον (nom. -ων) 861. 18.

840. NAMES OF ACTIONS AND ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVES

a. Substantives denoting actions often express abstract idea and names of actions and verbal abstracts are often used co<*> cretely. The following suffixes (except μο, nominative -μό-ς, an ες, nominative -ος) form feminines; all are primary except ια_ i<*> some words.

1. τι (nom. -τι-ς): πίσ-τι-ς faith (πείθ-ω persuade, πιθ-), φά-τι-ς rumour (φη<*> say, φα-).

2. σι (nom. -σι-ς): λέξις style (λέγ-ω speak), ποίη-σι-ς poetry (ποιέ-ω make) φθί-σι-ς decay (φθί-ν-ω decay), δό-σι-ς act of giving or gift (δί-δω-μι giv<*> δο-, δω-), θέ-σι-ς placing (τί-θη-μι place, θε-, θη-), τά-σι-ς tension (fo<*> τṇ-σι-ς 35 b, from τείνω stretch, τεν-). σι is derived from τι after vowel (115).

3. σια_ (nom. -σία_): in substantives from verbs in -αζω out of -αδ-ῖω; a<*> δοκιμασία_ examination (δοκιμάζω examine, δοκ μαδ-).

4. τυ (nom. -τύ_-ς 863 a. 17): rare, poetic and dialectic, ἐδ-η-τύ_ς eating (poet<*> ἔδ-ω eat), βοη-τύ_-ς shouting (βοά-ω shout).

5. μο (nom. -μό-ς, masc.): διωγ-μό-ς pursuit (διώκ-ω pursue), πταρ-μό-ς sneez<*> ing (πτάρ-νυ-μαι sneeze). On θ-μο see 832, σ-μο 836, τ-μο 837. Cp 861. 1.

6. μα_ (nom. -μη): γνώ-μη knowledge (γι-γνώ-σκω know), φή-μη report, omen (φη-μί say), τι_-μή honour (poet. τί_-ω honour), μνή-μη memory (μι-μνῄ-σκω remind). See also 861. 1.

7. μα_ (nom. -μα^): τόλ-μα daring (τλῆ-ναι dare).

8. ες (nom. -ος, neut.): δέ-ος fear, ῥῖγ-ος cold.

9. ια_ (nom. -ία_): primitive, from verb-stems, as μαν-ία_ madness (μαίνομαι rage, μαν-). Denominative: ἡγεμον-ία_ sovereignty (ἡγεμών leader), εὐεργεσία kind service (εὐεργετ-ια from εὐεργέτης doer of good deeds). Without any noun-stem: πολιορκία_ siege (πολιορκέω besiege). Verbs in -ευω derived from substantives, as παιδεύ-ω educate (παῖς child), show abstracts in -εία_ for ε（ῦ）-ια_ (43): παιδεία_ education, στρατεία_ campaign (στρατεύομαι take the field), βασιλεία_ reign, kingdom (βασιλεύ-ω am king).

10. ο, α: see 859. 1, 2.

b. Many feminine substantives expressing the abstract notion of the adjective are derived from adjective stems (a few from substantive or verb stems). Many of these denominatives express quality, cp. Eng. -ness, -hood.

1. ια_ (nom. -ια^): from adjectives in -ης and -οος, -ους, as ἀλήθεια truth for ἀληθεσ-ια from ἀληθής true; ἔνδεια want for ἐνδε（ε）σ-ια from ἐνδεής needy, 44 a, 292 d; εὔνοια kindness for εὐνο（ο）-ια from εὐνοο-ς εὔνους kind.

2. ια_ (nom. -ία_): εὐδαιμον-ία_ happiness (εὐδαίμων happy), συμμαχία_ alliance (σύμμαχος fighting along with), σοφ-ία_ wisdom (σοφό-ς wise). Since τ becomes ς before ια_ we have ἀθανασία_ immortality (ἀθάνατο-ς immortal). Cp. 859. 6.

3. συνα_ (nom. -σύνη): δικαιο-σύνη justice (δίκαιο-ς just). Abstracts in -συνη are properly fem. of adj. in -συνος, as γηθο-σύνη joy (γηθό-συνος joyful). -οσύνη by analogy in μαντ-οσύνη art of divination (μάντι-ς seer). See 865. 7.

4. τητ (nom. -της): φιλό-της, -τητος friendship (φίλο-ς friend), ἰσό-της, -τητος equality (ἴσο-ς equal), νεό-της youth (νέο-ς young), παχύ-της thickness (παχύ-ς thick).

5. αδ (nom. -άς): abstract substantives of number, as τρι-άς, -άδος triad (τρεῖς). μον-άς, -άδος unit (μόνο-ς alone, single). See also 863 b. 8.

c. Some neuter abstracts express quality: τάχ-ος speed (ταχ-ύ-ς swift), εὖρ-ος width (εὐρ-ύ-ς broad). See 840 a. 8.

d. A feminine adjective is used substantively in poet. πινυτή wisdom from πινυτό-ς wise; with recessive accent in ἔχθρα_ enmity from ἐχθρό-ς hostile, θέρμη warmth from θερμό-ς warm.

e. Some compound adjectives in -ής yield (by analogy) abstracts in -ια_ not in -εια^; as ἀτυχία_ misfortune from ἀ-τυχ-ής unfortunate. Fluctuation often occurs, as in κακοήθεια κακοηθία_ malignity from κακο-ήθης ill-disposed; Old Attic ἀληθεία_ ( = Ion. ἀληθείη) for ἀλήθεια.

841. RESULT OF ACTION

The result or effect of an action is expressed by the primary suffixes

1. ες (nom. -ος, neut.): γέν-ος race, family, stem γεν-εσ- (γί-γν-ομαι am born, ἐ-γεν-όμην, γεν-), τέκ-ος child, stem τεκ-εσ- (τίκτω bring forth, τεκ-), ψεῦδ-ος lie, stem ψευδ-εσ- (ψεύδ-ω deceive).

2. ματ (nom. -μα, neut.): γράμ-μα thing written (γράφ-ω write), νόη-μα thought (νοέω think), ποίη-μα poem (ποιέ-ω make), δέρ-μα hide (δέρ-ω flay), τμῆ-μα section (τέμ-νω cut, τεμ-, τμη-, 128 a).

842. INSTRUMENT OR MEANS OF ACTION

The instrument or means of an action is expressed by the primary suffixes

1. τρο (nom. -τρο-ν, neut.): ἄρο-τρο-ν plough (ἀρό-ω plough), λύ-τρο-ν ransom (λύ_-ω release, λυ_^-), σεῖ-σ-τρο-ν rattle (σεί-ω shake, 624 a), δί-δακ-τρο-ν teacher's pay (διδάσκω teach, διδαχ-), λου-τρό-ν bath (bathing-water; λού-ω wash).

2. θ-ρο (nom. -θρο-ν, neut.): κλεῖ-θρο-ν bar for closing a door (κλεί-ω shut, 832).

3. τρα_ (nom. -τρα_, fem.): μάκ-τρα_ kneading-trough (μάττω knead, μαγ-), ῥή-τρα_ compact (ἐρέω ἐρῶ shall say, ἐρ-, ῥε-), χύ-τρα_ pot (χέω pour, χυ-).

4. τηρ-ιο- (nom. -τηρ-ιο-ν, neut.): in a few words, as πο-τήρ-ιο-ν cup (πί_νω drink, πο- 529); θελκ-τήρ-ιο-ν spell, charm (θέλγ-ω charm). See 858. 14.

5. ειο (rare; nom. -εῖον, neut.): τροφεῖα pay for rearing. See 863 a. 8.

6. ρο (nom. -ρό-ν, neut.): πτ-ε-ρό-ν wing (πέτ-ομαι fly).

843. THE PERSON CONCERNED

a. The person concerned or occupied with anything is denoted by a denominative formed by one of the following secondary suffixes:

1. ευ (nom. -εύ-ς, masc.): γραμ-ματ-εύ-ς secretary (γράμμα, -ατος anything written), ἱερ-εύ-ς priest (ἱερό-ς sacred), ἱππ-εύ-ς horseman (ἵππο-ς horse), χαλκεύ-ς coppersmith (χαλκό-ς copper).

2. τα_ (nom. -τη-ς, masc.): ναύ-τη-ς sailor (ναῦ-ς ship), τοξό-της bowman (τόξο-ν bow), οἰκέ-της house-servant (οἶκο-ς house, 834 f), δεσμώ-τη-ς prisoner (834 h).

N.—By analogy are formed: εὐν-έτη-ς bed-fellow (εὐνή bed), following οἰκέτη-ς; ὁπλ-ί_τη-ς heavy-armed soldier (ὅπλο-ν, ὅπλα armour) following πολί_-τη-ς from older πόλι_-ς; στρατι-ώτη-ς soldier (στρατιά_ army) following δεσμώ-τη-ς. See 834 g.

b. The following secondary suffixes form feminine substantives:

1. ια_ (nom. -ια^): corresponding to masculines in -εύ-ς, as ἱέρεια priestess for ἱερ-εῦ-ια (ἱερ-εύ-ς priest), βασίλεια queen (βασιλ-εύ-ς king). See -αινα below.

2. ιδ (nom. -ίς): φαρμακ-ίς sorceress (φάρμακο-ν charm, poison, φαρμακ-εύ-ς sorcerer), καπηλ-ίς female huckster (καπηλό-ς huckster), φυλακ-ίς female guard (φύλαξ).

3. τιδ (nom. -τις): corresponding to masculines in -τη-ς: οἰκέ-τις house-maid (οἰκέ-της), πολῖ-τις female citizen (πολί_-της).

4. ιττα_, ισσα_ (nom. -ιττα, -ισσα): from ῖα added to stems in τ or κ (112, 114), as θῆττα female serf from θητ-ῖα (θής, θητ-ός serf), Κίλισσα Cilician woman from Κιλικ-ῖα (Κίλιξ Cilician); later, by analogy, βασίλισσα queen.

5. αινα_ (nom. -αινα) corresponding to masculines in -ων: λέ-αινα lioness (λέ-ων lion), θεράπ-αινα handmaid (θεράπ-ων attendant), Λάκ-αινα woman of Laconia (Λάκ-ων a Laconian). By analogy, in ο stems: λύκ-αινα she-wolf (λύκο-ς). -αινα stands for -αν-ῖα, -αν being a weak form of -ων (833 e, 35 b).

N.—Names of dealers in anything usually end in -πώλης, -ου; fem. -πωλις, -ιδος (πωλέω sell), as βιβλιο-πώλης bookseller (βιβλίο-ν book), σι_το-πώλης graindealer (σῖτο-ς grain), ἀρτό-πωλις bread-woman (ἄρτο-ς bread). Cp. also καπηλίς under ιδ.

844. GENTILES OR PLACE NAMES

Gentiles are denominative nouns denoting belonging to or coming from a particular country, nation, or city. Gentiles are formed from proper nouns by secondary suffixes.

1. ευ (nom. -εύς, gen. -έως, masc.), ιδ (nom. -ίς, gen. ίδ-ος, fem.):

Πλαταιεύς -έως, Πλαταιΐς -ίδος a Plataean (ἡ Πλάταια); Ἐρετριεύς an Eretrian (ἡ Ἐρέτρια); Μεγαρεύς, Μεγαρίς a Megarian (τὰ Μέγαρα); Αἰολεύς Aeolian (Αἴολος, mythical ancestor of the Aeolians).

a. -ίς (-ίδος) may denote a land or a dialect: ἡ Δωρίς (γῆ) Doris; ἡ Αἰολίς (γλῶττα) the Aeolic dialect.

2. τα_ (nom. -τη-ς, masc.), τιδ (nom. -τις, fem.): Τεγεά_-της, Τεγεᾶ-τις of Tegea (ἡ Τεγέα_); Σπαρτ-ιά_-της, Σπαρτ-ιᾶ-τις of Sparta (ἡ Σπάρτα_); Αἰγι_νή-της, Αἰγι_νῆ-τις of Aegina (ἡ Αἴγι_να); Συβαρ-ί_-της, Συβαρ-ῖ-τις Sybarite (ἡ Σύβαρις); Σικελι-ώ-της, Σικελι-ῶ-τις Siciliote (ἡ Σικελία_).

a. The endings -ι_της, -ωτης are due to analogy; see 843 a. N.

