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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 14 2 Browse Search
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing) 13 1 Browse Search
James Russell Lowell, Among my books 8 0 Browse Search
Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation 2 0 Browse Search
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 2 2 0 Browse Search
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard) 2 0 Browse Search
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard) 2 0 Browse Search
Brigadier-General Ellison Capers, Confederate Military History, a library of Confederate States Military History: Volume 5, South Carolina (ed. Clement Anselm Evans) 1 1 Browse Search
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Browsing named entities in Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight). You can also browse the collection for Cumberland (United Kingdom) or search for Cumberland (United Kingdom) in all documents.

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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
bles since the tenth century, but was not generally adopted till the foliated variety was utilized, in 1827, by an American, — the late Mr. Joseph Dixon of Jersey City. It was early adopted for crayons, and was found in use by the Aztecs when Cortez landed in Mexico. It is indispensable in the graphic arts, in the form of what are commonly called leadpencils, the finest of which were formerly made in England from the granulated, pure graphite, taken from the celebrated Borrowdale Mine in Cumberland; but after that mine became exhausted the world was supplied with pencils made from the impure graphite found in Bavaria and Bohemia, purified for the purpose. Bavaria is well represented by the Messrs. Faber, whose pencils of all qualities are so well known. But recently the fine graphite found at Ticonderoga, in the State of New York, has been utilized for this purpose by the Dixon Crucible Company of Jersey City, and a fine quality of pencils produced, —the company having been awarde
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
rtical and horizontal movement, and of a clock, the index of which moves in a plane parallel to that of the equinoctial. The extremity of the index is connected by a rod attached behind the mirror in the line of its axis. See heliotrope; solar-camera. He′li-o-trope. （Optics.) a. A geodetical instrument used to reflect a ray of light to a distant station. The heliotrope used in the British triangulation has a silvered disk, and has been seen at one hundred miles distance, from Cumberland to Ireland. Heliotrope. b. The heliotrope is used to illuminate negatives in the solar-camera in making enlarged pictures. The object is to keep the axis of the instrument is direct solar presentation by instrumental means. In the example, the optical axis of the instrument is brought parallel with the sun's rays, and kept coincident therewith by the adjustments described, a motor and a pendulum, or other time-keeper. c. The ancient Greek polos or heliotrophion was a basin in t
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
ing and drawing instrument, made by enclosing a slip of graphite (commonly called plumbago or black-lead) in a casing of wood. This is generally round or hexagonal, but large pencils for the use of carpenters and others are sometimes made oval in section. Graphite is generally ranked as a native carburet of iron, but the proportion of the latter metal is so small that it may be considered nearly a pure carbon. It is found in veins, often forming considerable masses. The mines of Cumberland, England, were long the principal source of supply, but are now nearly exhausted. By the old practice, the graphite is first calcined in close vessels at a bright red heat, and is then sawn in slips of the required size, which are inserted in a longitudinal groove in the case, which is formed in two similar parts and grooved by appropriate machinery. The two parts are afterward glued together. Pencils of the second and inferior qualities are prepared from the dust and other refuse, ground
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
