ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573）
[*] 2488. Relative clauses correspond to attributive adjectives (or participles), since like adjectives they serve to define substantives. Like adjectives, too, they often have the value of substantives and stand in any case.
δ̀ν γὰρ θεοὶ φιλοῦσιν ( =
ὁ θεοφιλής),
ἀποθνῄσκει νέος for whom the gods love,
dies young Men. Sent. 425,
ἦ θίγω δῆθ᾽ οἵ μ᾽ ἔφυ_σαν; ( =
τῶν με φυ_σάντων)
am I to embrace him who begat me? E. Ion 560,
σὺν τοῖς θησαυροῖς οἷς ὁ πατὴρ κατέλιπεν ( =
τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καταλειφθεῖσι)
with the treasures which my father left X. C. 3.1.33,
ἐν αὐτοῖς οἷς ἐτι_μᾶσθε ( =
ἐν αὐταῖς ταῖς τι_μαῖς)
in the very honours which you received D. 19.238, ““
ὧν ἔλαβεν ἅπα_σι μετέδωκεν”
it shared with all what it received”
I. 4.29.
[*] 2489. Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns or by relative adverbs of time, place , or manner (cp.
340,
346), and refer to an antecedent expressed or implied in the main clause.
a. Temporal clauses, which are like relative clauses in many respects, have been treated in 2389 ff. On relatives used as indirect interrogatives and as exclamations, see
2668 ff., 2685 ff.
[*] 2490. Many relative clauses are equivalent to coördinate clauses (e.g.
2553). In such cases the relative has the force of a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a connective (
καί, ἀλλά, δέ, γάρ, οὖν, ἄρα, etc.). Thus,
πῶς οὖν ἂν ἔνοχος εἴη τῇ γραφῇ; ὃς ( =
οὗτος γὰρ) . . . ““
φανερὸς ἦν θεραπεύων τοὺς θεούς”
how then could he be subject to the indictment? For he manifestly worshipped the gods”
X. M. 1.2.64. Greek often uses here the demonstrative (contrast
ταῦτα δὲ εἰπών with
quae cum dixisset).
[*] 2491. A relative must often be resolved into a conjunction and a pronoun (
2555).
[*] 2492. A truly subordinate relative clause may precede the main clause or be incorporated into it (
2536). The relative clause is often made emphatic by placing after it the main clause with the demonstrative antecedent. Thus,
ὅ τι βούλεται, τοῦτο ποιείτω whatever he wants,
that let him do P. Eu. 285e.
[*] 2493.
ὅς who and the other simple relatives (e.g.
οἷος, ὅσος) refer to a particular and individual person or thing.
ἦν τις ἐν τῇ στρατιᾷ Ξενοφῶν Ἀθηναῖος, ὃς οὔτε στρατηγὸς οὔτε στρατιώτης ὢν συνηκολούθει there was in the army one Xenophon,
an Athenian,
who accompanied it though he was neither general nor soldier X. A. 3.1.4.
a. On the relation of the relative
ὅς to the demonstrative
ὅς, see
1113,
1114.
b. ὅς is often used instead of
ὅστις (or
οἷος) especially with
ἄν or
μή. Cp.
2508.
ὅς whoever with the indicative generally adds (in prose)
δή ποτε, δήποτ᾽ οὖν (339 e).
[*] 2494.
ὅ (sometimes
ἅ) at the beginning of a sentence may have the force of
as to what (cp.
quod), suggesting the matter to which it pertains.
““
δ̀ δ᾽ ἐζήλωσας ἡμᾶς, ὡς τοὺς μὲν φίλους . . . εὖ ποιεῖν δυνάμεθα . . ., οὐδὲ ταῦθ᾽ οὕτως ἔχει”
as to what excited your envy of us—that we are able to benefit our friends—not even is this as you suppose”
X. Hi. 6.12. The postponed antecedent may be omitted (
X. A. 6.1.29).
a. An introductory relative clause with
ὅ may stand in apposition to an entire clause that follows. Thus, ““
ὅ πάντων θαυμαστότατον, Σωκράτη μεθύοντα οὐδεὶς πώποτε ἑώρα_κεν ἀνθρώπων”
what is most wonderful, no one whatsoever ever saw Socrates drunk”
P. S. 220a. (So with an infinitive,
I. 14.18.) The main clause, following such a relative clause, may be introduced by
ὅτι or
γάρ. Thus,
δ̀ μὲν πάντων θαυμαστότατον ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι ἓν ἕκαστον ὧν ἐπῃνέσαμεν ἀπόλλυ_σι τὴν ψυ_χήν what is most wonderful of all to hear, (that)
each one of the things we approved ruins the soul P. R. 491b. Cp.
994,
995.