3. Other gentiles, properly adjectives, end in -ιος, -ια_, as Ἀθηναῖο-ς, -αία_ of Athens (αἱ Ἀθῆναι), Μι_λήσ-ιο-ς for Μι_λητ-ιο-ς of Miletus (Μί_λητος), Ὀπούντιο-ς of Opus (Ὀποῦς); (ι）κός, (ι）κά_, as Ἰων-ικός Ionic (Ἴων-ες Ionians); νό-ς, νή preceded by α_（η), ι_, as Σαρδι-α_νό-ς of Sardis (Σάρδεις), Λαμψακ-ηνό-ς of Lampsacus (Λάμψακος), Βυζαντ-ῖνο-ς Byzantine (Βυζάντιον). See 863 b. 12.

845. PATRONYMICS

Patronymics, or denominative proper names denoting descent from a father or ancestor, are formed from proper names of persons by means of the following suffixes:

1. δα_ (nom. -δη-ς, masc.), δ (nom. -ς, fem.):

Βορεα?́-δη-ςson of Boreasfem. Βορεα?́-ς, -δοςfrom Βορέα_-ς

Stems in α_ shorten α_ to α; from such forms arose

2. αδα_ (nom. -άδη-ς, masc.), αδ (nom. -άς, fem.):

Θεστι-άδη-ςson of Thestiusfem. Θεστι-άς, -άδοςfrom Θέστιο-ς

From this type arose a new formation:

3. ιαδα_ (nom. -ιάδη-ς, masc.), ιαδ (nom. -ιάς, fem.):

Φερητ-ιάδη-ςson of Pheresfem. Φερητ-ιάς, -ιάδ-οςfrom Φέρης (-ητος）
Περση-ϊάδη-ςson of Perseus(fem. Περση-ΐς, -ίδ-ος）from Περσεύ-ς
Τελαμων-ιάδη-ςson of Telamonfrom Τελαμών (-ῶνος）

4. ιδα_ (nom. -ίδη-ς, masc.), :ιδ (nom. -ίς, fem.):

Τανταλ-ίδη-ςson of Tantalusfem. Τανταλ-ίς, -ίδ-οςfrom Τάνταλο-ς
Κεκροπ-ίδη-ςson of Cecropsfem. Κεκροπ-ίς, -ίδ-οςfrom Κέκροψ (-οπος）
Οἰνε-ίδη-ςson of Oeneusfem. Οἰνη-ΐς, -ίδ-οςfrom Οἰνεύ-ς
Λητο-ΐδη-ςson of Letofem. Λητω-ΐς, -ίδ-οςfrom Λητώ (279）

Stems in ο drop ο; stems in ευ (ηυ) drop υ; stems in οι (ωι) drop ι.

5. ι_ον or ι^ων (poetic and rare; nom. -ί_ων, masc.):

Κρον-ί_ων son of Cronus (also Κρον-ίδη-ς), gen. Κρον-ί_ον-ος or Κρον-ι?́ων-ος according to the metre, from Κρόνο-ς.

6. ιωνα_ or ι_να_ (poetic and rare; nom. -ιώνη or ί_νη, fem.):

Ἀκρισ-ιώνη daughter of Ἀκρίσιο-ςἈδρηστ-ί_νη daughter of Ἄδρηστο-ς

846. Variations occur especially in poetry: a. Hom. Πηλε-ίδη-ς, Πηλε-ΐδη-ς, Πηλη-ϊάδη-ς, and Πηλε-ΐων, son of Πηλεύ-ς; Ἀτρε-ίδη-ς, Ἀτρε-ΐδη-ς, and Ἀτρε-ΐων, son of Ἀτρεύ-ς.

b. Two patronymic endings: Ταλα-ϊ_ον-ίδη-ς son of Ταλαό-ς.

c. The stem drops or adds a syllable: Δευκαλ-ίδη-ς son of Δευκαλίων, -ίων-ος; Λαμπ-ετ-ίδη-ς son of Λάμπο-ς.

d. -ιδης is used in comic formations: κλεπτ-ίδη-ς son of a thief.

e. -νδα_ς occurs in the dialects, as Ἐπαμεινώνδα_-ς Epaminondas.

f. -ιος, -ειος, may indicate descent, as Τελαμώνιε παῖ oh son of Telamon, Τυνδαρεία_ θυγάτηρ daughter of Tyndareus; cp. Tennyson's “Niobean daughter.”

847. A patronymic may include the father, as Πεισιστρατ ίδαι the Peisistratidae (Peisistratus and his sons).

848. Most genuine patronymics are poetical and belong to the older language. In the classical period patrony mics rarely indicate descent in the case of historical persons; as Εὐρι_πίδης, Ἀριστείδης.

849. Metronymics denote descent from the mother, as Δα_να-ΐδη-ς son of Δα^νάη, Φι_λυρ-ίδη-ς son of Φι^λύρα_.

850. Relationship is sometimes denoted by the suffixes ιδεο (nom. -ιδοῦ-ς son of) and ιδεα_ (nom. -ιδῆ daughter of); as ἀδελφ-ιδοῦ-ς nephew, ἀδελφ-ιδῆ niece (ἀδελφό-ς brother).

PLACE

851. Place may be expressed by the secondary suffixes

1. ιο (nom. -ιο-ν, neut.): Διονύ_σιον (scil. ἱερόν) temple of Dionysus, Ἥραιον Heraeum.

Also -ε-ιο (nom. -εῖο-ν, neut.): from substantives in -εύ-ς and by extension in others; as χαλκε-ῖο-ν forge (χαλκ-εύ-ς coppersmith), Θησε-ῖον Thesēum (Θησεύ-ς), λογ-εῖο-ν place for speaking (λόγο-ς speech), μουσ-εῖο-ν seat of the Muses (μοῦσα muse), Ὀλυμπι-εῖο-ν Olympiēum (Ὀλύμπιο-ς Olympian Zeus).

2. τηρ-ιο (nom. -τήρ-ιο-ν, neut.): derived from substantives in -τήρ (or -τής); as ἀκροα_τήρ-ιο-ν auditorium (ἀκροα_τήρ or ἀκροα_τής hearer), ἐργαστήρ-ιο-ν workshop (ἐργαστήρ workman), βουλευτήριον senate house (βουλευτήρ or βουλευτής councillor, senator). See 863 a. 8.

3. ων (nom. -ών, gen. -ῶν-ος, masc.): ἀνδρ-ών apartment for men (ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ-ός man), ἱππ-ών stable (ἵππο-ς horse), παρθεν-ών maiden's apartment, Parthenon, temple of Pallas (παρθένο-ς maiden), οἰν-ών wine-cellar (οἶνο-ς wine), ἀμπελ-ών vineyard (ἄμπελο-ς vine). Forms in -εών occur, as περιστερ-εών dove-cote (περιστερά_ dove), οἰνεών.

4. ι_τιδ (nom. -ῖτις, fem.): added to ων, ἀνδρων-ῖτις apartment for men, γυναικωνῖτις apartment for women.

5. ωνια_ (nom. -ωνιά_, fem.): ῥοδ-ωνιά_ rose-bed (ῥόδο-ν rose).

6. τρα_ (rare; nom. -τρα_, fem.): ὀρχή-σ-τρα_ dancing-place (ὀρχέ-ομαι dance), παλαί-σ-τρα_ wrestling-ground (παλαί-ω wrestle). Cp. 836.

DIMINUTIVES

852. Diminutives are denominatives formed from the stems of substantives by various secondary suffixes.

1. ιο (nom. -ιο-ν, neut.): παιδ-ίο-ν little child (παῖς, παιδ-ός), ὀρνί_θ-ιο-ν small bird (ὄρνι_ς, ὄρνι_θος), ἀσπίδ-ιο-ν small shield (ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδ-ος).

N.—Trisyllabic words are paroxytone if the first syllable is long by nature or position.

2. ιδ-ιο (nom. -ίδιο-ν, neut.): derived from such words as ἀσπίδ-ιο-ν; as ξιφ-ίδιο-ν dagger (ξίφος sword, stem ξιφεσ-), βο-ίδιο-ν small cow (βοῦ-ς), οἰκί_διο-ν small house, οἰκι ¨ ιδιον (οἰκία_), ἰχθύ_διο-ν small fish (ἰχθύ_ς). See 833 b.

3. αρ-ιο (nom. -άριον, neut.): παιδ-άριο-ν little child.

4. υδ-ριο (nom. -ύδριον, neut.): μελ-ύδριο-ν little song (μέλος).

5. υλλιο (nom. -ύλλιον, neut.): ἐπ-ύλλιο-ν little epic or cersicle (ἔπος).

6. ισκο, ισκα_ (nom. -ίσκος, masc., -ίσκη, fem.): ἀνθρωπ-ίσκο-ς manikin, παιδ-ίσκο-ς young boy, παιδ-ίσκη young girl. From this comes -ισκ-ιο in ἀσπιδ-ίσκιο-ν small shield.

853. Many other diminutives occur, as ακνα_: in πιθάκνη wine-jar (πίθος); ιδ, ι_δ: in ἁμαξίς, -ίδος small wagon (ἅμαξα), νησί_ς, -ῖδος islet (νῆσο-ς); ιδ-ευ: of the young of animals, as λυκ-ιδεύς wolf's whelp (λύκο-ς), also ὑϊδεύς son's son, grandson (υἱός); ιχο: ὀρτάλιχος young bird (ὀρταλίς) chick; ιχνα_: κυλίχνη (and κυλίχνιον, κυλιχνίς) small cup (κύλιξ). Rare or late are -α_κίδιον, -ά_σιον, -άφιον, -ιδάριον, -ισκάριον, ιον, 861. 19, -ύλος, and over 25 others. See λο, 860. 1.

854. Diminutives are often combined: παιδ-ισκ-άριον stripling, μειράκ-ιον, μειρακ-ίσκος, μειρακ-ύλλ-ιον, μειρακ-υλλ-ίδιον stripling (μεῖραξ lass), χλαν-ισκ-ίδιον cloaklet (χλανίς), ζῳδάριον insect (ζῷον animal).

855. Some words, especially such as denote parts of the body, are diminutive in form, but not in meaning; as κρα_νίον skull, θηρίον beast ( = θήρ), πεδίον plain (πέδον ground), all in Homer, who has no diminutives. Diminutives often employed tend to lose their diminutive value.

856. Diminutives may express affection, familiarity, daintiness, and sometimes pity or contempt (cp. dar-ling, lord-ling). See the examples under 852, and also πατρ-ίδιον daddy (πατήρ), ἀδελφ-ίδιο-ν dear little brother, Σωκρατ-ίδιον dear Socky, ἀνθρώπ-ιον manikin. Some endings often have an ironical force, as πλούτ-α_ξ rich churl, γάστρ-ων fat-belly.

FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES

857. Adjectives are formed by the same suffixes as are used in substantives, the same formation producing in one case a substantive, in another an adjective. Many words formed with certain suffixes (ιο, μο, νο, ρο, το) are used as adjectives or as abstract substantives (usually feminine or neuter). Thus φιλία_ friendly or friendship; so στέφ-ανο-ς crown (στέφ-ω encircle) was originally an adjective. Many suffixes have no characteristic signification.

Adjectives are either primitive (from roots or verb-stems) or denominative (from substantives or other adjectives). But this distinction is often obliterated and difficult to determine.

858. The following are the chief adjectival suffixes:

1. ο, α_ (nom. -ο-ς, -η or -α_, -ο-ν): primary: λοιπ-ό-ς remaining (λείπ-ω leave, λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-), λευκ-ό-ς bright (λεύσσω shine, λευκ-ῖω).

2. ιο, ια_: a common suffix expressing that which pertains or belongs in any way to a person or thing. By union with a preceding stem vowel we have αιο, ειο, οιο, ῳο, υιο.

Primary (rare): ἅγ-ιο-ς sacred (ἅγος expiation); with a comparative force: ἄλλος other (ἀλ-ῖο-ς alius), μέσος middle (μεθ-ῖο-ς medius, 113).

