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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
the joints were packed with chips, and the whole was grouted with fluid mortar. This tomb is of the time of Amunoph I., 1540 B. C. The stone arch at Saccara is of the time of Psammeticus II., 600 B. C. The arches of the tombs of Beni Hassan are coeval with Osirtasen II. and the Viceroy Joseph. Arches are found in Chinese bridges of great antiquity and magnitude; and as before shown, those of Egypt far antedate the periods of Greece or Rome. Arched vaults are found among the ruins of Nineveh. A building at Mycenae, in Greece, called Treasury of Atreus, has an interior pointed dome of 48 feet diameter, and of about the same hight, the section presenting two intersecting arcs of about 70 feet radius. The difficulty of working voussoirs has been evaded by making the beds horizontal throughout, the top being formed of a flat stone. The soffit of each course was then cut to the required angle with its bed by means of a templet cut to the radius of the vault (Fig. 300). Arch.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
us bridle of the Japanese, as seen in the United States Patent Office collection. The sculptures disentombed by Layard, and the Egyptian paintings and carvings, show patterns for the chase, for war, and for display. Except for a limited time the Jews had but few horses. This animal in those days was for show or for warfare, and the ox and ass divided the drudgery. The use and application of the bridle are, however, frequently mentioned in Scripture. Assyrian bridle (from sculpture at Nineveh). The primitive bridle was a noose around the lower jaw of the horse. In the most ancient paintings of Egypt, we find the head-equipments of the horses in full order, the bridles and bits complete David refers to the bit and bridle as the means of governing the horse and the ass, and Job refers to the bridle. Solomon bought his horses in Egypt, contrary to the express command of the law He paid about $75 apiece (150 shekels). But the precious metals were relatively higher than now
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
and clashed in furious imitation of the scenes of war. See cymbal. The mural sculptures of Nineveh show large bodies of men welcoming the king by advancing in military order, clapping their handmozzi mentions only three in his time, placed similarly. We learn from Fletcher — Notes from Nineveh — that the houses in Mosul, on the Tigris, are not always provided with chimneys, although the des, by which it is conveyed from one room to another. Mosul is termed by travelers the Modern Nineveh, and the apartments of the old palace which once stood in the vicinity were no doubt similarly ps of lead for fastening together the stones of masonry were found by Layard among the ruins of Nineveh. Leaden cramps were similarly used in Egypt. Cramps. The blocks included in one layer o as we see in the works of Lepsins, Rossellini, Champollion, etc. The beards of the kings of Nineveh and other kingdoms of the basin of the Euphrates and Tigris were no doubt indebted to the curli
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
a great event for Europe when Psammeticus, about 650 B. C., opened the ports of Egypt to the other Mediterranean nations, and encouraged the Ionians and Carians to settle there. The horoscopus, who occupied the second place in the procession of the Egyptian priests, carried a horologium, or sun-dial. The dial is mentioned in the book of Tobit, which is supposed to have been written by a Jew of Palestine, detailing the experiences of an Israelite of the tribe of Naphthali, who lived in Nineveh in the reigns of Shalmanezer and Sennacherib. Perhaps the true order of statement would have been better preserved if we had commenced the history of the dial with the Chinese, who are stated, no doubt truthfully, to have used the gnomon from the earliest antiquity; but the notices attainable are so scattering and vague that it is difficult to associate them with the definite details which have been principally referred to so far. The study of astronomy in China is as ancient as the time
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
graver's art; copper vessels, beautifully engraved, were among the number. Carving in stone is closely allied to the above, and may be be termed engraving in stone. Egypt is one triumphant vindication of the skill and industry of that nation in this particular. The warlike Osymandyas, nearly 200 years before Abraham, perpetuated upon granite the memory of his exploits, which reached as far as and included Bactria. The temples, tombs, and obelisks of Egypt, the sculptured palaces of Nineveh, and the gorgeous rilievos of Persepolis, attest the skill and fancy of the artists of the times Ere Romulus and Remus. From Egypt or Phoenicia the Greeks received the art of engraving, where it had considerably advanced in the time of Homer. Among other uses which are allied to chasing and inlaying, it was employed in delineating maps on metallic plates. Specimens of Etrurian art are also of great antiquity, and we prudently do not enter the arena to settle the questions of preced