[*] 2495.
ὅσπερ the same as (
qui quidem) is especially definite and denotes identity (338 c).
ὅς γε (
quippe qui) is causal (2555 a).
[*] 2496.
ὅστις whoever and the other compound relatives (e.g.
ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος) denote a person or thing in general, or mark the
class,
character,
quality, or
capacity of a person (less often of a thing).
““
μακάριος ὅστις οὐσία_ν καὶ νοῦν ἔχει”
happy is the man who possesses property and sense”
Men. Sent. 340.
a. After a negative expressed or implied,
ὅστις (not
ὅς) is used because of its general meaning. So
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις, τίς ἐστιν ὅστις; οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις (rarely
οὔτις ἐστὶν ὅς),
πᾶς ὅστις (plural usually
πάντες ὅσοι). Cp.
2557.
b. ἐξ ὅτου is common for
ἐξ οὗ since. In Ionic (and Thuc. 6. 3)
ὅστις is used of a definite object. Cp.
Hdt. 1.7, 2. 99.
[*] 2497.
οἷος of such sort as to, proper for, and
ὅσος of such amount as to,
enough for, denote result and commonly take the infinitive (negative
μή).
καλόν τε (
δοκεῖ)
εἶναι ἡ ἐπιστήμη καὶ οἷον ἄρχειν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου knowledge seems to be both a noble thing and able to command man P. Prot. 352 c, ““
ὅσον μόνον γεύσασθαι ἑαυτῷ καταλιπών”
leaving himself only enough to taste”
X. A. 7.3.22. So
οἷός τε able to (for
τοιοῦτος οἶός τε); thus, ““
συμβουλεύειν οἷοί τ᾽ ἐσόμεθα”
we shall be able to give counsel”
P. G. 455d.
a. On clauses with
οἷος or
ὅσος following a main clause after which we supply a verb of reflection, see
2687.
b. ὅσος is used elliptically in
ὅσαι ἡμέραι (
ὁσημέραι)
daily,
ὅσα ἔτη yearly.
[*] 2498. Local clauses are introduced by the relative adverbs
οὗ, ὅπου, ἔνθα, ἵνα (usually poetic, but sometimes in Plato)
where,
οἷ, ὅποι, ἔνθα whither,
ὅθεν, ὁπόθεν, ἔνθεν whence,
ᾗ, ὅπῃ which way, where,
whither.
ὅθι and
ὁπόθι where are Epic and Lyric,
ἧχι where is Epic.
ἔνθα and
ἔνθεν are also demonstratives (
there,
thence).
[*] 2499. With names of things the relative adverbs
ἔνθα, ᾗ, ὅθεν, οἷ, οὗ are often used instead of the relative pronouns preceded by
ἐν, εἰς, ἐξ. Thus,
πλησίον ἦν ὁ σταθμὸς ἔνθα (=
εἰς ὃν) ““
ἔμελλε καταλύ_ειν”
the stopping-place was near where he intended to make a halt”
X. A. 1.8.1,
ἐν τῷ σταθμῷ . . . ὅθεν (=
ἐξ οὗ)
ὡρμῶντο at the stopping-place whence they set out 2. 1. 3. A relative adverb may also refer to a personal antecedent, as ““
καταβαίνειν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἔνθα τὰ ὅπλα ἔκειντο”
to descend to the others where the armed force was stationed”
X. A. 4.2.20.
[*] 2500. On comparative clauses of manner introduced by
ὡς, ὥσπερ etc., see
2463 ff.
CONCORD OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
[*] 2501. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person; its case is determined by the construction of the clause in which it stands.
οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνὴρ δ̀ς ἦλθε this is the man who came,
αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ γυνὴ ἢν ἐζητοῦμεν this is the woman whom we were looking for,
λαβὼν τοὺς ἱππέα_ς οἳ ἦσαν αὐτῷ taking the cavalry which he had,
ἔχων τοὺς ὁπλἱ_τα_ς ὧν ἐστρατήγει having the hoplites which he commanded,
τριῶν θυρῶν οὐσῶν, ἃ_ς ἔδει με διελθεῖν there being three doors through which I had to go.
a. If the main clause as a whole is regarded as the antecedent, the relative stands in the neuter singular with or without a demonstrative. Thus, ““
πλεῖν ἐπὶ Σελι_νοῦντα πά_σῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ, ἐφ᾽ ὅπερ μάλιστα ἐπέμφθησαν”
to sail for Selinus with all their force, for which purpose especially they had been sent”
T. 6.47.
b. The person of the verb in a relative clause, in which the relative pronoun is the subject, is regularly determined by the person of the antecedent pronoun expressed or implied. Thus, ““
οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅστις ἄνθρωπος γεγένημαι”
I do not know what sort of a person I have become”
X. C. 1.4.12,
καὶ οἰκία_ γε πολὺ μείζων ἡ ὑ_μετέρα_ τῆς ἐμῆς, οἵ γε οἰκίᾳ χρῆσθε γῇ τε καὶ οὐρανῷ and your habitation is much larger than mine since you occupy both heaven and earth as a habitation 5. 2. 15. The third person rarely follows a vocative (P
248).