Secondary in τί_μ-ιο-ς worthy, costly (τι_μή honour); φίλ-ιο-ς friendly (φίλο-ς dear); ὄρθ-ιο-ς steep (ὀρθό-ς straight); πλούσ-ιο-ς rich (πλοῦτο-ς riches, 115); δίκα-ιο-ς just (δίκ-η right, 834 b); οἰκε-ῖο-ς domestic (οἶκο-ς house, 834 f); πάτρ-ιο-ς hereditary (πατήρ father, πατρ-, 262); βασίλειο-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king); θέρε-ιο-ς of summer (θέρος, stem θερεσ-); αἰδο-ῖο-ς venerable (αἰδώς shame, stem αἰδοσ-, 266); ἡρῷος heroic (ἥρως hero, ἡρωϝ-, 267); πήχυ-ιο-ς a cubit long (πῆχυ-ς, 268). The feminines are often abstract substantives, as φιλ-ία_ friendship.

a. The ending -αῖος has been transferred from α_ stems, as in χερσ-αῖο-ς of or from dry land (χέρσ-ος). The form ι-αῖος occurs: δραχμ-ιαῖο-ς worth a drachma (δραχμή). -εῖος has become independent in ἀνδρ-εῖος manly (ἀνήρ). On gentiles in -ιος, see 844. 3.

b. Ionic η-ϊο (nom. -ηϊος), properly from stems in ευ (ηυ), as Hom. χαλκή-ϊο-ς brazen (pertaining to a χαλκεύ-ς brazier; Attic χάλκεος, -οῦς, see 858. 4), βασιλή-ϊο-ς royal; and transferred in Ionic to other stems, as in πολεμήϊο-ς warlike, ἀνθρωπ-ήϊο-ς human (Attic ἀνθρώπειο-ς), ἀνδρ-ήϊο-ς manly.

3. εντ for ϝεντ (nom. -εις) forms denominative adjectives denoting fulness or abundance (mostly poetic).

τι_μή-εις (τι_μῆς) honoured, and by analogy δενδρ-ήεις woody (δένδρο-ν tree); χαρί-εις graceful (χάρι-ς), δολό-εις wily (δόλο-ς), and by analogy αἱματ-ό-εις bloody (αἷμα, -ατ-ος blood, 834 j), ἰχθυ-ό-εις full of fish, κρυ-ό-εις chilling (κρύ-ος chill). Also in εὐρώ-εις mouldy (εὐρώς, -ῶτος).

4. εο (nom. -εο-ς, -οῦς, 290) forms denominative adjectives denoting material: χρύ_σεος, χρυ_σοῦς golden (χρυ_σό-ς gold).

a. εο is derived from ε-ῖο, seen in χρύ_σειος (poetic). Here ε is part of the stem (834 f). On -ηϊος see 858. 2 b.

5. ες (nom. -ής, -ές): primitive: ψευδ-ής false (ψεύδ-ω deceive), σαφ-ής clear, πρην-ής prone, ὑγι-ής healthy. Very common in compounds, as ἀ-σφαλ-ής unharmed, secure (ἀ-priv. + σφαλ- in σφάλλω trip).

6. κο, ακο, ικο (nom. -κος, very common, cp. 864. 1): many denominatives formed by these suffixes denote relation, many others fitness or ability.

a. Denominatives: μαντι-κό-ς prophetic (μάντι-ς prophet); φυσι-κό-ς natural (φύσι-ς nature); θηλυ-κό-ς feminine (θῆλυ-ς female); Δα_ρει-κό-ς Daric (Δα_ρεῖο-ς Darius).

b. From φυσι-κό ς, etc., ικο was taken as an independent suffix in μουσ-ικό-ς musical (μοῦσα muse); βαρβαρ-ικό-ς barbaric (βάρβαρο-ς barbarian, foreigner); διδασκαλ-ικό-ς able to teach (διδάσκαλο-ς teacher); μαθηματικό-ς fond of learning (μάθημα, -ματος thing learnt); Κεραμε-ικό-ς Potters' quarter, Ceramīcus (κεραμεύ-ς potter); βασιλ-ικό-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king); ἡρω-ϊκό-ς heroic, from ἥρω（ϝ), -ος hero; Ἀχαι-ικό-ς or Ἀχα_-ικό-ς (38) Achaean (Ἀχαιό-ς Achaean).

N.—ἀρχ-ικό-ς able to rule (ἀρχ-ή), γραφ-ικό-ς able to write or draw (γραφ-ή), need not be derived directly from the root.

c. Κορινθι-ακό-ς Corinthian (Κορίνθ-ιο-ς Corinthian); σπονδει-ακό-ς consisting of spondees (σπονδ-εῖο-ς spondee).

d. τ-ικό represents ικό added to the verbal in τό- (cp. also μαθηματ-ικό-ς). Thus, λεκ-τικό-ς suited to speaking (λέγ-ω speak); αἰσθη-τικό-ς capable of feeling (αἰσθ-άνομαι feel); ἀριθμη-τικό-ς skilled in numbering (ἀριθμέω to number); πρα_κ-τικό-ς practical, able to do (πρά_ττω do); σκεπτικό-ς reflective (σκέπ-τ-ομαι look carefully, consider). Added to a noun-stem: ναυ-τικό-ς nautical (ναῦ-ς ship).

7. λο (nom. -λο-ς): primary (usually active) and secondary. Cp. 860. 1. Primary in δει-λό-ς cowardly (δέδοι-κα fear, δι-, δει-, δοι-); στρεβ-λό-ς twisted (στρέφ-ω turn); τυφ-λό-ς blind (τύ_φ-ω raise a smoke); κοῖλος hollow ( = κοϝ-ιλο-ς, Lat. cav-us); τροχ-αλό-ς running (τρέχ-ω run); εἴκ-ελο-ς like (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-); καμπ-ύλο-ς bent (κάμπ-τ-ω bend); φειδ-ωλό-ς sparing (φείδ-ομαι spare). ἀπατ-η-λός deceitful (ἀπάτη deceit, ἀπατά-ω deceive) may be a primitive or a denominative. Cp. 860. 1.

α-λεο denoting quality in ἁρπ-αλέο-ς attractive, ravishing (ἁρπάζω seize), θαρσ-αλέο-ς bold (θάρσ-ος boldness).

8. μο (nom. -μο-ς, 861. 1): primary: θερ-μό-ς warm (θέρ-ω warm); secondary in ἕβδ-ο-μο-ς seventh.

9. ι-μο, σ-ιμο (nom. -ιμο-ς, -σιμο-ς): often denoting able to or fit to. Adjectives in ιμο are primitive or denominative, and are derived from ι-stems; those in -σιμο are denominative and come mostly from stems in σι ¨ μο (as χρή-σι-μο-ς useful, from χρῆ-σι-ς use); but σιμο has thence been abstracted as an independent suffix.

δόκ-ιμο-ς approved (δοκ-έ-ω seem good); μάχ-ιμο-ς warlike (μάχη battle); νόμ-ιμο-ς conformable to law (νόμο-ς); ἐͅδ-ώδ-ιμο-ς eatable (ἐδ-ωδ-ή food, poet. ἔδ-ω eat); καύσι-μο-ς combustible (κά_ω burn, καῦ-σι-ς burn- ing); λύσι-μο-ς able to loose (λύ-σι-ς loosing); ἱππά-σιμο-ς fit for riding (ἱππάζομαι ride); ἁλώ-σιμο-ς easy to take (ἁλίσκομαι, ἑά_λων).

10. μον (nom. -μων, -μον): primary in μνή-μων mindful (μι-μνῄ-σκομαι remember), τλή-μων enduring, wretched (ἔ-τλη-ν endured). Cp. 861. 8.

11. νο (nom. -νο-ς, 861. 11): primary (usually passive) and secondary (829 a). Sometimes denoting that which may, can, or must be done.

Primary in δει-νό-ς fearful (δέ-δοι-κα fear, δι-, δει-, δοι-); σεμ-νό-ς to be revered (σέβ-ομαι revere); πιθ-ανό-ς persuasive (πείθ-ω persuade, πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-); πίσ-υνο-ς trusting (πείθ-ω). Secondary in σκοτει-νό-ς dark ( = σκοτεσ-νο-ς from σκότ-ος darkness).

12. ινο (nom. -ινο-ς, 861. 11): forms denominative adjectives of material, as λίθ-ινο-ς of stone (λίθο-ς), ξύλ-ινο-ς wooden (ξύλο-ν); to denote time, and derived from such forms as ἐαρι-νό-ς vernal (ἔαρ spring), as in ἡμερ-ινό-ς by day (ἡμέρα_), χθεσ-ινό-ς of yesterday (χθές); other uses: ἀνθρώπ-ινο-ς human (ἄνθρωπο-ς man), ἀληθ-ινό-ς genuine (ἀληθής true).

ινεο in λα-ΐνεο-ς ῀ λά-ϊνο-ς stony (λᾶς stone). On -ηνος, -ι_νος in gentiles, see 844. 3.

13. ρο, ρα_ (nom. -ρό-ς, -ρά_): primary, and secondary. Primary, in ἐχθ-ρό-ς hated, hostile (ἔχθ-ω hate), λαμπ-ρό-ς shining (λάμπ-ω shine), χαλα-ρό-ς slack (χαλά-ω slacken). Secondary, in φοβε-ρό-ς fearful (φόβο-ς fear, φοβόε-, 834 f), κρατ-ερό-ς mighty (κράτ-ος might); primary or secondary in ἀνια_-ρό-ς grievous (ἀνία_ grief, ἀνιά-ω grieve). See 860. 3.

14. τηρ-ιο (nom. -τήριο-ς): in denominatives, derived from substantives in -τηρ (or -της) by the suffix ιο; but the substantive is not always found.

σω-τήρ-ιο-ς preserving (σω-τήρ saviour), whence the abstract σωτηρία_ (858. 2) safety; θελκ-τήρ-ιο-ς enchanting (θελκ-τήρ charmer, θέλγ-ω enchant), whence θελκτήριον (842. 4), λυ-τήρ-ιο-ς delivering (λυ-τήρ), ὁρμητήριον starting-place (ὁρμάω, ὁρμῶμαι start).

15. υ (nom. -ύ-ς, -εῖα, -ύ): primitives are ἡδύ-ς sweet (ἥδ-ομαι am pleased), ταχ-ύ-ς swift (τάχ-ος swiftness), βαθ-ύ-ς deep (βάθ-ος depth). Cp. 859. 8.

16. ωδες (nom. -ώδης, -ῶδες): in primitives (rare), as πρεπ-ώδης proper (πρέπ-ω beseem); usually in denominatives denoting fulness or similarity: ποι-ώδης grassy (ποία_), αἱματ-ώδης looking like blood (αἷμα). See 833 a.

17. Suffixes of Degree: ι_ον and ιστο (318) usually form primitives; τερο and τατο (313 ff.), denominatives. τερο occurs also in πό-τερο-ς which of two? πρό-τερο-ς earlier, ὕσ-τερο-ς later, ἑκά-τερο-ς each. On the suffix τερο apparently without comparative force, see 1066, 1082 b. ἔν-τερο-ν is substantivized (bowel); from ἐν in.

18. Suffixes of Participles and Verbal Adjectives (primary): active ντ, οτ, 301 a, c; middle and passive μενο. Verbal adjectives denoting completion (usually passive) το; possibility and necessity το, τεο (471-473).

On the formation of ADVERBS, see 341 ff.

LIST OF NOUN SUFFIXES

The list includes the chief suffixes used in substantives and adjectives. Separation of a suffix from the root is often arbitrary and uncertain.

859. VOWEL SUFFIXES

1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts).

ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω lead; ζυγ-ό-ν yoke from ζεύγ-νυ_-μι yoke (ζυγ-, ζευγ-); λόγ-ο-ς speech from λέγ-ω speak; νόμ-ο-ς custom, law from νέμ-ω distribute; στόλ-ο-ς expedition from στέλλω (στελ-) send; τροφ-ό-ς (ὁ, ἡ) nurse from τρέφ-ω nourish; φόρ-ο-ς tribute from φέρ-ω bear, bring.

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: οἶκ-ο-ς house, Lat. vīc-u-s.

b. The suffix has the accent when the agent is denoted. ε of the root varies with ο (831 b).

2. α_: nom. -α_ or -η fem. A common suffix in primitives, usually to denote things, often abstracts (action).

