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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
by Peter of Colechurch, 1176-1200, with houses on each side connected by arches of timber which crossed the street. This was burned in July, 1212, and 3,000 persons perished. The buildings being on fire at the Surry end, a great crowd rushed to see the fire, and the wind blew the burning shingles to the north end, lighting the buildings at the Middlesex side of the river. Between fire and water the loss of life was dreadful. The bridge was restored in 1300; again partially burned in 1471, 1632, and 1725. The houses were pulled down in 1756. At what time stone arches were substituted for wooden spans does not appear. When the present London bridge was built in 1831, the elm piles of the old bridge were yet sound, after 600 years use. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries A. D. a very useful society flourished in Europe, called the Brothers of the bridge. The building of bridges was at that time deemed an act of piety, and we must highly respect that devotion which, in the f
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
e powder and ball. Then followed a cartridge containing a measured quantity of powder, the bullets being carried separately in a bag. The end of the paper cylinder was bitten off and the paper used as a wad. Gustavus Adolphus (killed at Lutzen, 1632) is said to have been the first to have made up the cartridge with a measured quantity of powder and a ball fastened thereto. Sir James Turner, in the time of Charles II. of England, speaks of cartridges employed by horsemen, carried in a patrg holding a charge of powder for a cannon. Cartridge-belt. Car′tridge-belt. A belt for the waist or to go over the shoulder, having pockets for fixed ammunition. Cartridge-box. Cartridgebox. Gustavus Adolphus (killed at Lutzen, 1632) reduced the weight of the musket from fifteen pounds to ten. He also introduced the paper cartridge, which at first only contained the powder, the bullets being kept in a bag. Cartridge-boxes at first were very small, but the Germans soon enl
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
ars to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to pottery. He was remarkably successful in true copies of natural objects. His method died with him. He died in 1589, in prison, for consciencea sake. John Petitot, of Geneva (1607 – 91), is regarded as one of the first to excel in portraits. He worked for Charles I. of England, and subsequently for Louis XIV. of France. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove him from France to the city of his birth, Geneva. In 1632, Jean Tontin, of Chateaudun, introduced the practice of grinding the colors in oil of spike, instead of water. Faience and majolica may be considered forms of the art. The enameled portrait of herself, presented by Queen Victoria to Mr. Peabody, is fresh in the recollection of those who speak the language common to the donor and presentee. Enamel is applied to various kinds of pots and pans for stewing and preserving fruits whose flavor would be injured by contact with iron, and who
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
d to by Lucar, 1590; Greatorix, 1656; and Morland, 1670. The fire-engine of Nuremberg described by Caspar Schott, 1657, was of a different character. It was mounted on a sled 4 × 10 feet, and drawn by two horses. It had a cistern 2 × 8 feet and 4 feet deep, in which were two horizontal cylinders. The brakes were worked by twenty-eight men, and the combined streams from the cylinders issued at a one-inch orifice, and reached a hight of 80 feet. An English patent appears of the date of 1632 to Thomas Grant, and one to John Van der Heyden (or Heide), of Amsterdam, 1663. He is credited with having brought the machine to the present modern form of hand-engine. The brothers Van der Heyden appear to have been the inventors of the leathern hose in detachable sections. In 1699, a patent was granted in France to Duperrier for a pompe portative for extinguishing fires; to this Perrault added the air-chamber. Papin also adopted it. Hooks and fire-ladders must be assumed to have been
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
