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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 80 0 Browse Search
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard) 4 0 Browse Search
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing) 2 0 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: September 9, 1861., [Electronic resource] 2 0 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: December 16, 1865., [Electronic resource] 2 0 Browse Search
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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Engineering. (search)
es lower Egypt. The great wall of China, running for 1,500 miles over mountains and plains, contains 150,000,000 cubic yards of materials and is the greatest of artificial works. No modern building compares in grandeur with St. Peter's, and the medieval cathedrals shame our puny imitations. Railways. The greatest engineering work of the nineteenth century was the development of the railway system which has changed the face of the world. Beginning in 1829 with the locomotive of George Stephenson, it has extended with such strides that, after seventy years, there are 466,000 miles of railways in the world, of which 190,000 miles are in the United States. Their cost is estimated at $40,000,000,000, of which $10,000,000,000 belong to the United States. The rapidity with which railways are built in the United States and Canada contrasts strongly with what has been done in other countries. Much has been written of the energy of Russia in building 3,000 miles of Siberian railwa
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
brake, and, if necessary, by an arrangement operatable from the car, by which the valve was opened in advance, so as to destroy the vacuum. Railroad engineers expressed very various opinions on the feasibility of the new project, Brunel and Stephenson took opposite sides, as usual, and the plan was tried in South Devonshire, on the Croydon Railway, and elsewhere. It eventually failed by reason of complexity and liability to get out of order, leakage of air impairing the vacuum. The advan L'Hommedieu's Auger, 1809 (Fig. 423), has two pods, two cutting-lips, a central screw, and a twisted shank. It is hardly fair to say that it is perfect of its kind, as so many improvements have followed; but it is, on a smaller scale, like Stephenson's Rocket Engine, the type of its class. The form of auger which in England is called the American pattern was patented by Shetter, March 21, 1831. It has a spiral blade around a cylindrical core, and was long a favorite. The good workmen who
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
-engineering.) A railroad rail with a fin or web descending between the portions which rest on the ties. It is seen in the improved Penrhyn rail, 1805; also in Stephenson and Losh's Patent, 1816. Bel′ly-roll. （Agriculture.) A roller with a protuberant midlength, to roll the sloping sides of adjacent lands or ridges. Be （Steam-engine.) A pipe conveying the escape-steam from the cylinders up the smokestack of the locomotive to aid the draft. Its invention is ascribed to George Stephenson. Blazing Com′et. A form of pyrotechnics. Blaz′ing-off. （Metal-working.) Tempering by means of burning oil or tallow spread on the spring or bla smoothness and polish. Broad-gage. （Railroad-engineering.) A distance between rails over 56 1/2 inches. The width of 4 feet 8 1/2 inches was adopted by Stephenson, being the usual grade of the coal-wagons on the railways in the North of England. He found it, did not make it. Brunel, who was not used to following a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
in the case of the Sheffield Colliery Railroad, 1767. At this time the rails were of cast-iron. In 1789, car-wheels were made with flanges, to run on the edge-rail, which was first made of castiron and used at Lough borough, England. In Stephenson and Losh's patent, 1816, car-wheels were made with wrought-iron spokes, the hub and rim being cast on to them. A wrought-iron tire was shrunk on to the rim, and secured in its seat by a dovetailed depression. In Fig. 1170 are shown a few exunction of the web and rim being strengthened by ribs or brackets, a is a side elevation, and a′ a diametric section. Car-wheels. b b′ are perspective and sectional views of a wheel whose hub is connected by spokes with the rim. Such was Stephenson and Losh's, already mentioned; indeed, this is quite an antiquated form. c is one of the Woodbury wheels, which has a compressed annular elastic packing between the cylindrical faces of the body and rim; the packing being first compressed on
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
iam Hadley's locomotive Puffing Billy was built in 1813, and had a long career of usefulness. Stephenson's first locomotive was built after seeing Trevethick's, as improved by Blackett for Lord Ravensworth's colliery, in 1814, and had grooved sheaves to increase adherence. Locomotives on Stephenson's plan were used on the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. Stephenson's Rocket was Stephenson's Rocket was successful over three other competitors in the trial on the rails of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1829. It used the multitubular boiler by the suggestion of Mr. Booth of that railway companyexhaustblast in chimney. The Rocket's competitors broke down at various points in the trial. Stephenson was an excellent workman. The very insincere book called the Life of Stephenson ignores most Stephenson ignores most of these facts, and pettifogs the whole case; it is about as one-sided an affair as Abbott's Life of Saint Napoleon, but has done much less harm, as it is only ungenerous and unfair, and does not deba