ἀρχ-ή beginning from ἄρχ-ω begin; λοιβ-ή pouring from λείβ-ω pour; μάχ-η fight from μάχ-ομαι fight; σπουδ-ή haste from σπεύδ-ω hasten; στέγ-η roof from στέγ-ω shelter; τροφ-ή nourishment from τρέφ-ω nourish; τύχ-η chance from τυγχάνω happen (τυχ-); φορ-ά_ crop from φέρ-ω bear; φυγ-ή flight from φεύγω flee (φυγ-, φευγ-).

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: γυν-ή woman (Eng. queen).

b. Most substantives accent the suffix; but many accent the penult.

3. α_: nom. -α_ς, -ης, in a few masculines, usually compounds: παιδο-τρίβ-η-ς trainer of boys in gymnastics (τρί_βω rub).

4. ι^, ι_: primary, in ὄφ-ι-ς snake, poet. τρόχ-ι-ς runner (τρέχ-ω run), πόλ-ι-ς city (originally πόλ-ι_-ς), ἤν-ι_-ς yearling. Many words with the ι-suffix have taken on δ or τ; as ἐλπ-ί-ς hope ἐλπί-δ-ος (ἔλπ-ομαι hope), χάρ-ι-ς grace χάρι-τ-ος (χαίρω rejoice, χαρ-).

5. ιο: in a few primitive verbal adjectives (ἅγ-ιο-ς 858. 2), but common in denominate adjectives (858. 2), rare in substantives: νυμφ-ίο-ς bridegroom (νύμφη bride); in names of things more concrete than those ending in -ια_: μαρτύρ-ιο-ν a testimony (cp. μαρτύρ-ια_ testimony); in gentiles (844. 3); in diminutives (852. 1), often in combination with other diminutive suffixes (αριο, ιδιο, υλλιο, etc. 852); often in combination with a final stem vowel (851. 1, 858. 2).

6. ια^, ια_: rarely primary, in φύζα flight (φεύγ-ω flee); in verbal abstracts: μανία_ madness (840 a. 9); usually secondary in the fem. of adj. in -ύς: βαρεῖα ῀ βαρεῦ-ια, πίττα pitch (= πικ-ῖα, cp. Lat. pic-us), γλῶττα tongue = γλωχ-ια (cp. γλωχ-ί_-ς point, γλῶχ-ες beards of corn), θῆττα serf (843 b. 4); in the nom. fem. of participles in ντ, οτ (λύ_ουσα from λυ_οντ-ῖα, λελυκυ-ῖα); in denominative abstracts expressing quality (840 b. 1, 2); in names of persons: ταμ-ία_-ς steward (τέμ-ν-ω cut, ἔ-ταμ-ον), Νι_κ-ία_-ς Nicias (νί_κη victory).—Often in combination with other suffixes: αινα 843 b. 5; -ε-ια 840 a. 9; ισσα 843 b. 4; τρια, τειρα_ 839 b. 2, 3.

7. Ϝο, Ϝα_: primary, in ὅρος for ὅρ（ϝ）ος boundary, κεν（ϝ）ός empty, λα_ι（ϝ）ός left (Lat. laevus), καλ（ϝ）ός beautiful; (probably) secondary in verbals in -τέος (λυτέος that must be loosed) and in adj. in -αλέος (860. 1).

8. υ (ευ): primary, in adjectives (858. 15), in substantives: γέν-υ-ς chin, πῆχ-υ-ς fore-arm.—9. υ_: primary, in feminines: ἰσχ-ύ_-ς strength, ὀφρ-ῦ-ς eye-brow, νέκ-υ_-ς (Hom.) corpse, cf. Lat. nec-are.—10. ευ (ηυ): primary of the agent (839 a. 5); rarely of things: κοπ-εύ-ς chisel (κόπ-τ-ω cut); secondary, of the person concerned (843 a. 1), in gentiles (844. 1), rarely of things: δονακ-εύ-ς reed-thicket (δόναξ reed); in diminutives in -ιδεύς (853).—11. οι (nom. -ώ): primary in πειθ-ώ πειθοῦς persuasion (279).—12. ωϜ (nom. -ως): primary in ἥρ-ως ἥρω-ος hero (267).

860. SUFFIXES WITH LIQUIDS (λ, ρ）

1. λο, λα_: primary, in φῦ-λο-ν race, φυ_-λή clan (φύ_-ω produce), πῖ-λο-ς felt (Lat. pi-lu-s), ζεύγ-λη loop of a yoke (ζεύγ-νυ_-μι yoke); ἆθ-λο-ς contest, ἆθλο-ν prize, τυφ-λό-ς blind (τύ_φ-ω raise a smoke), στρεβ-λό-ς twisted (στρέφ-ω turn). Cp. 858. 7. Secondary, in παχυ-λό-ς thickish (dimin.). αλο, αλα_: primary, in ὀμφ-αλό-ς navel, κρότ-αλο-ν clapper (κρότ-ο-ς noise), κεφ-αλή head, τροχ-αλό-ς running (τρέχ-ω), πί_-αλο-ς fat (πι_αίνω fatten); secondary, in ὁμ-αλό-ς level (ὁμό-ς one and the same). Developed from this are αλεο, αλεα_: πι_-αλέο-ς fat, κερδ-αλέο-ς wily (κέρδ-ος gain), see 858. 7. ελο, ελα_: primary (prob.), in εἴκ-ελο-ς like (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-), νεφ-έλη cloud (Lat. nebula); secondary, in θυ-μέ-λη altar. ηλο, ηλα_: κάπ-ηλο-ς huckster (agency), θυ-ηλή sacrifice (θύ_-ω), ὑψ-ηλό-ς lofty (ὕψ-ος height); primary or secondary: ἀπατ-η-λό-ς guileful (ἀπάτη guile, ἀπατά-ω cheat), σι_γ-ηλό-ς mute (σι_γή silence, σι_γά-ω am mute). ιλο, ιλα_: primary, in τροχ-ίλο-ς sandpiper (τρέχ-ω run); secondary, in ὀργ-ίλο-ς passionate (ὀργή). ι_λο, ι_λα: primary, in στρόβ-ι_λο-ς top (στρέφ-ω turn); secondary, in πέδ-ι_λο-ν sandal (πέδ-η fetter, πούς foot). υλο, υλα_: primary, in δάκτ-υλο-ς finger, σταφυλή bunch of grapes. Secondary, in μι_κκ-ύλο-ς small (μι_κκ-ό-ς). υ_λο, υ_λα_: σφονδ-ύ_λη beetle. ωλο, ωλα_: primary, in εἴδ-ωλο-ν image (εἴδ-ομαι resemble), εὐχ-ωλή prayer (εὔχ-ομαι). Rare forms: αλιο, αλιμο, ελιο, ηλιο.

2. λυ: primary, in θῆ-λυ-ς female (root θη give suck).

3. ρο, ρα_: primary, in substantives: ἀγ-ρό-ς field, Lat. ager (ἄγ-ω), νεκ-ρό-ς corpse (cp. νέκ-υ_-ς), γαμ-β-ρό-ς son-in-law (γαμ-έ-ω marry, for β see 130), ἐχθ-ρό-ς enemy, ἔχθ-ρα_ hatred (ἔχθ-ω hate), ἄργυ-ρο-ς silver, ὕδ-ρα_ hydra (ὕδ-ωρ water); rarely, of instrument 842. 6; of place, in ἕδ-ρα_ seat; primary, in adjectives (858. 13). αρο, αρα_: primary, in βλέφ-αρο-ν eye-lid (βλέπ-ω look), τάλ-αρο-ς basket (τλάω, τλῆναι bear), λιπ-αρό-ς shiny (cp. λίπ-ος fat). α_ρο (ηρο), α_ρα_ (ηρα_): primary or secondary, in ἀνι-α_-ρό-ς grievous (ἀνία_ grief, ἀνιά-ω grieve), λυ_π-η-ρό-ς painful (λύ_πη pain, λυ_πέ-ω grieve); secondary, in ἀνθ-ηρό-ς flowery (ἄνθ-ος), and perhaps in πον-ηρό-ς toilsome (πόνο-ς, πονέ-ομαι toil). ερο, ερα_: secondary, in φοβε-ρό-ς terrible (φόβο-ς terror), whence σκι-ερό-ς shady (σκιά_ shade); also in πενθ-ερό-ς father-inlaw = lit. one who binds (cp. πεῖσμα ῀ πενθ-σμα cable), ἔν-εροι those below the earth (ἐν). υρο, υρα_: secondary, in λιγυ-ρό-ς (λιγύ-ς) shrill, whence primary ἄχ-υρο-ν chaff, φλεγ-υρό-ς burning (φλέγ-ω burn). υ_ρο, υ_ρα_: primary or secondary, in ἰσχυ_-ρό-ς strong (ἰσχύ_-ω am strong, ἰσχύ_-ς strength); primary, in λέπ-υ_ρο-ν rind (λέπ-ω peel), γέφ-υ_ρα bridge. ωρο, ωρα_: primary, in ὀπ-ώρα_ late summer (ὄπ-ισθεν at the rear, after).

4. ρι (rare): primary, in ἄκ-ρι-ς hill-top (ἄκ-ρο-ς highest), ἴδ-ρι-ς knowing (εἶδον, ἰδεῖν).

5. ρυ (rare): primary, in δάκ-ρυ tear; cp. Old Lat. dacruma for lacrima.

6. αρ: primary, in ἧπ-αρ, ἥπατ-ος liver (253 b), πῖ-αρ fat, ἔ-αρ spring.—7. ερ, ηρ: primary, in ἀ_ή_ρ ἀ_έρ-ος air (ἄημι blow, of the wind), αἰθ-ήρ, -έρ-ος upper air (αἴθ-ω kindle).—8. ωρ: primary: gen. -ατ-ος: ὕδ-ωρ water; gen. -ωρος: ἰ_χώρ ichor, serum; gen. -ορος: by analogy in αὐτο-κράτ-ωρ possessing full powers (κράτ-ος power).—9. ωρα_: primary, in πλη-θ-ώρη (Ionic) satiety, cp. 832.

861. SUFFIXES WITH NASALS (μ, ν）

1. μο, μα_ (nom. μο-ς; -μα^ and -μη): primary, in substantives denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 5-7), and in some concretes: χυ_-μό-ς juice (χέω pour, χυ-), γραμ-μή line (γράφ-ω write, draw); in adjectives (858. 8, 9). On -τ-μο -τ-μα, -θ-μο -θ-μα, -σ-μο -σ-μα see 837, 832, 836; secondary, rarely in substantives: δρυ_-μό-ς coppice (δρῦ-ς tree, oak), or adjectives: ἔτυ-μο-ς true (ἐτεϝός real).—ι-μο: secondary, derived from ι stems (858. 9).—2. ματ (nom. -μα): primary, denoting result (841. 2). Here to μα from ṃ (cp. ὄνομα name, Lat. nomen; τέρμα goal, Lat. termen) τ has been added; cp. cognomentum.—3. μεν (nom. -μην): primary, in ποι-μήν shepherd, λι-μήν harbour.—4. μενο: primary, in participles: λυ_ό-μενο-ς.—5. μι (rare): primary, in φῆ-μι-ς speech (poet. for φή-μη).—6. μιν (nom. -μι_ς): prim., ῥηγ-μί_-ς surf (ῥήγ-νυ_-μι break).—7. μνο, μνα_: prim., in στά-μνο-ς jar (ἵ-στη-μι set, stand, στα-), βέλε-μνο-ν dart (βάλλω throw), ποί-μνη flock, λί-μνη lake.—8. μον (nom. -μων): primary, in ἡγε-μών leader (ἡγέ-ομαι lead); adjectives 858. 10.—9. μονα_: primary, in πλη-σ-μονή fulness (πίμ-πλη-μι fill).—10. μων (nom. -μων): primary, in χει-μών winter, λει-μών meadow.