[*] 2502. Variations from the law of agreement are, in general, the same as in the case of other pronouns (
926).
a. The construction according to sense (
950,
1013) often occurs, as
φίλον θάλος, δ̀ν τέκον αὐτή my dear child, whom I myself bore X 87; so with collective nouns, as
τὰ δόξαντα πλήθει, οἵπερ δικάσουσι what is approved by the multitude,
who will judge P. Phae. 260a.
b. A relative in the plural may follow a singular antecedent denoting a whole class:
θησαυροποιὸς ἀνήρ, οὓς . . . ἐπαινεῖ τὸ πλῆθος a man who lays up a store, the class of men
which the multitude approves P. R. 554a. This construction is less common in prose than in poetry; as ““
ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον, οἳ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν”
in truth there is within some one of the gods who occupy the wide heaven”
τ 40.
c. A relative in the singular having a collective force may have its antecedent in the plural; as ““
τούτους ἐπαινεῖν, δ̀ς ἂν ἑκὼν μηδὲν κακὸν ποιῇ”
to commend those who voluntarily do nothing evil”
P. Pr. 345d, ““
ᾥτινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν . . . πάντας ἔκτεινον”
they slew all whom they met”
X. A. 2.5.32. Here
ὅς with the indicative is rare.
d. The relative may stand in the neuter, in agreement with the notion implied in the antecedent rather than with the antecedent itself; as
διὰ τὴν πλεονεξία_ν, δ̀ πᾶσα φύσις διώκειν πέφυ_κεν ὡς ἀγαθόν for the sake of profit, a thing
which every nature is inclined to pursue as a good P. R. 359c.
e. The relative may agree in gender and number, not with the antecedent but with a following predicate noun. This is common with verbs of naming; as
λόγοι μήν εἰσιν ἐν ἑκάστοις ἡμῶν, ἃ_ς ἐλπίδας ὀνομάζομεν;
assuredly there are propositions in each of us which we call hopes? P. Phil. 40a, ““
εἰ_πεν ὅτι . . . διαγεγένηται πρά_ττων τὰ δίκαια καὶ τῶν ἀδίκων ἀπεχόμενος, ἥνπερ νομίζοι καλλίστην μελέτην ἀπολογία_ς εἶναι”
he said that he had continued to do what was just and to refrain from what was unjust, which he thought was the best practice for his defence”
X. M. 4.8.4.
f. A relative may agree with a predicate noun when it follows that noun immediately and not its own substantive:
καὶ δίκη ἐν ἀνθρώποις πῶς οὐ καλόν, ὃ πάντα ἡμέρωκε τὰ ἀνθρώπινα;
and justice among men, how is not that something beautiful,
which civilizes all human things? P. L. 937d.
THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2503. The demonstrative antecedents of the relative pronouns are commonly:
οὗτος . . . ὅς, τοιοῦτος . . . οἷος, τοσοῦτος . . . ὅσος, τηλικοῦτος . . . ἡλίκος, etc.
a. The antecedent of
ὅς is often
τοιοῦτος (
1249). The antecedent of
ὅς, ὅσπερ, οἷος, may be
ὅμοιος, παραπλήσιος, ἴσος.
[*] 2504. On comparative clauses of degree with
τοσούτῳ . . . ὅσῳ, etc., see
2468 ff.
[*] 2505.
Definite and Indefinite Antecedent.—The antecedent of a relative pronoun or adverb may be definite or indefinite.
a. A
definite antecedent refers to a definite or particular person, thing, time, place, or manner. When the antecedent is definite, the relative clause takes any form that occurs in an independent sentence (
921); with
οὐ as the negative, unless the particular construction requires
μή.
b. An
indefinite antecedent refers to an indefinite person, thing, time, place, or manner. When the antecedent is indefinite, the relative clause commonly has a conditional force, and, if negative, takes
μή like the protasis of a conditional sentence.
[*] 2506. In general when the relative clause has the indicative, the antecedent is either definite (negative
οὐ) or indefinite (negative
μή). When the relative clause has the subjunctive with
ἄν or the optative (not in a wish), the antecedent is indefinite (negative
μή).
DEFINITE:
ταῦτα ἃ βούλεται πρά_ττει he does what he wants (i.e. the particular thing he wants to do). Negative
ταῦτα ἃ οὐ βούλεται πρά_ττει.