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
a cluster of screw-piles. Dimensions of some of the principal Wrought-Iron Bridges. Date.Place.River.No of Spans.Widest Arch.Character.Architect. Span.Rise. Ft In.Ft In. 1850 Britannia See tubular bridge.Menai Straits4458 329 3TubularStephenson. 1860PlymouthHamoaze433 630 6TubularBrunel. 1855BoyneFoyle25032 6Lattice.McNeil. 1858Montreal See tubular bridge.St. Lawrence33031 8TubularStephenson. 1867CologneRhine31331Lattice. 1861DirschanVistula39840Lattice 1874St. Louis Two sStephenson. 1867CologneRhine31331Lattice. 1861DirschanVistula39840Lattice 1874St. Louis Two side arches of 497 feet each. See tubular-arch bridge.Mississippi351551 5Tubular arch Eads. 1886KuilinburgLeck9515 Clear span of main truss, 492 feet; also one span of 262 feet; seven of 187 feet each. See d, Fig. 2702.Level.LatticeMichaelis. Louisville Whole length, 5,294 feet; weight of iron, 8,723,000 pounds.Ohio29400LevelTruss The iron truss-girder bridge over the Tay in Scotland, about 1 1/4 miles west of Dundee, is to be 10,320 feet in length, and to have, commencing on the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
f a locomotive, for which a prize was offered in 1829, and won by Stephenson's Rocket. Lock-wag′on. A device to impede or arrest the motPatent Office Museum. Hedley died in 1842. In 1815, Dodds and Stephenson patented an engine (shown by side and end views, Fig. 2985), in waxles. A patent was taken out in the succeeding year by Losh and Stephenson, embracing, among other features, a series of cylinders communicaee engines competed for the prize: the Rocket, constructed by George Stephenson; the Sanspareil, by Timothy Hackworth; the Novelty, by Messrs. Braithewaite and Ericsson. Dodds and Stephenson locomotive (1815). The Rocket weighed 4 tons 5 cwt., and its tender, with water and co left leg. He was placed on board the Northumbrian, driven by George Stephenson, who conveyed him 15 miles in 25 minutes, at the rate of 36 m one of them has been known to run 130 miles in 144 minutes. A, Stephenson's rocket (1829). B, English locomotive (longitudinal section). C,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
4, page 1344. A square-bodied cast rail (g), 1810. Losh and Stephenson's flanged rail (h), 1816. This was a lapping continuous rail. Greave's pot-sleeper. z′, Reynold's continuous bearing. a′, Stephenson's chair and rail. b′, Adams's rail. c′, Button's rail, withthe Liverpool and Manchester road, and it was not until after George Stephenson with his Rocket had practically demonstrated the capabilitieslway-chairs. A chair for railway rails was patented by Loch and Stephenson in 1816. The rail to which it was first adapted was a fishbellies own gage. The 4 foot 8 inch gage was very sensibly retained by Stephenson; but Brunel, who could not condescend to copy, adopted 7 feet as cost and wear and tear. He, however, had pitted himself against Stephenson, and the shareholders had to suffer for thirty years. The railwayto plan and construct buildings of iron. He was chosen to assist Stephenson in the construction of the great tubular iron bridge over the Me
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company, and won by Stephenson's Rocket, it was stated that one of the safety-valves shcrossed the Atlantic）1819 PerkinsAmericanSteam-gun1824 StephensonEnglishLocomotive1824 JohnsonEnglishSteamboat （Enterprize, to India, around Cape of Good Hope）1825 StephensonEnglishRocket locomotive1829 DutchSteamboat ( Curacoa, from Holland tr with numerous small flues was first introduced upon George Stephenson's locomotive, the Rocket, in 1829. It was mainly by nventors is about as follows: — Trevethick (Wales）1802Stephenson (England）1825 Blenkinsop (England）1811Stephenson (EnglaStephenson (England）1829 Blackett (England）1812Hackworth (England）1829 Hedley (England）1813Braithewaite and Ericsson (England）1829 StephenStephenson (England）1815 The three latter were contestants at the great trial on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in 1829.829 had been between stationary and locomotive engines. Stephenson threw the weight of his influence in
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
f wrought and cast iron in their respective places was Fairbairn's, as was also the idea of making it self-supporting. Stephenson very reluctantly gave up the idea of supporting it by chains. The most remarkable one ever constructed is that acrosnd that neither scaffolding nor centering should be used, as they would temporarily impede navigation at all points. Stephenson, at first, designed a cast-iron bridge of two arches, in which the necessity for centering was obviated by connecting t see). The Victoria tubular bridge at Montreal, forming a part of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, was designed by Stephenson, and built under his direction by James Hodges of Montreal. It was completed in December, 1859, and opened for travel tantaneously flashed into steam. See also Fig. 5629, Plate LXI., and in-Stantaneous generator, page 1190. Booth and Stephenson's locomotive Rocket had 25 copper flue-tubes, 3 inches in diameter, open at one end to the chimney and to the fire-box
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