11. νο, να_: primary, in ὕπ-νο-ς sleep, καπ-ϝό-ς smoke, ποι-νή punishment, φερ-νή dower (φέρ-ω bring), τέκ-νο-ν child (τίκτω bear, τεκ-), in adjectives (858. 11); secondary, in adjectives (858. 11), in σελή-νη moon (= σελασ-νη, σέλας gleam).—ανο, ανα_: primary, in στέφ-ανο-ς crown, στεφ-άνη diadem (στέφ-ω encircle), δρέπ-ανο-ν, δρεπ-άνη sickle (δρέπ-ω pluck), ὄργ-ανο-ν instrument (ἔργον work), θηγ-άνη whetstone (θήγ-ω whet); in adjectives: στεγ-ανό-ς (cp. στεγ-νός) water-tight (στέγ-ω shelter); secondary, in βο-τ-άνη fodder (βο-τό-ς, βό-σκω graze), ἕδρ-ανο-ν seat (ἕδ-ρα_ seat). α_νο (ηνο), α_να_ (ηνα_): secondary, in gentiles (844. 3). ενο, ενα_: primary, in παρθ-ένο-ς maiden, ὠλ-ένη elbow. ηνο, ηνα_: primary, in τι-θή-νη nurse (θῆσθαι give suck). ινο, ινα_: secondary, in adjectives of material and time (858. 12), and in ῥαδ-ινό-ς slender, μελ-ίνη millet. ινεο, ινεα_: secondary, in adjectives of material (858. 12). ι_νο, ι_να: primary, in χαλ-ι_νό-ς bridle, σέλ-ι_νο-ν parsley; secondary, in gentiles (844. 3); in patronymics (845. 6); in ἐρυθρ-ῖνο-ς red mullet (ἐρυθρό-ς red); βολβ-ί_νη a kind of βολβ-ός (a bulb-root). ονο, ονα_: primary, in κλ-όνο-ς battle-rout (κέλ-ομαι urge on); in abstracts, as ἡδ-ονή pleasure (ἥδ-ομαι am pleased). υνο, υνα_: primary, in κορ-ύνη club, πίσ-υνο-ς relying on (πείθ-ω persuade). υ_νο, υ_να_: primary, in κίνδ-υ_νο-ς danger, αἰσχ-ύ_νη disgrace. ωνο, ωνα_: primary, in κολ-ωνό-ς hill, κορ-ώ<*>η crow.—12. νυ (rare): primary, in λιγ-νύ-ς smoky fire.

13. αινα: secondary, of the person concerned (843 b. 5).—14. αν: primary, in μέλα_ς μέλαν-ος black.—15. εν (nom. -ην): primary, in τέρ-ην tender, ἄρρ-ην male.—16. ην: primary, in πευθ-ήν inquirer (πεύθ-ομαι, πυνθάνομαι inquire).—17. ι_ν (nom. -ι_ς): primary, in δελφί_ς dolphin, ὠδί_ς travail.— 18. ον (nom. -ων): primary, in words of agency: τέκτ-ων carpenter, τρυ_γ-ών turtle-dove (τρύζω murmur, τρυγ-), κλύδ-ων wave (κλύζω dash, κλυδ-); and in others, as εἰκ-ών image (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-), χι-ών snow.—19. ιον: secondary, in μαλακ-ίων darling, diminutive of μαλακό-ς soft.—ι_ον: primary, in comparatives; ἡδ-ί_ων sweeter (ἡδ-ύ-ς); secondary, in patronymics (845.5). —Ϝον: primary, in πί_ων fat.—20. ων: secondary, in words denoting persons possessing some physical or mental quality, as γάστρ-ων glutton (γαστήρ belly); to denote place (851. 3); in names of months: Ἀνθεστηριών.—21. Ϝων: primary, in αι᾽（ϝ）ών age, gen. αἰῶν-ος.—22. ιων: secondary, in patronymics (845. 5).—23. ιωνα_: secondary, in patronymics (845. 6).

862. SUFFIXES WITH LABIALS (π, φ）

1. οπ: primary, in σκόλ-οψ stake, pale (σκάλλω stir up; split?).—2. ωπ: primary, in κών-ωψ gnat.—3. φο, φα_ (rare): primary, in κρότ-αφοι the temples, κορυ-φή head (κόρυς helmet); usually in names of animals, as ἔρ-φο-ς kid, ἔλαφος deer; secondary, in late diminutives: θηρ-άφιο-ν insect (θήρ beast), κερδ-ύφιο-ν petty gain (κέρδ-ος gain).

863. SUFFIXES WITH DENTALS (τ, δ, θ）

a. Suffixes with τ.

1. τ: primary, at the end of stems, as ἀ-γνώς, ἀ-γνῶ-τ-ος unknown (γι-γνώ-σκω know).

2. το, τα_: primary, in verbal adjectives in -τό-ς (471) with the force of a perfect participle, as γνω-τό-ς known (γι-γνώ-σκω know), στα-τό-ς placed, standing (ἴ-στη-μι set, place), or with the idea of possibility, as λυ-τό-ς able to be loosed; in verbal abstracts, which sometimes become concrete: κοί-το-ς, κοί-τη bed (κεῖ-μαι lie), βρον-τή thunder (βρέμ-ω roar), φυ-τό-ν plant (φύ_ω produce), πο-τό-ν drink (πί_νω drink, πο- 529), βιο-τός, βιο-τή life, means of living (βίο-ς life）; in numerals, τρί-το-ς third, ἕκ-το-ς sex-tu-s.—In superlatives, ισ-το primary, as ἥδ-ιστο-ς sweetest (ἡδ-ύ-ς); τατο, secondary, as ἀληθέσ-τατο-ς most true (ἀληθής).—τα_ (nom. -τη-ς): primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 1); secondary, to denote the person concerned (843 a. 2).—ατο, ατα_: primary, in θάν-ατο-ς death (θνῄ-σκω, θαν-εῖν die), κάμ-ατο-ς weariness (κάμ-νω, καμ-εῖν am weary). ετο, ετα_: primary, in παγ-ετό-ς frost (πήγ-νυ_-μι make hard); secondary, in εὐν-έτη-ς bed-fellow (εὐνή bed, 843 a. N.). α_τα_ α_τιδ, ητα_ ητιδ, ι_τα_ ι_τιδ, ωτα_ ωτιδ, in gentiles (844. 2).

3. τα_τ (τητ): secondary, in substs. denoting quality (840 b. 4).—4. τεϝο: primary, in verbal adjectives (473).—5. τειρα_: primary, of the agent (839 b. 3).—6. τερο: secondary, in comparatives (313); substantivized in ἔν-τερο-ν bowel.—7. τηρ: primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 2), often regarded as the instrument: ῥαιστήρ hammer (838 a), ἀρυ-τήρ ladle.—8. τηρ-ιο: compound suffix, of place (851. 2), of means (842. 4), of wages (842. 5): θρεπ-τήρια reward for rearing (τρέφ-ω); in adjectives, 858. 14.—9. τι: primary, to denote action or an abstract idea (840 a. 1); rarely, of persons: μάν-τι-ς seer (μαίν-ομαι rage, am inspired, μαν-).—10. τιδ: primary, of the agent (839 b. 4).—11. τορ: primary, of the agent (839 a. 3).—12. τρα_: primary, of instrument or means (842. 3); of place (851. 6).—13. τρια_ (nom. -τρια): primary, of the agent (839 b. 2).—14. τριδ (nom. -τρίς): primary, of the agent (839 b. 1). —15. τριο: secondary, in ἀλλό-τρ-ιο-ς belonging to another.—16. τρο (-τρο-ς, -τρο-ν): primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 4), instrument (842. 1), place, as θέα_-τρο-ν theatre (place for seeing), λέκ-τρο-ν bed.— 17. τυ: primary, of actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 4); in ἄσ-τυ city, φῖ-τυ sprout (φύ_-ω produce); secondary, denoting connection with a numeral: τριτ-τύ-ς third of a tribe (τρί-το-ς third).

18. α_τ: primary, in κέρα_ς, κέρα_τ-ος (and κέρως, 258) horn.—19. ητ: primary, in πένης, -ητ-ος serf (πέν-ομαι toil), πλάν-ητ-ες planets (πλανά-ω wander). —20. ιτ: primary, in μέλι, -ιτ-ος honey (Lat. mel), χάρ-ις grace (χαίρω rejoice, χαρ-). See 859. 4.—21. ι_τιδ (nom. -ῖτις, fem.): secondary in words denoting place (851. 4).—22. ωτ: primary, in γέλως, -ωτος laughter (γελά-ω laugh).—23. ντ: primary, in active participles (except the perfect), as λύ_ο-ντ-ος; in some adjectives inflected like participles (ἑκών willing), and in participial substantives: δράκ-ων serpent (δέρκ-ομαι gleam, δρακ-εῖν), also in λέων lion, ἀδάμα_ς adamant. —24. ϝεντ (nom. -εις): secondary, in adjectives denoting fulness (858. 3), and in some proper names of places: Ὀποῦς Opus from Ὀποϝεντ-ς (844. 3).

b. Suffixes with δ.

1. δ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 1).—2. δ-ανο: secondary, in οὐτιδανό-ς a nobody (οὔτις nobody), properly from τιδ, neuter of τὶ, + ανό-ς. —ε-δανο: primary, in ῥι_γ-ε-δανό-ς chilling (ῥι_γ-έω shudder).—3. δ-απο: secondary, in ἀλλοδαπός foreign, properly = ἀλλοδ, neuter of ἄλλος (cp. aliud), + από-ς.—4. δ-α_: secondary, in patronymics (845. 1).—5. δ-ιο: στά-δ-ιο-ς standing (ἴ-στη-μι), with δ prob. from a word containing the suffix δ, as ἀμ-φάδιο-ς public from ἀμ-φαδό-ν publicly.—6. δων: primary, in μελ-ε-δών care (μέλει is a care), ἀλγ-η-δών pain (ἀλγέ-ω suffer); secondary, in κοτυληδών a cup-shaped hollow (κοτύλη cup); cp. ἀχθ-η-δών distress (ἄχθ-ος burden).—7. δωνα_: primary, in μελ-ε-δώνη care (see δων).

8. αδ: primary, in νιφ-άς, -άδ-ος snow-flake (νί_φ-ω, better νείφ-ω, snow), φυγ-άς exile (φεύγ-ω flee, φυγ-), λαμπ-άς torch (λάμπ-ω shine); secondary, in abstract feminines denoting number (840 b. 5).—9. ιαδ, 10. ιαδα_: secondary, in patronymics (845. 3).—11. αδιο: secondary, in κατ-ωμ-άδιο-ς from the shoulder (ὦμο-ς), derived from διχθ-άδ-ιο-ς divided (διχθάς, -άδος divided).—12. ιδ: primary, in ἀσπ-ίς, -ίδ-ος shield, ἐλπ-ίς hope (ἔλπομαι hope); secondary, in adj. as συμμαχίς allied (πόλις) from σύμμαχο-ς allied with; in words denoting the person concerned (843 b. 2); in gentiles (844. 1), as Περσίς Persian woman; in feminine patronymics (845. 4).—13. ιδα_: secondary, in patronymics (845. 4).—14. ιδεο: secondary, in names of relationship (850).— 15. ιδευ: secondary, in diminutives (853).—16. ιδιο: secondary, in diminutives (852. 2), and transferred in μοιρ-ίδιο-ς doomed (μοῖρα doom). —17. ι_δ: secondary, in κνημί_ς greave (κνήμη leg, thigh).—18. νδα_: secondary, in patronymics (846, e).—19. ωδες: secondary, in adjectives of fulness (858. 16).

c. Suffixes with θ.

1. θ appears in suffixes that are obscure in relation to root or stem (832): ὄρνι_ς ὄρνι_θ-ος bird, ψάμαθος sand, κύαθος cup, πέλεθος ordure; several in -νθ (probably not Greek), as ἐρέβ-ινθος chick-pea.—2. θλο, θλα_: primary, in γέν-ε-θλο-ν, γεν-έ-θλη race (γίγ-νομαι become, γεν-).—3. θλιο: secondary, in γεν-έ-θλιο-ς belonging to one's birth.—4. θρο, θρα: primary, in ἄρ-θρο-ν joint (ἀραρίσκω join, ἀρ-), ἐπι-βά-θρα_ ladder (βαίνω go, βα-).

864. SUFFIXES WITH PALATALS (κ, γ, χ）

1. κο, κα_: primary (rare), in θή-κη box (τί-θη-μι place); secondary, in adjectives (858.6).—ακο (rare): primary, in μαλ-ακό-ς soft (cp. Lat. mollis); secondary in adjectives (858. 6. c).—ιακο: secondary, in κυ_ρ-ιακό-ς of the Lord.—ικο, ικα_: secondary, in adjectives (858. 6), in gentiles (844. 3). —2. σκο, σκα_: primary, in δίσκος quoit ( = δικ + σκο-ς from δικ-εῖν throw), βο-σκή food (cp. βό-σκω feed).—ισκο: secondary, in diminutives (852. 6).