INDEFINITE:
ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλεται πρά_ττει he does whatever he wants (i.e. if he wants to do anything, he does it); negative
ταῦτα ἅτινα μὴ βούλεται πρά_ττει. So
ταῦτα ἅτινα ἂν βούληται πρά_ττει whatever he wants to do, that he always
does,
ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλοιτο ἔπρα_ττε whatever he wanted to do, that he always
did,
ταῦτα ἅτινα ἂν βούληται πρά_ξει whatever he wants to do, that he will do,
ταῦτα ἅτινα βούλοιτο, πρά_ττοι ἄν whatever he might want to do, that he would (
will)
do. In the last four sentences the negative of the relative clause is
μή.
[*] 2507. When the verb of the relative clause stands in the indicative, the distinction between a definite and indefinite antecedent is commonly clear only in negative sentences.
ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι whatever I do not know (=
εἴ τινα μὴ οἶδα)
I do not even think I know P. A. 21d. Here
ἃ οὐκ οἶδα would mean
the particular things I am ignorant of, and would have no conditional force whatever. So in ““
οὐκ οἶδ᾽: ἐφ᾽ οἷς γὰρ μὴ φρονῶ σι_γᾶν φιλῶ”
I do not know; for I am wont to be silent in matters which I do not understand”
S. O. T. 569.
[*] 2508. When the antecedent is definite, the simple relatives (
ὅς, οἷος, ὅσος, etc.) are used; when indefinite, the compound relatives (
ὅστις, ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, etc.) are used, but the simple relatives are often employed instead. When the antecedent is indefinite,
ὅς usually has the subjunctive with
ἄν or the optative; while
ὅστις is preferred to
ὅς if the verb is indicative (
2569).
[*] 2509.
Omission of the Antecedent to a Relative.—The demonstrative pronoun antecedent to a relative is often omitted: either when it is in the same case as the relative, or in a different case from the relative. The omission occurs when the antecedent expresses the general idea of person or thing, and often when the relative clause precedes.
ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ (
οὗτοι)
ὧν κρατῶ μενοῦμεν but I and those
whom I command will remain X. C. 5.1.26,
καλὸν τὸ θνῄσκειν οἷς (for
τούτοις οἷς)
ὕβριν τὸ ζῆν φέρει death is sweet to those
to whom life brings contumely Men. Sent. 291,
λέγω πάντας εἰσφέρειν ἀφ᾽ ὅσων (for
ἀπὸ τοσούτων ὅσα)
ἕκαστος ἔχει I say that all must contribute according to the ability of each (
from such means as each man has)
D. 2.31.
[*] 2510. In general statements in the subjunctive with
ἄν or the indicative, the relative, referring to a person, is often without an antecedent and has the force of
εἴ τις. In such cases the main clause contains a substantive or a neuter adjective with
ἐστί (which is commonly omitted), and the relative is the subject of the sentence or in apposition to it.
συμφορὰ_ δ᾽, δ̀ς ἂν τύχῃ κακῆς γυναικός it is a calamity if a man gets a bad wife E. fr. 1056,
καὶ τοῦτο μεῖζον τῆς ἀληθεία_ς κακόν, ὅστις τὰ μὴ προσόντα κέκτηται κακά and this is
a misfortune exceeding the reality, if a man incurs the blame for
evils that are not his doing E. Hel. 271,
ὅστις . . . πρὸς θεῶν κακοῦται, βαρύ if a man suffers ill-usage from the gods, it is
grievous E. Hel. 267.
a. The antecedent may be a genitive of quality (
1320). Thus,
ἀπόρων ἐστὶ . . ., οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι δι᾽ ἐπιορκία_ς . . . πρά_ττειν τι it is the characteristic of men without resources to wish (lit.
who wish)
to accomplish their purposes by perjury X. A. 2.5.21 (here
ἐθέλειν alone might be expected, but
οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι follows as if
ἄποροί εἰσιν had preceded),
τοῦτο ἡγοῦμαι μέγα τεκμήριον ἄρχοντος ἀρετῆς εἶναι ᾧ ἂν (=
ἐά_ν τινι or
αὐτῷ)
ἑκόντες ἕπωνται I regard this as striking testimony to the merit of a ruler if men follow one (
him)
of their own free will X. O. 4.19.
[*] 2511. The antecedent of a neuter relative is often omitted, leaving the relative with the force of a conjunction. So
ἐξ οὗ and
ἀφ᾽ οὗ since,
ἐν ᾧ while,
εἰς <*>῞ till,
μέχρι (
ἄχρι)
οὗ until.
ἀνθ᾽ ὧν and
ἐξ ὧν because (cp.