eby in 1581, — though he was not the first victim, as has been sometimes stated. The murderers of Rizzio were beheaded by it in 1566; and among its last victims was the Earl of Argyle, 1681. It is laid up as a memorial in the Museum of the Scotch Society of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. Of the Halifax machine we know but little except that Morton imported the maiden thence. Pursuing the back track, we find that the Due de Montmorenci (blue blood) was executed by a falling axe at Toulouse, 1632; that the Dutch used it in executing slaves in their colonies, and that its use was comparatively common in Germany during the Middle Ages. The Mannaiu of Italy, by which Conradin of Swabia was executed, 1268, at Naples, and Beatrice Cenci at Rome, in 1605, was of the same construction substantially. The guillotine as mentioned in German books of 1534, 1551, and 1570. It is called the Roman falling-axe, and the decollation of St. Matthew thereby was a favorite subject with illuminators
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
f setting hens, and also to prevent one hen from driving another off the nest. Her-ba′ri-um. A collection of dried plants. Aristotle is considered the founder of the philosophy of botany, 347 B. C. The Historia Plantarum of Theophrastus was written about 320 B. C. Authors on botany were numerous at the close of the fifteenth century. The Botanic Gardens of Padua, Leyden, and Leipsic were established respectively in 1545, 1577, 1580; the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, in 1624; Oxford, 1632. The system of Linnaeus was made known in 1750; and Jussieu's system, founded on Tournefort's, and called the natural system, in 1758. The latter is now accepted by such authorities as Lindley and London. The Linnaean was founded upon sexual differences, the classes being determined by the number of stamens, the orders by the number of pistils. The natural system of Jussieu is founded upon modes of growth and fructification. At the death of Linnaeus, the number of species described was 1
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
e fetlock. See hopple. 3. A stout piece of leather, strengthened by a longitudinal iron plate. It is strapped to the right leg of an artillery-driver, to prevent injury from the pole of the carriage. Leis′ter. A pronged fish-spear. Lem′on-squeez′er. One for pressing the juice from lemons. In the example, the parts have a cup and a bulb respectively, and are pressed together by the handles. The making of orangeade and lemonade was introduced into England from France about 1632. These fine acids need sugar, and this is a comparatively modern ingredient in Europe. See sugar. Length′en-ing-bar. An extension piece for the leg of a drafting compass, when the reach of the ordinary legs is insufficient. Length′en-ing-piece. （Shipbuilding.) One of the timbers added to the ribs above the top-timbers, to impart the necessary hight to the sides of the vessel. Length′en-ing-rod. A rod with a screw and screw-socket at the respective ends; attached
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
ne for beheading. The Scotch guillotine, in use from 1550 to 1680, was copied from one at Halifax, England. It was sometimes called the widow. Both terms of grim and gross pleasantry. The Halifax machine was an importation (as to design) from Italy, where it was used in the thirteenth century. Conradin of Swabia was decapitated by the mannaia at Naples, 1268. The machine is supposed to have originated in Persia. It was used in the execution of the Due de Montmorenci at Toulouse, 1632. By the Germans during the Middle Ages, and by the Dutch in their colonies. The Scotch maiden was imported into Scotland by the Regent Morton, who died by its axe, 1581. The murderers of Rizzio were executed by it in 1566; and the Marquis of Argyle, 1681. The maiden was not as complete an instrument as the guillotine, which has a turning plank and track, with other devices for an artistic performance of tragedy. See guillotine. Mail. 1. (Weaving.) One of the small brass eyes
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
between which were filled in with stone, necessitating, after a time, the driving of other piles outside these, until the substructure frequently, as in the case of Old London Bridge, seriously obstructed the water-way and impeded navigation. This was built by Peter of Colechurch, 1176-1200, with houses on each side, connected by arches of timber, which crossed the roadway. This was burned in July, 1212, and 3,000 persons perished. It was restored in 1300; again partially burned in 1471, 1632, and 1725. The houses were pulled down in 1756, and finally the bridge itself, to make way for New London Bridge, constructed by the Rennies, opened in 1831. On this occasion the original piles, mostly of elm, were found to be but partially decayed, some portions being even used for making articles of utility or curiosity. The new bridge cost £ 506,000. The daily travel in 1859 was about 20,498 vehicles, carrying 60,836 persons, and 107,074 foot-passengers. This is the spot from which Mac