3. ακ: primary, in μεῖραξ lass, μειράκ-ιο-ν lad dimin. 854, κόλαξ flatterer.— 4. α_κ: primary, in θώρα_ξ breast-plate.—5. ικ: primary, in κύλιξ cup, ἧλιξ comrade.—6. ι_κ: primary, in πέρδιξ, -ι_κος partridge.—7. υ_κ: primary, in κῆρυξ, -υ_κος herald.

8. αγ: primary, in ἅρπαξ rapacious, ἁρπαγ-ή seizure (cp. ἁρπάζω seize).— 9. ι_γ: primary, in μάστιξ, -ι_γ-ος whip.—10. υγ: primary, in ἄντυξ, -υγος rim.—11. γγ: primary, denoting something hollow, in φάλαγξ phalanx, σάλπιγξ trumpet, λάρυγξ larynx.

12. ιχο: secondary, in ὀρτάλ-ιχο-ς chick, dimin. (ὀρταλί-ς chicken).

865. SUFFIXES WITH SIGMA

1. σι ( = τι): primary, denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 2); rarely of persons: πό-σι-ς husband.—2. σια_: primary, denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 3).—3. σιο: primary, in μετ-άρ-σιο-ς raised from the ground (μετ-αίρω lift up, ἀρ-).—4. σιμο: in adj. (858. 9).—5. στηνο: in δύ（ς）στηνο-ς unhappy.—6. στο: secondary, in τρια_κοστό-ς thirtieth from τρια_κοντ + το-ς.—7. συνο, συνα_: secondary, in adjectives: δουλό-συνος enslaved (δοῦλο-ς), θάρσυνος bold = θαρσο-συνος (θάρσ-ος courage, 129 c), and in the feminine, to make abstract substantives (840 b. 3).

8. ας: primary, in γέρ-ας prize; varying with ατ, as in τέρ-ας τέρατ-ος portent (258), or with ες (264 D. 3).—9. ες: primary, denoting quality (840 a. 8) or result (841. 1) in adjectives (858. 5.)—10. ις: primary, in κόνις dust, found in κονί_ω ( = κονισ-ῖω, 500. 2, D).—11. ισσα_: secondary, in words denoting the person concerned (843 b. 4).—12. ος: primary, in αἰδώς shame (αἰδοῦς from αἰδο (ς）-ος, 266).—13. ι_ος: primary, in comparatives (293 d, 318).

DENOMINATIVE VERBS

The formation of primitive verbs (372) is treated in 496-529, 607-624, 722-743.

866. Denominative verbs are formed from the stems of nouns (substantives or adjectives). Verbs lacking such a noun-stem are made on the model of the ordinary denominative verb. The principal terminations are as follows:

1. -αω: derived chiefly from words with α_ stems (a few from words of the second declension). Verbs in -αω denote to do, to be , or to have, that which is expressed by the stem.

τι_μά-ω honour (τι_μή, stem τι_μα_-), ἀ_ριστά-ω breakfast (ἄ_ριστο-ν breakfast), τολμά-ω dare (τόλμα daring, stem τολμα_-), κομά-ω wear long hair (κόμη hair). κοιμά-ω, lull to sleep, has no primitive noun.

On -ιαω and -αω denoting a desire or a bodily condition, see 868 b.

2. -εω: derived chiefly from όε- stems (834 f), and thence extended to all kinds of stems. Verbs in -εω denote a condition or an activity, and are often intransitive.

οἰκέ-ω dwell (οἶκο-ς house, οἰκόε-), φιλέ-ω love (φίλο-ς dear, φιλόε-), ὑπηρετέω serve (ὑπηρέτης servant, ὑπηρετα_-), εὐτυχ-έ-ω am fortunate (εὐτυχής fortunate, εὐτυχεσ-), μι_σ-έ-ω hate (μῖσος hate, μι_σεσ-), σωφρον-έ-ω am temperate (σώφρων), μαρτυρ-έ-ω bear witness (μάρτυς, -υρ-ος).

a. Some εω-verbs from εσ-stems have older forms in -είω (624 a).

3. -οω: chiefly derived from ο-stems. Verbs in -οω are usually factitive, denoting to cause or to make.

δηλό-ω manifest, make clear (δῆλο-ς), δουλό-ω enslave (δοῦλο-ς), ζηλό-ω emulate (ζῆλο-ς emulation), ζημιό-ω punish (ζημία_ damage), μαστι_γό-ω whip (μάστιξ, -ι_γος whip). ἀρόω plough has no primitive.

On the formation of the present stem of verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, see 522.

4. -ευω: derived from substantives from ευ-stems (607) and thence extended to other stems. ευω-verbs usually denote a condition, sometimes an activity.

βασιλεύ-ω am king, rule (βασιλεύ-ς), βουλεύ-ω counsel (βουλή), κινδυ_νεύ-ω venture, incur danger (κίνδυ_νο-ς), παιδεύ-ω educate (παῖς boy, girl), θεραπεύ-ω attend (θεράπων attendant).

5. -υ_ω (rare): from υ-stems, as δακρύ_-ω weep (δάκρυ tear). Cp. 608.

6. -οζω, -ιζω: derived originally from stems in δ or γ (as ἐλπίζω hope = ἐλπιδ-ῖω, ἁρπάζω seize = ἁρπαγ-ιω), and thence widely extended to other stems (cp. 623 δ, γ). Such verbs denote action.

γυμνάζω exercise (γυμνάς, -άδ-ος stripped, naked); ἀναγκάζω compel (ἀνάγκη necessity); ἀτι_μάζω dishonour (ἄτι_μος); βιάζομαι use force (βία_ force); θαυμάζω wonder (θαῦμα); φροντίζω take care (φροντίς); ὑβρίζω insult (ὕβρι-ς outrage); νομίζω consider (νόμο-ς custom, law); τειχίζω fortify (τεῖχ-ος wall, stem τειχεσ-); χαρίζομαι do a favour (χάρις, -ιτος favour).

a. Verbs in -ιζω and -ιαζω derived from proper names express an adoption of language, manners, opinions, or politics:

ἑλληνίζω speak Greek (Ἕλλην), βακχιάζω act like a bacchante (βακχιάς), λακωνίζω imitate Laconian manners (Λάκων), μηδίζω side with the Medes (Μῆδος).

b. Verbs in -εζω, -οζω, and -υζω are rare (πιέζω press, poet. δεσπόζω am lord, κοκκύζω cry cuckoo).

7. -αινω: originally from stems in -αν + [ιγλιδε]ω (518), but usually extended to other stems. See 620, III.

μελαίνω blacken (μέλα_ς black, μελαν-), εὐφραίνω gladden (εὔφρων glad, εὐφρον-), σημαίνω signify (σῆμα, σήματ-ος sign), χαλεπαίνω am angry (χαλεπό-ς hard, angry).

8. -υ_νω: from stems in υν + ῖω (519). The primitive words often show stems in υ. See 620, III.

βαθύ_νω deepen (βαθύ-ς deep), ταχύ_νω hasten (ταχύ-ς swift), αἰσχύ_νω disgrace (αἶσχ-ος shame), θαρρύ_νω encourage (θάρρ-ος courage).

9. On other denominatives in λω, νω, ρω, see 620, III; on inceptives see 526-528.

10. Parallel formations are frequent, often with different meanings.

ἀ_ριστάω take a midday meal, ἀ_ριστίζω give a midday meal; ἀτιμάω, (poet.) ἀτι_μόω, ἀτι_μάζω dishonour; δουλόω enslave, δουλεύω am a slave; εὐδαιμονέω am happy, εὐδαιμονίζω account happy, congratulate; θαρρέω am courageous, θαρρύ_νω encourage; ὁρκόω, ὁρκίζω make one swear an oath; ὁρμάω urge on, ὁρμαίνω (poet.) ponder; ὁρμέω lie at anchor, ὁρμίζω anchor trans. (ὅρμος anchorage); πολεμέω (πολεμίζω Epic) wage war, πολεμόω make hostile; σκηνάω put in shelter, mid. take up one's abode, σκηνέω am in camp, σκηνόω encamp, go into quarters; σωφρονέω am temperate, σωφρονίζω chasten; τυραννέω, τυραννεύω am absolute ruler, τυραννίζω take the part of absolute ruler, τυραννιάω (late) smack of tyranny. Cp. 531.

867. Frequentatives and Intensives.—These are mostly poetical. -αω in στρωφάω turn constantly (στρέφω turn), τρωχάω gallop (τρέχω run), ποτάομαι, πωτάομαι, and ποτέομαι, fly about (πέτομαι fly). -στρεω in ἐλαστρέω drive (ἐλάω, ἐλαύνω). -ταω in σκιρτάω spring (σκαίρω skip). -ταζω in ἑλκυστάζω drag about (ἕλκω drag). With reduplication, often with change of the stem-vowel, in ποιπνύω puff (πνέω breathe, πνυ-), πορφύ_ρω gleam darkly (φύ_ρω mix), παμφαίνω shine brightly (φαίνω bring to light, make appear).

868. Desideratives express desire. Such verbs end in -σειω, -ιαω, and rarely in -αω. Thus, πολεμησείω desire to wage war (πολεμέω), ἀπαλλαξείω wish to get rid of (ἀλλάττω exchange), γελασείω wish to laugh (γελάω); στρατηγιάω wish to be general (στρατηγός); φονάω wish to shed blood (φόνος murder).

a. Verbs in -ιαω and -αω are formed from substantives. Those in -σειω may come from the future stem.

b. -ιαω and -αω may denote a bodily affection: ὀφθαλμιάω suffer from ophthalmia (ὀφθαλμία_), βραγχάω am hoarse (βραγχός hoarse). Some verbs in -ωττω (-ωσσω) have a similar meaning: τυφλώττω am blind (τυφλός), and even λι_μώσσω am hungry (λι_μός hunger).

COMPOUND WORDS

869. A compound word is formed by the union of two or more parts; as λογο-γράφο-ς speech-writer, δι-έξ-οδο-ς outlet (lit. way out through).

a. Compounds of three or more parts usually fall into two separate units; as βατραχο-μυ_ο-μαχία_ battle of the frogs-and-mice. Such compounds are common in comedy; as στρεψο-δικο-παν-ουργία_ rascally perversion of justice.

b. In a compound word two or more members are united under one accent; as in bláckberry contrasted with black berry. Most compounds in Greek, an inflected language, are genuine compounds, not mere word-groups such as are common in English, which is for the most part devoid of inflections.

c. Every compound contains a defining part and a defined part. The defining part usually precedes: εὐ-τυχής fortunate, as opposed to δυσ-τυχής unfortunate. The parts of a compound stand in various syntactical relations to each other, as that of adjective or attributive genitive to a substantive, or that of adverb or object to a verb, etc. Compounds may thus be regarded as abbreviated forms of syntax. Cp. 895 a, 897 N. 1.

FIRST PART OF A COMPOUND

870. The first part of a compound may be a noun-stem, a verbstem, a numeral, a preposition or adverb, or an inseparable prefix.

a. The use of stems in composition is a survival of a period in the history of language in which inflections were not fully developed.

FIRST PART A NOUN-STEM

871. First Declension (α_-stems).—The first part may

a. end in α_ or η (rarely): ἀγορα_-νόμο-ς clerk of the market (ἀγορά_), νι_κη-φόρο-ς bringing victory (νί_κη).

b. end in ο: δικο-γράφο-ς writer of law-speeches (δίκη justice). Here ο is substituted for α_ of the stem by analogy to ο-stems.

N.—Compounds of γῆ earth have γεω- (for γηο- by 34); as γεω-μέτρης surveyor (land-measurer; μετρέω measure). Doric has γα_-μέτρης. Cp. 224 a.

c. lose its vowel before a vowel: κεφαλ-αλγής causing head-ache (κεφαλή head, ἄλγ-ος pain).