οὕνεκα, ὁθούνεκα),
ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that (
2279).
[*] 2512. A demonstrative adverb may be suppressed:
ἄξω ὑ_μᾶς ἔνθα (for
ἐκεῖσε ἔνθα)
τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐγένετο I will bring you to the spot
where the affair took place X. C. 5.4.21,
ἀποκλείοντες ὅθεν (for
ἐκεῖθεν ὅθεν)
ἄν τι λαβεῖν ᾖ shutting them out from places
whence it may be possible to take anything X. M. 2.1.16.
[*] 2513.
ἔστιν ὅστις, εἰσὶν οἵ.—The antecedent is omitted in the phrases
ἔστιν ὅστις (rarely
ὅς)
there is some one who, somebody, plural
εἰσὶν οἵ some (less often
ἔστιν οἵ),
ἦσαν οἵ (of the past).
ἔστιν οὖν ὅστις βούλεται ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων βλάπτεσθαι;
is there then any one who wishes to be harmed by his companions? P. A. 25d, ““
οὔτε..ἔστιν οὔτ᾽ ἔσται ὅτῳ ἐγὼ καταλείψω τὸν ἐμὸν οἶκον”
there neither is nor will there be any one to whom I may leave my property”
X. C. 5.4.30,
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἳ . . . φεύγουσιν some horses
too run away X. Eq. 3.4, ““
εἰσὶ δ᾽ αὐτῶν οὓς οὐδ᾽ ἂν παντάπα_σι διαβαίητε”
and some of them you would not be able even to cross at all”
X. A. 2.5.18,
ἦσαν δὲ οἳ καὶ πῦρ προσέφερον and some brought firebrands too 5. 2. 14,
ἔστιν ὅτῳ . . . πλείω ἐπιτρέπεις ἢ τῇ γυναικί;
is there any one to whom you entrust more than to your wife? X. O. 3.12, ““
ἔστιν οἵ καὶ ἐτύγχανον καὶ θωρά_κων καὶ γέρρων”
some hit both the cuirasses and wicker-shields”
X. C. 2.3.18.
ἔστιν οἵ is not an example of 961, but due to the analogy of
ἔστιν ὅτε (
ἐνίοτε),
ἔστιν οὗ, etc.
[*] 2514. The oblique cases of
εἰσὶν οἵ there are those who =
some (
ἔνιοι) are regularly formed by
ἔστιν ὧν, ἔστιν οἷς, ἔστιν οὕς (or
οὕστινας), which are used also of the past and future.
““
πλὴν Ἰώνων . . . καὶ ἔστιν ὧν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν”
except the Ionians and some other nations”
T. 3.92,
αὐχμοὶ ἔστι παρ᾽ οἷς μεγάλοι great droughts among some 1. 23, ““
ἔστι μὲν οὓς αὐτῶν κατέβαλον”
some of them they struck down”
X. H. 2.4.6, ““
ἔστιν ἃ καὶ πολίσματα εἷλεν”
he captured also some towns”
T. 1.65.
a. Xenophon also uses
ἦν οἵ; thus, ““
τῶν δὲ πολεμίων ἦν οὓς ὑποσπόνδους ἀπέδοσαν”
there were some of the enemy whom they restored under a truce”
X. H. 7.5.17.
[*] 2515. Here belong certain idiomatic phrases due to the omission of the antecedent:
ἔστιν οὗ (
ὅπου)
somewhere,
sometimes,
ἔστιν ᾗ in some way,
ἔστιν ὅτε and
ἐνίοτε (=
ἔνι ὅτε, cp.
175 b)
sometimes,
ἔστιν ὅπως somehow (in questions =
is it possible that?),
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως in no way,
it is not possible that (lit.
there is not how).
““
ἔστι δ᾽ οὗ σι_γὴ λόγου κρείσσων γένοιτ᾽ ἄν”
but sometimes silence may prove better than speech”
E. Or. 638,
ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ οἷς (
2514) ““
βέλτι_ον τεθνάναι ἢ ζῆν”
sometimes and for some people it is better to die than to live”
P. Ph. 62a,
οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως . . . ἂν ἡμᾶς ἔτι λάθοι it is not possible that he should elude us again A. Vesp. 212, ““
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιθήσεται ἡμῖν”
it is not possible that he will not attack us”
X. A. 2.4.3.
[*] 2516.
οὐδὲν οἷον (with the inf.)
there is nothing like stands for
οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον, οἷόν ἐστι. Thus, ““
οὐδὲν οἷον τὸ αὐτὸν ἐρωτᾶν”
there is nothing like questioning him”
P. G. 447c.
[*] 2517.
