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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
o the feast, helped himself from the joint, was innocent of forks or napkins, and finished by using it for picking his teeth or settling accounts with his neighbor after picking a quarrel. Many were the tables [at the London Lord Mayor's feast, 1663], but none in the hall but the Mayor's and the Lords of the Privy Council that had napkins or knives. — Pepys. The food of the Celtae consists of loaves of bread and meat floating in the broth, broiled on the coals or roasted on spits. They g4, and at that time the armorial bearings appear on British coins. Pounds sterling, crowns, and shillings were issued by Henry VIII., half-crowns and sixpences by Edward VI. The guinea, so called from being made of African gold, was issued in 1663, and stamped with an elephant. The name sovereign (English pound sterling) was of later date, reign of James I. The screw-press was invented by Bucher, a Frenchman, in 1553, and was established in the English mint in 1602. The edge was grained a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
orifice, and reached a hight of 80 feet. An English patent appears of the date of 1632 to Thomas Grant, and one to John Van der Heyden (or Heide), of Amsterdam, 1663. He is credited with having brought the machine to the present modern form of hand-engine. The brothers Van der Heyden appear to have been the inventors of the llling-mill for producing the ribbon from which the planchets are punched. The first flatting-mill in England was erected at Sheen, near Richmond, by a Dutchman, 1663. 2. A mill having a pair of hard, polished steel rolls, through which grains of metal are passed to be flatted, for ornamental purposes. The produce is known alminans, a grain, I think he said, of it, put into a silver spoon and fired, will give a blow like a musquett, and strike a hole through the silver spoon. — Pepys, 1663. A fulminating powder which explodes when heated to 360° may be made of niter, 3 parts; dry carbonate of potash, 2 parts; sulphur, 1 part. The following pate
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
er are compared with the previous maps of Ptolemy, Strabo, Hecataeus, and others. Then to Moxon's, and bought there a payre of globes; cost me £ 3 10s. — Pepys, 1663. In the history of globe-making, the name of Ferguson, the mathematician, has an honorable place. Modern globes are made of paper and plaster, are perfectle lay in state, was habited in gloves. Elizabeth wore emboridered gloves, and is thus painted: — Painted leather gloves, very pretty and all the mode. — Pepys, 1663. 2. (Hat-making.) A smooth piece of wood for rubbing a sheet of felt, and causing the nap to adhere to the body when working at the battery. The glove is hel. Gre′go-ri — an Tel′e-scope. The first and most ordinary form of reflecting telescope, invented by Professor James Gregory of Scotland, and described by him 1663. Its object mirror or speculum is perforated in its axis, and reflects the image to a smaller concave speculum placed in the axis of the tube at a distanc
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
s. It appears that wall-paper, as a substitute for tapestry or hangings, began to come into vogue about the year 1640. It does not appear that the paper manufacture flourished in England until after the revolution of 1688, as we find that in 1663 England imported from Holland alone paper to the amount of £ 100,000. This hardly preceded the establishment of paper manufactories in America, as we find that William Rittinghuysen, anglicized Rittenhouse, — a name afterward memorable in the hities, Patera; Patina. 13. A small, shallow vessel for table service; one at a time for each guest, in contradistinction to the dish which holds the viand from which a guest is helped. Pepys complains that at the Lord Mayor's dinner, London, 1663, the major part of the guests had no napkins nor change of trenchers, and drank out of earthen pitchers and ate from wooden dishes. Pewter and wood were the ordinary ware for many centuries. Afterward, common earthenware. Imported ware from C
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