872. Second Declension (ο-stems).—The first part may

a. end in ο: λογο-γράφο-ς speech-writer.

b. end in α_ or η (rarely): ἐλαφη-βόλο-ς deer-shooting (ἔλαφος, βάλλω). Here η is due to the analogy of α_-stems.

c. lose ο before a vowel: μόν-αρχο-ς monarch (sole ruler: μόνο-ς alone, ἄρχ-ω rule).

N.—Words of the ‘Attic’ declension may end in ω, as νεω-κόρο-ς custodian of a temple (νεώς).

873. Third Declension (consonant stems).—The first part may

a. show the stem (ι, υ, αυ, ου): μαντι-πόλο-ς inspired (μάντι-ς seer, πέλ-ω, cp. -κολος), ἰχθυ-βόλο-ς catching-fish (ἰχθύ_ς, βάλλω), βου-κόλο-ς ox-herd (βοῦ-ς, -κολο-ς, cp. Lat. colo, and 131).

N.—A few consonant stems retain the consonant: μελάγ-χολος dipped in black bile (μέλα_ς, χολή). See also 876.

b. add ο to the stem: σωματ-ο-φύλαξ body-guard (σῶμα body, φυλάττω guard), μητρ-ό-πολις mother-city, metropolis (μήτηρ, πόλις), φυσι-ο-λόγος natural philosopher (φύσι-ς nature), ἰχθυ-ο-πώλης fishmonger (ἰχθύ_ς, πωλέω sell).

c. add α^ (rarely η): ποδ-ά-νιπτρο-ν water for washing the feet (ποῦς, νίπτω), λαμπαδ-η-δρομία_ torch-race.

874. Compounds of πᾶς all usually show πα^ν-, as πάν-σοφο-ς (and πάσ-σοφος 101 b) all-wise, παρ-ρησία_ frankness (‘all-speaking’); but also παντ- in πάνταρχος all-ruling; and παντ-ο- in παντ-ο-πώλιο-ν bazaar (πωλέω sell).

875. Neuter stems in ματ usually show ματ-ο, as ἀγαλματ-ο-ποιό-ς sculptor (ἄγαλμα statue, ποιέω make). Some have μα, as ὀνομα-κλυτό-ς of famous name; some show μο for ματο, as αἱμο-ρραγία_ hemorrhage (αἷμα, -ατος blood, ῥήγνυ_μι break, 80).

876. Stems in ες (nom. -ης or -ος) usually drop ες and add ο; as ψευδ-ο μαρτυρία_ false testimony (ψευδ-ής); and so stems in ας, as κρεο-φάγο-ς flesh-eating (κρέας, φαγεῖν 529. 5). Some stems in ες and ας retain ες and ας (in poetry), as σακεσ-πάλο-ς wielding a shield (σάκος, πάλλω), σελασ-φόρο-ς light-bringing (σέλας, φέρω); some add ι (for sake of the metre), as ὀρεσ-ί-τροφος mountain-bred (ὄρος, τρέφω); these may belong to 879.

877. Other abbreviations: γαλα-θηνό-ς nurse (γαλακτ- milk, θῆ-σθαι give suck), μελι-ηδής honey-sweet (μελιτ-), κελαι-νεφής black with clouds from κελαινό-ς black (cp. 129 c) and νέφος cloud.

878. Words once beginning with Ϝ or ς.—When the second part consists of a word beginning with digamma, a preceding vowel is often not elided: κακο-εργός (Epic) doing ill (later κακοῦργος) from ϝέργο-ν work; μηνο-ειδής crescent-shaped (μήνη moon, ϝεῖδος shape); τι_μά_-ορος (later τι_μωρός) avenging (τι_μή honour, ϝοράω observe, defend).—Compounds of -οχος, from ἔχω have (orig. σέχω, -σοχος) contract: κληροῦχος holding an allotment of land (κλῆρο-ς lot), πολι-οῦχος protecting a city (for πολι-ο-οχος).

879. Flectional Compounds.—A compound whose first part is a case form, not a stem, is called a flectional compound (cp. sportsman, kinsfolk): (1) nominative: τρεισ-καί-δεκα thirteen; (2) genitive: Διόσ-κουροι Dioscuri (sons of Zeus), Ἑλλήσ-ποντος Helle's sea, Πελοπόν-νησος (for Πελοποσ-νησος, 105 a) Pelops' island; (3) dative: δορί-ληπτος won by the spear; (4) locative: ὁδοι-πόρος wayfarer, Πυλοι-γενής born in Pylus.—From such compounds derivatives may be formed, as Ἑλλησπόντιος of the Hellespont, θεοισεχθρία_ hatred of the gods.

FIRST PART A VERB-STEM

880. Some compounds have as their first part a verb-stem (cp. break-water, pick-pocket, catch-penny). Such compounds are usually poetic adjectives. The verb-stem is usually transitive and has the form that appears in the present or aorist.

881. Before a vowel the verb-stem remains unchanged or drops a final vowel; before a consonant it adds ε, ο, or ι: φέρ-ασπις shield-bearing, μι_σ-άνθρωπος man-hating (μι_σέ-ω), ἐκ-ε-χειρία_ (125 d) holding of hands, truce, λιπ-ο-στρατία_ desertion of the army, νι_κ-ό-βουλος prevailing in the Senate, ἀρχ-ι-τέκτων masterbuilder.

882. The verb-stem adds σι (before a vowel, ς). Some insert ε before σι (ς): σω-σί-πολις saving the state (σῴζω), ῥί_ψ-ασπις craven, lit. throwing away a shield (ῥί_π-τ-ω), δηξί-θυ_μος (and δακ-έ-θυ_μος) heart-eating (δάκ-ν-ω), ἑλκ-ε-σίπεπλος with long train, lit. trailing the robe (cp. ἑλκ-ε-χίτων)

a. This ε is the vowel added in many verb-stems (485).

FIRST PART A NUMERAL

883. The first part of a compound is often a numeral: δί-πους biped, τρί-πους tripod (having three feet), τέθρ-ιππον four-horse chariot, πέντ-α_θλον contest in five events.

FIRST PART A PREPOSITION OR ADVERB

884. A preposition or adverb is often the first part of a compound: εἴσ-οδος entrance, ἀπο-φεύγω flee from, εὐ-τυχής happy, ἀείμνηστος ever to be remembered.

a. Except when the substantive is treated as a verbal (as in εἴσ-οδος entrance, cp. εἰσ-ιέναι enter), prepositions are rarely compounded with substantives. Thus, σύν-δουλος fellow-slave, ὑπο-διδάσκαλος (= ὁ ὑπό τινι δ.) under-teacher; also ὑπό-λευκος whitish.

b. The ordinary euphonic changes occur. Observe that πρό before may contract with ο or ε to ου: προέχω or προὔχω hold before (cp. 449 b). See 124 a.

c. η sometimes is inserted after a preposition or takes the place of a final vowel: ὑπερ-ή-φανος conspicuous, ἐπ-ή-βολος having achieved.

d. Akin to adverbial compounds are some in φιλ-ο, as φιλο-μαθής one who gladly learns.

FIRST PART AN INSEPARABLE PREFIX

885. Several prefixes occur only in composition:

1. α᾽（ν)- (ἀν- before a vowel, ἀ- before a consonant; alpha privative) with a negative force like Lat. in-, Eng. un- (or -less): ἀν-άξιος unworthy (= οὐκ ἄξιος), ἀν-όμοιος unlike, ἀν-ώδυνος anodyne (ὀδύνη pain, cp. 887), ἄ-νους silly, ἄ-τι_μος unhonoured, ἄ-θεος godless, γάμος ἄγαμος marriage that is no marriage. ἀ- is also found before words once beginning with digamma or sigma: ἀ-ηδής unpleasant (ϝηδύς), ἀ-όρα_τος unseen (ϝοράω), ἄ-οπλος without shields (σοπλον), and, by contraction with the following vowel, ἄ_κων (ἀ-ϝέκων unwilling). But ἀν- often appears: ἀν-έλπιστος (and ἄ-ελπτος) unhoped for (ϝελπίς), ἄν-οπλος without shield.

a. ἀ-, ἀν- (for ṇ, 35 b) represent weak forms of I. E. ne ‘not.’

2. ἡμι- half (Lat. sēmi-): ἡμι-κύκλιος semi-circular (κύκλος), ἡμι-όλιος half as much again (ὅλος whole), ἡμι-θνής half-dead.

3. δυσ- (opposed to εὖ well) ill, un-, mis-, denoting something difficult, bad, or unfortunate, as δυσ-τυχής unfortunate, δυσ-χερής hard to manage, δυσδαίμων of ill fortune (contrast εὐ-τυχής, εὐ-χερής, εὐ-δαίμων), δυσ-άρεστος ill-pleased, Δύσ-παρις ill-starred Paris.

4. ἀ- (or ἁ-) copulative denotes union, likeness (cp. Lat. con-); ἀ-κόλουθος attendant, agreeing with (κέλευθος path: i.e. going on the same road), ἀ-τάλαντος of the same weight, ἅ-πα_ς all together. A variation of ἀ-copulative is ἀ- intensive: ἀ-τενής stretched (τείνω stretch), ἄ-πεδος level (πέδον ground).

a. ἀ- copulative stands for σα- (from ςṃ 20, 35 c), and is connected with ἅμα, ὁμοῦ, and ὁμο- together.

5. νη- (poetic) with the force of a negative (cp. Lat. nē): νή-ποινος unavenged (ποινή punishment), νη-πενθής freeing from pain and sorrow (πένθος). In some cases νη- may be derived from ν (not) and the η of the second part, as ν-ῆστις not eating (poetic ἔδ-ω, cp. 887).

6. ἀρι-, ἐρι- (poetic) with intensive force (cp. ἄρι-στος best), ἀρι-πρεπής very distinguished (πρέπω), ἐρί-τι_μος precious.

7. ἀγα- (poetic) intensive (cp. ἄγαν very): ἀγά-στονος loud wailing (στένω groan).

8. ζα-, δα- (poetic) intensive (for δ[ιγλιδε]α ῀ δια- very, 116): ζα-μενής very courageous (μένος courage), δά-σκιος thick-shaded (σκιά_).

LAST PART OF A COMPOUND

886. Compound Substantives and Adjectives.—The last part of a noun-compound consists of a noun-stem or of a verb-stem with a noun-suffix.

887. Nouns beginning with α^, ε, ο lengthen these vowels (α^ and ε to η, ο to ω) unless they are long by position. στρατ-ηγός army-leading, general (στρατός, ἄγω), εὐ-ήνεμος with fair wind (εὖ well, ἄνεμος), ξεν-ηλασία_ driving out of foreigners (ξένος, ἐλαύνω), ἀν-ώνυμος nameless (ἀν-, ὄνομα), ἀν-ώμαλος uneven (ἀν-, ὁμαλός).

a. Some compounds of ἄγω lead show α_: λοχ-α_γός captain (λόχος company).

b. By analogy to the compound the simple form sometimes assumes a long vowel: ἠνεμόεσσα windy. Cp. 28 D.

c. Lengthening rarely occurs when a preposition or πᾶς precedes: συν-ωμοσία_ conspiracy (ὄμνυ_μι swear), παν-ήγυρις general assembly (ἄγυρις ῀ ἀγορά_).

d. The lengthening in 887 is properly the result of early contraction (στρατο ¨ αγος). On the pattern of such contracted forms irrational lengthening occurs when the first part of the compound ends in a consonant, as δυσ-ηλεγής (for δυσ-αλεγής) cruel from ἀλέγω care for.