Relative not repeated.—If two or more relative clauses referring to the same antecedent are connected by a copulative conjunction and the second relative would have to stand in a different case from the first, it is either omitted or its place is taken by
αὐτός (less frequently by
οὗτος or
ἐκεῖνος) or a personal pronoun. Here, instead of a repeated relative, we have an independent sentence coördinated with the relative clause.
Ἀριαῖος, ὃν ἡμεῖς ἠθέλομεν βασιλέα_ καθιστάναι, καὶ (
ᾧ)
ἐδώκαμεν καὶ (
παρ᾽ οὗ)
ἐλάβομεν πιστὰ . . . ἡμᾶς κακῶς ποιεῖν πειρᾶται Ariaeus,
whom we wished to set up as king, and to whom we gave, and from whom we received pledges, is attempting to injure us X. A. 3.2.5,
ποῦ δὴ ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνὴρ δ̀ς συνεθήρα_ ἡμῖν καὶ σύ μοι μάλα ἐδόκεις θαυμάζειν αὐτόν;
where,
pray,
is that man who used to hunt with us and whom you seemed to me to admire greatly? X. C. 3.1.38,
καὶ νῦν τί χρὴ δρᾶν; ὅστις ἐμφανῶς θεοῖς ἐχθαίρομαι, μι_σεῖ δέ μ᾽ Ἑλλήνων στρατός and now what must I do? Since I (lit.
I who)
am manifestly hateful to the gods, and the army of the Greeks hates me S. Aj. 457. Cp. “Whose fan is in His hand, and He shall thoroughly purge His floor.”
a. The relative is sometimes repeated as in English (
X. A. 1.7.3,
T. 2.43. 2, 44. 1).
[*] 2518. If the demonstrative would have to stand in the nominative, it is commonly omitted unless the demands of emphasis require its presence: (
τέχναις)
α_ς ἐπιστήμα_ς μὲν πολλάκις προσείπομεν διὰ τὸ ἔθος, δέονται δὲ ὀνόματος ἄλλου arts
which we have often called sciences because it is usual to do so, but they
require another name P. R. 533d (here
αὗται, not
αἵ, is the subject).
[*] 2519.
Preposition not repeated.—A preposition governing a relative pronoun is usually omitted if it stands in the same case as the preceding noun or pronoun before which the preposition has already been used. See
1671.
[*] 2520.
Verb omitted.—The verb of a relative clause is often omitted when it belongs also to the main clause.
φίλους νομίζουσ᾽ οὕσπερ ἂν πόσις σέθεν (
νομίζῃ φίλους)
regarding as friends those whom thy husband so regards
E. Med. 1153. Or the verb of the main clause may be omitted:
τὰ γὰρ ἄλλα (
ἐποίει)
ὅσαπερ καὶ ὑ_μεῖς ἐποιεῖτε for the rest he did
just what you too were doing X. C. 4.1.3.
[*] 2521. Transition from a relative to an independent clause sometimes occurs.
（
ἰχθύων)
οὓς οἱ Σύροι θεοὺς ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ εἴων, οὐδὲ τὰ_ς περιστερά_ς fish
which the Syrians regard as gods and which
they will not permit to be injured,
nor do they permit
the doves to be injured
X. A. 1.4.9.
[*] 2522.
Attraction.—A relative pronoun is often attracted from its proper case into the case of its antecedent, especially from the accusative into the genitive or dative. A demonstrative pronoun to whose case the relative is attracted, is usually omitted if unemphatic. Cp. “Vengeance is his, or whose he sole appoints:” Milton.
a. Genitive.—
ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς ἧς (for
ἣν) ““
κέκτησθε”
worthy of the freedom which you possess”
X. A. 1.7.3,
πρὸ τῶν κακῶν ὧν (for
ἃ) ““
οἶδα”
instead of the evils which I know”
P. A. 29b,
ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for
τούτων ἃ) ““
ἴστε”
from what you know”
D. 19.216,
Μήδων ὅσων (for
ὅσους)
ἑώρα_κα . . . ὁ ἐμὸς πάππος κάλλιστος my grandfather is the handsomest of all
the Medes I have seen X. C. 1.3.2,
μὴ ὑποκειμένων οἵων δεῖ θεμελίων (for
τοιούτων οἷα δεῖ ὑποκεῖσθαι)
if the foundations were not as they ought to be X. Eq. 1.2.