face, having been buried by the vegetable growth of centuries, or covered by earth from other natural cause, such as land-slips and watercourses. Highways were first made public in many parts of England by the Romans. In the time of Edward I. they were ordered to be widened and cleared of trees within 200 feet of the road, for the prevention of robberies. Toll was granted on one in London in 1346. The parishes were made answerable for their condition in 1553. Toll-gates were erected in 1663. In the sixteenth year of the reign of the frivolous Charles II. a turnpike road was established through Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire. The Simplon road from Geneva to Milan, built by Napoleon, cost the French government 17,000,000 livres ($3,250,000). MacAdam says: The measure of substituting pavements for convenient and useful roads is a kind of desperate remedy, to which ignorance has had recourse. The mode of road-making with broken stone, before MacAdam,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
furrow into which the seed drops. This machine follows the plow, and is itself followed by the roller. See seeding-plow. A native machine used in British India is substantially similar. We find drills, both for seed and manure, mentioned by Worlidge in his Husbandry, 1669. Evelyn, who was one of the founders of the Royal Society of England, and who died in 1706, wrote in high commendation of a drill which was the invention of Don Joseph de Lescatello, a nobleman of Carinthia, in 1663. This consisted of a seed-box, having a cylinder furnished with wheels to distribute the seed, and dropped the seed regularly in the furrow. It was fastened behind the stilts of the plow. The inventor was rewarded therefor by the Emperor Rudolphus II. He afterward took out a patent, in Spain! It was recommended as saving 15 of the seed otherwise necessary on a given area. The Earl of Sandwich forwarded it from Spain to England. In 1730, the invention came under the notice of Jethro
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
trand was begged in 1717 by Sir Isaac Newton, and removed to Wanstead, where it was used in raising the largest telescope then known. — pennant's London. Telescopes are of two kinds, reflecting (or catoptric) and refracting (or dioptric). In the former, an image of the object to be viewed is produced by a concave reflector; in the latter, by a converging lens. Reflecting telescopes are of four kinds. The Gregorian telescope (A, Fig. 6272) was invented by James Gregory of Aberdeen in 1663. It has an annular metallic speculum and a smaller concave speculum placed in the axis of the tube, at a distance from the larger speculum greater than its focal length. The eye-piece is placed in a smaller tube at the extremity of the longer tube. The Cassegrainian telescope (B, Fig. 6272), was invented by Cassegrain in 1672. It is similar to the Gregorian, except that the smaller speculum is convex instead of concave, and that it is placed in the tube at a distance from the larger spe
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
e words as he wanted them. A century later Gabriel Platte describes a dibbling-machine as formed of iron pins. Made to play up and down like virginal jacks. After many essays and various changes in movement and application, after the virgina's, manichords, clavichords, harpsichords, and spinets had their day, the piano came forth, beyond all question the first of musical instruments. — Thalberg. The virginall and printed virginall-book are several times mentioned by Pepys, 1660-63. Took Aldgate Street on my way, and there called upon one Hayward that makes Virginalls, and there did like of a little espinettes [spinet] and will have him finish them for me; for I had a mind to a small harpsichon, but this takes up less room. — Pepys's Diary, 1668. It is commonly said that the idea of making the hammer of the harpsichord strike the string instead of pulling it gave rise to the piano-force. The substitution of the hammer for the plectrum was, however, made in the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
cks cut into the shape of the head. Frizzing the wigs was introduced by one Ervais. Periwigs first worn in England about 1590. Judges wore full-bottomed wigs 1674. I bought two periwigs, one whereof cost me £ 3 and the other 40 s. — Pepys, 1663. The peruke was an Italian device, first worn at the French court, 1620; introduced into England, 1660. Louis XIV., to hide his shoulders, which were not matches, introduced the long wig, and then no gentleman of quality at court could wear w-plate. This does not fully indorse the ascription of the invention to Rodolph of Nuremberg, A. D. 1410, but he may have much improved the art; mills were erected in Nuremberg, 1563. The first wire-mill in England was erected at Mortlake, in 1663. a (Fig. 7262) shows forms of round, oval, half-round, square, and triangular wires. Wires for mechanical uses and for music-printing. b, pinion-wires for watch-makers. c c′, draw-plate and music wire. d, music, as printed with