d polished. The art of softening cast-iron and working it, and afterwards hardening it again, appears to have been found out by Reaumur, though we have no record of the process by which it was effected. Malleable-iron castings are rendered externally soft by the abstraction of carbon, by which they are reduced nearly to the condition of pure malleable iron, but do not possess the fibrous structure which is acquired by hammering and rolling. In England they are made from the rich Cumberland iron, and are at first extremely brittle. To render them malleable, they are inclosed in iron boxes and surrounded with pounded iron-stone, or some of the metallic oxides, as scales from the forge, common lime, or some absorbent of carbon, used either together or separately. The boxes are placed in the furnace, subjected to a strong heat for about five days, and allowed to cool gradually within the furnace. The time and other circumstances determine the depth of the effect; thin piece
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
crayon. The kind of pencils known as lead-pencils is made from graphite, otherwise known as plumbago or blacklead. The latter two names are misnomers, as no portion of lead enters into its composition. See graphite. Graphite is a soft variety of carbon, sometimes containing a small proportion of iron. It is found in many parts of the world, but few localities yield it of sufficient purity for making pencils. For many years the best obtainable was from the mine of Borrowdale, Cumberland, England, discovered in 1564. It was locally known as wad. This mine gave England the monopoly of the finest quality of pencils, and the amount taken from the mines yearly was strictly limited in order to keep up the price. The annual product was valued at £ 40,000. This source of supply eventually failed, but the loss was scarcely felt, as a number of other mines had been discovered in various parts of the world. The ancients drew lines and letters with leaden styles, and afterward an al
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
he moisture brought from the Atlantic by these winds being in part discharged upon the eastern plains of that continent before reaching the Andes, which intercept the remainder. Proximity to the sea, when the prevailing winds are from that direction, also greatly increases the mean rainfall. In Ireland and the West of England a larger quantity falls than in Central and Eastern England; the amount at Liverpool exceeding that of London by about one half, while at Seathwaite, Borrowdale, in Cumberland, the annual fall reaches the, for that latitude, extraordinary amount of 141.54 inches; this is, however, principally due to the high ranges of hills eastward of this place. At Sitka, Alaska, and Bergen, Norway, where both these conditions of proximity to the ocean and the vicinity of high mountains to leeward are fulfilled, the annual fall is respectively 87.9 and 88.6 inches, while at Stockholm it is 20.4, and at St-Petersburg 17.3 inches. The whole western seacoast of America, nor
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
klyn.East River, New York.New York and Brooklyn.1,600In progressRoebling. Niagara (upper)NiagaraNiagara Falls1,2501869 CincinnatiOhioCincinnati1,057Roebling. WheelingOhioWheeling1,0101848Ellet. FribourgSarineFribourg870631834Chaley. NiagaraNiagaraNiagara River821.4751848Roebling. CliftonAvonSomersetshire, England7021864 Charing CrossThamesLondon, England676.5501845I. K. Brunel. DanubePesth666451850Clarke. La Roche BernardVilaineLa Roche Bernard, France650.4501846Leblanc. NashvilleCumberlandNashville, Tenn650Foster. MenaiMenai StraitsWales570431826Telford. UnionTweedGreat Britain449301820Sir S. Brown. MontroseEsteScotland432421829Sir. S. Brown. HammersmithThamesLondon, England422.2529.51824Tierney Clarke. Albert 3 spans; 150, 400, 150.ThamesChelsea, England400 DanubeVienna33421.41828Von Mitis. ConwayArm of the seaWales32722.331826Telford. Chain PierBrighton, England255181823Sir S. Brown. InvalidesSeineParis236.526.331829Navier. Isle of Bourbon220.325.481823Brunel
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
eated with carbonic-acid gas. 1,278, of 1867, A. M. Clark. Metallic lead is moistened with the spray of acidulated water, and then treated with carbonicacid gas, under pressure; the process is completed by treatment with chlorine and carbonic-acid gas. List of United States Patents for White-Lead. No.Name and Date. –Holland, Mar. 18, 1836. –Clark, Reissued. Extended. Dec. 4, 1828. 95.Richards, Dec. 2, 1836. 160.Phillips, April 17, 1837. 264.Ripley, July 11, 1837. 767.Cumberland, June 7, 1838. 994.Holland, Nov. 3, 1838. 1,115.Button et al., April 10, 1839. 1,231.Clark, July 11, 1839. 1,424.Clark, Dec. 5, 1839. 1,535.Trovills, Mar. 31, 1840. 1,744.Gardner, Aug. 28, 1840. 1,864.Cory, Oct. 8, 1840. 3,232.Gardner, Aug. 26, 1843. 8,292.Pattison, Aug. 12, 1851. 12,616.Baker, April 3, 1855. 13,657.Rowland, Oct. 9, 1855. 13,961.Schwabe, Dec. 18, 1855. 18,244.Hannen, Sept. 22, 1857. 19,771.Hannen, Mar. 30, 1858. 20,731.Rowland, June 29, 1858. 22,036.Smith,