b. Dative.—
φοβοίμην ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι ᾧ (for
δ̀ν) ““
δοίη ἕπεσθαι”
I should fear to follow the leader whom he might give”
X. A. 1.3.17,
ἐπαινῶ σε ἐφ᾽ οἷς (for
ἐπὶ τούτοις ἃ)
λέγεις I commend you for what you say 3. 1. 45,
οἷς (for
τούτοις ἃ) ““
ηὐτυχήκεσαν ἐν Λεύκτροις οὐ μετρίως ἐκέχρηντο”
they had not used with moderation the success they gained at Leuctra”
D. 18.18.
[*] 2523. A relative in the nominative or dative is very rarely attracted. Thus,
βλάπτεσθαι ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for
ἀπὸ ἐκείνων ἃ) ““
ἡμῖν παρεσκεύασται”
to be harmed by what has been prepared by us”
T. 7.67,
ὀλίγοι ὧν (for
τούτων οἷς) ““
ἐγὼ ἐντετύχηκα”
a few of those whom I have met with”
P. R. 531e.
[*] 2524. The pronouns subject to attraction are
ὅς, οἷος, ὅσος, but not
ὅστις (except in
2534). Attraction is not
necessary, and takes place only (but not always) when the relative clause is essential to complete the meaning of the antecedent. When the relative clause is added merely as a remark, attraction does not take place. An attracted relative clause virtually has the force of an attributive adjective.
[*] 2525. Predicate nouns follow the case of the relative attracted to an antecedent expressed or omitted (2531 b).
[*] 2526. An omitted antecedent to which the relative has been attracted may afterward be supplied in the main clause. Thus,
ἀφ᾽ ὧν (for
ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ) . . . ““
προσαιτεῖ καὶ δανείζεται, ἀπὸ τούτων διάγει”
from what he begs and borrows, from that he lives”
D. 8.26.
[*] 2527. Before
βούλει, which with the relative is treated almost like one word (cp.
quivis), attraction to various cases from the accusative is rare. Thus,
οἷα τούτων δ̀ς (for
δ̀ν) ““
βούλει εἴργασται”
such deeds as any one you please of these has done”
P. G. 517a; cp.
P. Crat. 432a, Phil. 43 d.
[*] 2528. Attraction takes place also in the case of relative adverbs; as
διεκομίζοντο ὅθεν (for
ἐκεῖθεν οἷ)
ὑπεξέθεντο παῖδας they conveyed their children from the places where (
whither)
they had deposited them T. 1.89.
[*] 2529.
Case of the Relative with Omitted Antecedent.—When the antecedent is omitted the relative either retains its own case or is attracted.
[*] 2530. When the omitted antecedent is nominative or accusative, the relative retains its own case. Thus,
οἷς μάλιστα τὰ παρόντα ἀρκεῖ (
οὗτοι) ““
ἥκιστα τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ὀρέγονται”
those who are best satisfied with what they have, covet least what is their neighbour's”
X. S. 4. 42,
στυγῶν μὲν ἥ (=
ἐκείνην ἥ)
μ᾽ ἔτικτεν hating her
who bore me E. Alc. 338.
[*] 2531. When the omitted antecedent is genitive or dative, the relative (if standing in a different case) is usually attracted into the genitive or dative. But a relative in the nominative masculine or feminine (sometimes in the neuter), or a relative depending on a preposition, retains its own case.
a. Genitive:
ὧν (for
τούτων οἷς)
ἐντυγχάνω πολὺ μάλιστα ἄγαμαι σέ of those whom I meet with,
I admire you by far the most P. Pr. 361e,
δηλοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐξ ὧν (for
ἐκ τούτων ἃ) ““
ζῇς”
you show it also by the life you lead”
D. 18.198. But
εἰδέναι τὴν δύναμιν (
τούτων)
ἐφ᾽ οὓς ἂν ἴωσιν to discover the strength of those
against whom they are to proceed X. A. 5.1.8. Cp.
E. Ion 560 (in
2488) where
οἵ ῀ τούτων οἵ).
b. Dative:
τοῦτο δ᾽ ὅμοιόν ἐστιν ᾧ (for
τούτῳ δ̀) ““
νῦν δὴ ἐλέγετο”
this is like that which was said just now”
P. Ph. 69a,
ἐμμένομεν οἷς (for
τούτοις ἃ)
ὡμολογήσαμεν δικαίοις οὖσιν ἢ οὔ;
do we abide by what we agreed was just, or not? P. Cr. 50a. But
διὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον αὐτοῖς εἶναι διαλέγεσθαι (
τούτοις)
παρ᾽ ὧν λάβοιεν τὸν μισθόν because it is necessary for them to give lessons to those
from whom they expect to receive their fee X. M. 1.2.6.
[*] 2532. The relatives
οἷος, ὅσος, ἡλίκος, ὅστις δή, ὁστισοῦν (and some others) and a following nominative with the copula may be attracted to the case of the antecedent. Thus,
χαριζόμενος τοιούτῳ ἀνδρὶ οἷος δὺ εἶ showing favour to such a man as you are is commonly condensed to
χαριζόμενος οἵῳ σοι ἀνδρί (
X. M. 2.9.3). Here the whole relative clause (with copula omitted) is attracted. The antecedent, if expressed, is often incorporated (
2536) in the relative clause.