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
ranslucent glass imitations of alabaster. Opaque red and blue glasses. Tazzas and images of green, blue, and other colors. Beads of colored glasses in layers. Ornaments of mosaic glass. A glass model of the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Grotersque faces and portraits in glass. Glass imitations of precious stones. Glass rings of various colors. Glass artificial eyes. Glass spoons, shaped and colored in imitation of shells. Layard, in his interesting work on Nineveh, says: I was rewarded by the discovery of two small vases, one in alabaster and the other in glass, both in the most perfect preservation, of elegant shape and admirable workmanship, Each bore the name and title of the Khorsabad king, written in two different ways, as in the inscriptions of Khorsabad. The cuneiform inscription on one small green glass vase was to Sargon, king of Assyria, the founder of Khorsabad, about 709 B. C. He also found a plano-convex glass lens 1 1/2 inches i
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
the helmet of Sheshonk or Shishak, with his cartouche upon it. Herodotus states that the Carians were the inventors of three things, the use of which was borrowed from them by the Greeks; they were the first to fasten crests on helmets, to put devices on shields, and handles on shields. Herodotus describes (Book VII.) the following head-dresses of the nations forming the motley army of Xerxes: — The Assyrians had helmets of bronze or iron. Layard found some of the latter metal at Nineveh. The Scythians had tall, stiff caps, rising to a point. They were probably of felt. The Ethiopians wore upon their heads the scalps of horses, with the ears and mane attached; the ears were made to stand upright, and the mane served as a crest. The Paphlagonians had leather helmets. The Thracians wore skins of foxes upon their heads. The Chalybes had brazen helmets, and above these they wore the cars and horns of an ox fashioned in brass. They had crests on their helms.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
t inscription, according to the English linguists of Hindostan, indicates a period at about A. D. 400. See forging. The examples cited from the writings of Moses, Hesiod, and Homer, the attestation of the recovered implements from Egypt and Nineveh, and the Egyptian paintings, render it useless to cite the facts within the notice of the gossiping and credulous Pliny, who professes to give the early history of the metal. Palestine, Asia Minor, Scythia, Elba, and Spain were each celebrated To whiten ivory that has turned brown, slack some lime in water, decant, and boil your ivory in this till white. It is also bleached by sulphurous acid, by chloride of lime, or by soaking in water and exposure to the sun. Ivory brought from Nineveh in a fragile and crumbling state was restored by Professor Owen to a rigid condition by boiling it in a solution of gelatine. The animal matter had decayed out of it, leaving the phosphate of lime ready to fall to pieces. A veneer of ivory w
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
flector and condenser are employed to direct the sun's rays on the object. In a lucernal microscope the rays of a lamp are similarly directed. The magnifying power of glass balls was known in early times to the Chinese, Japanese, Assyrians, and Egyptians, and more lately among the Greeks and Romans. The use of lenses for microscopes long preceded their application to telescopes. Sir David Brewster exhibited one in 1852 which was made of rock crystal, and was found among the ruins of Nineveh. The refractive power of glass was known to Ptolemy, who gives a table of the deviation luminous rays experience when passing through glass under different angles of incidence. Descartes discovered the law that the amount of this refraction is proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence, and from that time date all great discoveries in optics. Glass balls, called burning spheres, were sold in Athens before the Christian era. Their magnifying power was mentioned by the Roman p
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
and are shown in the ruins of Egypt, Persepolis, Nimroud (Nineveh). Sylax, an ancient historian, asserted that there dwelut when he voted to ostracize Aristides. The records of Nineveh were inscribed upon tablets of clay, which were then bakedked with amazement upon the sculptured buildings of Egypt, Nineveh, Phoenicia, and Persepolis, and upon the inscribed rocks onument of Cyrus in the Murghab, the records of Babylon and Nineveh, of the caves of India, the monuments of Lycia, the tombs t to the foot of the Taurus, and from the Mediterranean to Nineveh; which were used in Nineveh itself, in Phoenicia, JerusaleNineveh itself, in Phoenicia, Jerusalem, Samaria, the land of Moab, Cilicia, and Cyprus. It disproves the assertion of Aristotle and Pliny that Cadmus only brought of the mill. In the Bible, and in the remains of Egypt, Nineveh, and the later civilizations of Greece and Rome, it, in coollection. On the clay tablets which we have found at Nineveh, and which are now to be counted by thousands, there are e
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