888. A noun forming the last part of a compound often changes its final syllable.

N. Masculine or feminine nouns of the second or third declensions usually remain unaltered: ἔν-θεος inspired, ἄ-παις childless.

a. -ος, -η, -ον: form compound adjectives from nouns of the first declension, neuters of the second declension, nouns of the third declension, and from many verb-stems. ἄ-τι_μος dishonoured (τι_μή), σύν-δειπνος companion at table (δεῖπνο-ν meal), ἄν-αιμος bloodless (αἷμα, 875), ἑκατόγ-χειρος hundred-handed (χείρ), δασμοφόρος bringing tribute (φέρ-ω), γεω-γράφος geographer 871 b. N. (γράφ-ω), ἰχθυο-φάγος fish-eating (φαγεῖν 529. 5).

b. -ης, -ες: form compound adjectives from nouns of the first and third declensions, and from many verb-stems: ἀ-τυχής unfortunate (τύχη), δεκα-ετής of ten years (ϝέτος), εὐ-ειδής beautiful in form (εἶδος), εὐ-μαθής quick at learning (μανθάνω, μαθ-), ἀ-φανής invisible (φαίνω, φαν-).

c. Other endings are -ης (gen. -ου), -της, -τηρ: γεω-μέτρης surveyor (871 b. N.), νομο-θέτης law-giver (νόμος, τίθημι, θε-), μηλο-βοτήρ shepherd (μῆλον, βό-σκω feed).

d. Neuters in -μα make adjectives in -μων: πρᾶγμα thing, ἀ-πρά_γμων inactive. φρήν mind becomes -φρων: εὔ-φρων well-minded, cheerful.—πατήρ father becomes -πάτωρ: ἀ-πάτωρ fatherless, φιλο-πάτωρ loving his father.

e. Compounds of γῆ land end in -γειος, -γεως: κατά-γειος subterranean, λεπτό-γεως of thin soil.—Compounds of ναῦς ship, κέρας horn, γῆρας old age end in -ως, as περί-νεως supercargo, ὑψί-κερως lofty-antlered (163 a), ἀ-γήρως free from old age.

889. The last member of a compound is often a verbal element that is not used separately: ἀγαλματ-ο-ποιός statue-maker, sculptor, ὑπ-ήκοος subject (ἀκούω hear, ἀκήκοα), λογο-γράφος speech-writer. -φορος bringing, -δομος building, -δρομος running are used separately in the meanings tribute, building, race.

890. An abstract word can enter into composition only by taking a derivative ending (usually -ια_) formed from a real or assumed compound adjective: ναῦ-ς ship, μάχη fight = ναύ-μαχος, whence ναυ-μαχία_ naval battle; εὖ well, βουλή counsel = εὔ-βουλος, whence εὐ-βουλία_ good counsel; ἀν-neg., ἀρχή rule = ἄν-αρχος, whence ἀν-αρχία_ anarchy; εὖ well, πρᾶξις doing = *εὐπρα_ξος, whence εὐ-πρα_ξία_ well-doing. Contrast εὐ-βουλία_ with προ-βουλή forethought, εὐ-λογία_ eulogy with πρό-λογος prologue.

a. Only after a preposition does an abstract word remain unchanged: προβουλή forethought. Exceptions are rare: μισθο-φορά_ receipt of wages (μισθός, φορά_).

891. Compound Verbs.—Verbs can be compounded directly only by prefixing a preposition, as συμ-μάχομαι fight along with.

a. A preposition (πρό-θεσις) derived its name from this use as a prefix. Originally all prepositions were adverbs modifying the verb, and in Homer are partly so used. See 1638, 1639. Cp. upheave and heave up.

892. All compound verbs not compounded with prepositions are denominatives (ending in -εω) and formed from real or assumed compound nouns. From ναῦς ship and μάχη fight comes ναύμαχος fighting in ships, whence ναυμαχέω fight in ships; so οἰκοδομέω build a house from οἰκο-δόμος house-builder (οἶκος, δέμω). Contrast ἀνα-πείθω bring over, convince with ἀ-πιστέω disbelieve (ἄ-πιστος); ἀντι-λέγω speak against with ὁμο-λογέω agree (ὁμόλογος agreeing).—εὖ ἀγγέλλω announce good news cannot form a verb εὐαγγελλω.

a. ἀτι_μάω (ἀτίω) dishonour, δακρυχέω shed tears are exceptions. ἀν-ομοιόω make unlike is not from ἀν- and ὁμοιόω but from ἀν-όμοιος unlike.

ACCENT OF COMPOUNDS

893. Compounds generally have recessive accent, as φιλό-τι_μος loving-<*> (τι_μή). But there are many exceptions, e.g.—

a. P<*>tives in -ά_, -ή, -ής, -εύς, -μός, and -έος usually keep their accent when compoun<*>; except dissyllabic words in -ά_, -ή, -ής whose first part is not a preposition. Thus, κριτής judge, ὑποκριτής actor, ὀνειροκρίτης interpreter of dreams.

b. Compound adjectives in -ης, -ες are usually oxytone: εὐ-γενής well-born.

894. Compounds in -ος (not -τος or -κος) formed by the union of a noun or adverb and the stem of a transitive verb are:

a. <*> when they have a long penult and an active meaning: στρατ-ηγός general.

b. <*> when they have short penult and an active meaning: πατροκτ<*> <*>icide, λιθο-βόλος throwing-stones, λαιμο-τόμος throat-cutting, ὑδροφο<*> <*>ter-carrier.

c. propar<*>, when they have a short penult and passive meaning: πατρόκτο<*> <*>ain by a father, λιθό-βολος pelted with stones, λαιμό-τομος with thr<*> out, αὐτό-γραφος written with one's own hand.

N.—A<*> compounds of -οχος (ἔχ-ω, 878), -αρχος (ἄρχ-ω), -συ_λος (συ_λά-ω rob<*> -πο<*> (πέρθ-ω destroy) are proparoxytone; ἡνί-οχος (rein-holder) charioteer, <*> commander of horses, ἱερό-συ_λος temple-robber, πτολί-πορθος sacking cities. <*> staff-bearer (ῥαβδός) is contracted from ῥαβδό-οχος.

MEANING OF COMPOUNDS

895. Compound nouns (substantives and adjectives) are divided, according to their meaning, into three main classes: determinative, possessive, and prepositional-phrase, compounds.

a. The <*>ical relation of the parts of compounds varies so greatly that boundary-lines between the different classes are difficult to set up, and a complete formal division is impossible. The poets show a much wider range of usage than the pro<*>-writers.

896. Determinative Compounds.—In most determinative compounds the first part modifies or determines the second part: the modifier stands first, the principal word second.

Thus by hand-work a particular kind of work is meant, as contrasted with machine-work; cp. speech-writer and letter-writer, race-horse and horse-race.

a. The first part may be an adjective, an adverb, a preposition, an inseparable prefix, or, in a few cases, a substantive.

897. There are two kinds of determinative compounds.

(1) Descriptive determinative compounds.—The first part defines or explains the second part in the sense of an adjective or adverb. (This class is less numerous than the second class.)

ἀκρό-πολις upper city, citadel (ἄκρα_ πόλις), ὁμό-δουλος fellow-slave (ὁμοῦ δουλεύων, cp. 885. 4 a), ὀψί-γονος late-born (ὀψὲ γενόμενος), προ-βουλή forethought, ἀμφι-θέα_τρον amphitheatre (a place-for-seeing round about), ἄ-γραφος not written (οὐ γεγραμμένος).

a. Copulative compounds are formed by the coördination of two substantives or adjectives: ἰ_α_τρό-μαντις physician and seer, γλυκύ-πικρος sweetly-bitter. Similar is deaf-mute. So also in numerals: δώ-δεκα two (and) ten = 12.

b. Comparative compounds (generally poetic) are μελι-ηδής honey-sweet (μέλι, ἡδύς), ποδ-ήνεμος Ἶρις Iris, with feet swift as the wind. Cp. eagle-eyed, goldfish, blockhead. Such compounds are often possessive (898), as ῥοδο-δάκτυλος rosy-fingered, χρυ_σο-κόμης golden-haired.

(2) Dependent determinative compounds.—A substantive forming either the first or the second part stands in the sense of an oblique case (with or without a preposition) to the other part.

Accusative: λογο-γράφος speech-writer (λόγους γράφων), στρατ-ηγός armyleading, general (στρατὸν ἄγων), φιλ-άνθρωπος loving mankind (φιλῶν ἀνθρώπους), δεισι-δαίμων superstitious (δεδιὼς τοὺς δαίμονας); cp. pickpocket, sightseer, painstaking, soothsayer, laughter-loving.

Genitive: στρατό-πεδον camp (στρατοῦ πέδον ground on which an army is encamped). In ἀξιό-λογος worthy of mention (ἄξιος λόγου) the defining part stands second (869 c) and is governed by the adjective part like a preposition (cp. 899). Cp. ringmaster, law-offcer, jest-book.

(Ablative): ἀνεμο-σκεπής sheltering from the wind; cp. land-breeze, sea-breeze.

Dative: ἰσό-θεος godlike (ἴσος θεῷ); cp. churchgoer, blood-thirsty.

(Instrumental): χειρ-ο-ποίητος made by hand (χερσὶ ποιητός), χρυ_σό-δετος bound with gold (χρυ_σῷ δετός); cp. thunder-struck, storm-swept, star-sown.

(Locative): οἰκο-γενής born in the house (ἐν οἴκῳ γενόμενος), ὁδοι-πόρος wayfarer (879); cp. heart-sick.

N. 1.—The Greeks did not think of any actual case relation as existing in these compounds, and the case relation that exists is purely logical. The same form may be analysed in different ways, as φιλάνθρωπος ῀ φιλῶν ἀνθρώπους or = φίλος ἀνθρώπων.

N. 2.—Such compounds may often be analysed by a preposition and a dependent noun: θεό-δμητος god-built (ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν δμητός).

898. Possessive Compounds.—In possessive compounds the first part defines the second as in determinatives; but the whole compound is an adjective expressing a quality, with the idea of possession understood. In most possessive compounds the idea of having (ἔχων) is to be supplied.

So, in English, redbreast is a bird having a red breast, the first part being an attribute of the second.

ἀργυρό-τοξος having a silver bow; μακρό-χειρ having long arms, long-armed; θεο-ειδής having the appearance (εἶδος) of a god, godlike; σώ-φρων having sound mind, temperate; τέθρ-ιππος having four horses; ὁμό-τροπος of like character (ὁμο-occurs only in compounds, but note ὅμοιος like); πολυ-κέφαλος many-headed; εὐ-τυχής having good fortune, fortunate; δεκα-ετής lasting ten years (cp. a twoyear-old); ἀμφι-κί_ων having pillars round about; ἔν-θεος inspired (having a god within: ἐν ἑαυτῷ θεὸν ἔχων).

a. Adjectives in -ειδής from εἶδος form (ἀστερ-ο-ειδής star-like, ἰχθυ-ο-ειδής fish-like, μην-ο-ειδής crescent, πολυ-ειδής of many kinds, σφαιρ-ο-ειδής spherical) are to be distinguished from those in -ώδης derived from ὄζω smell (833 a).

b. English possessive compounds in -ed apply that ending only to the compound as a whole and not to either member. In Milton: deep-throated, whitehanded, open-hearted; in Keats: subtle-cadenced. Besides those in -ed there are others such as Bluebeard.

c. Many possessive compounds begin with α᾽（ν)-negative or δυσ- ill; as ἄ-παις childless (having no children or not having children, παῖδας οὐκ ἔχων), ἄ-τι_μος dishonoured (having no honour), δύσ-βουλος ill advised (having evil counsels).

899. Prepositional-phrase Compounds.—Many phrases made of a preposition and its object unite to form a compound and take on adjectival inflection. Such compounds are equivalent to the phrases in question with the idea of being or the like added.

ἄπ-οικος colonist (away from home: ἀπ᾽ οἴκου); ἐγχειρίδιος in the hand, dagger (ἐν χειρί); ἐγχώριος native (in the country: ἐν χώρᾳ); ἐπιθαλάττιος dwelling on the coast (ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ); ἐφέστιος on the hearth (ἐφ᾽ ἑστίᾳ); κατάγειος underground, cp. subterranean (κατὰ γῆς); παρά-δοξος contrary to opinion (παρὰ δόξαν); παρά-φρων out of one's mind, Lat. de-mens (παρὰ τὴν φρένα); ὑπ-εύθυ_νος under liability to give account (ὑπ᾽ εὐθύ_ναις); so φροῦδος gone (= πρὸ ὁδοῦ γενόμενος, cp. 124 a).

a. From such phrases are derived verbs and substantives: ἐγχειρίζω put into one's hands, entrust, διαχειρίζω have in hand, manage (διὰ χειρῶν), διαπα_σῶν octave-scale (ἡ διὰ πα_σῶν χορδῶν συμφωνία_ the concord through all the notes). By analogy to ἐκποδών out of the way (ἐκ ποδῶν) come ἐμποδών in the way and ἐμπόδιος impeding, ἐμποδίζω impede.

b. The compounds of 899 represent bits of syntax used so frequently together that they have become adherent.

American Book Company, 1920.

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