πρὸς ἄνδρας τολμηροὺς οἵους καὶ Ἀθηναίους (for
οἷοι καὶ Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσι)
to bold men such as the Athenians T. 7.21,
ἀνίστη Ἀγριᾶνας . . . καὶ ἄλλα ὅσα ἔθνη Παιονικά he called out the Agrianes and all the other Paeonian tribes 2. 96,
χειμῶνος ὄντος ““
οἵου λέγεις”
when the weather is such as you describe”
X. A. 5.8.3,
ἀνέλαμψεν οἰκία_ . . . ὅτου δὴ ἐνάψαντος (for
ἐνάψαντός τινος ὅστις δὴ ἦν)
the house burst into flames,
some one or other having set it on fire 5. 2. 24.
a. οἷος is often attracted with superlatives:
ὄντος πάγου οἵου δεινοτάτου (for
τοιούτου οἷός ἐστι δεινότατος)
when the frost was tremendous P. S. 220b. Cp.
1087.
b. The article may appear in this construction with
οἷος and
ἡλίκος, the relative clause being treated like a substantive: ““
τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν”
to such as we are”
X. H. 2.3.25.
c. The subject of the relative clause rarely stands in the nominative, not being attracted along with
οἷος. Thus, ““
κιναίδους οἵουσπερ σύ”
rascals just like you”
Aes. 2.151. This occurs only when the number of the subject is different from that of the attracted relative. When the article precedes, as in
Σόλων ἐμί_σει τοὺς οἷος οὗτος ἀνθρώπους Solon detested men like him (
D. 19.254), editors generally read
τοὺς οἵους οὗτος.
[*] 2533.
Inverse Attraction.—An antecedent nominative or (oftener) accusative may be attracted to the case of the relative. The attracted antecedent is often prefixed for emphasis to the relative clause, which thus separates it from the verb it governs or by which it is governed. Cp.
urbem quam statuo vestra est, and “Him (= he whom) I accuse, By this, the city ports hath enter'd” (Shakespeare), where the antecedent is attracted into the case of the (omitted) relative.
τά_σδε (for
αἵδε) ““
δ᾽ ἅ_σπερ εἰσορᾷς . . . χωροῦσι”
but the women whom thou seest are coming”
S. Tr. 283,
πολι_τεία_ν (for
πολι_τεία_)
οἵα_ν εἶναι χρή παρὰ μόνοις ἡμῖν ἐστιν we alone have an ideal constitution (lit.
such as ought to be)
I. 6.48,
ἔλεγον ὅτι Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὧν δέονται πάντων (for
πάντα) ““
πεπρα_γότες εἶεν”
they said that the Lacedaemonians had gained all they asked for”
X. H. 1.4.2.
a. The main clause may contain a resumptive demonstrative pronoun; as ““
τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον, δ̀ν πάλαι ζητεῖς . . ., οὗτός ἐστιν ἐνθάδε”
this man whom you have long been searching for, this man is here”
S. O. T. 449.
b. The rare cases of the inverse attraction of the dative are suspected or admit another explanation (
E. Med. 12,
S. El. 653,
X. Hi. 7.2).
c. So with adverbs:
καὶ ἄλλοσε (for
ἄλλοθι)
ὅποι ἂν ἀφίκῃ ἀγαπήσουσί δε and elsewhere,
wherever you go, they will love you P. Cr. 45c.
[*] 2534.
οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ every one (lit.
nobody who not) for
οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις οὐ, commonly shows inverse attraction, is treated like a single pronoun, and inflected
οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ, οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐ, οὐδένα ὅντινα οὐ.
““
οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐχὶ ἀλογώτερον”
than which there is nothing more irrational”
P. Charm. 175c, ““
οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐκ ἀποκρι_νόμενος”
replying to every one”
P. Men. 70c, ““
περὶ ὧν οὐδένα κίνδυ_νον ὅντιν᾽ οὐχ ὑπέμειναν οἱ πρόγονοι”
for which our ancestors underwent every danger”
D. 18.200.
a. Cp.
οὐδαμῶν Ἑλληνικῶν τῶν οὐ πολλὸν μέζω his power
was much greater than any Hellenic power Hdt. 7.145 (=
οὐδαμά ἐστι τῶν), ““
οὐδαμῶς ὡς οὐ φήσομεν”
it can in no wise be that we should say no”
P. Pol. 308b.
[*] 2535.
ὅσος preceded by an Adjective.—Here the subject of the relative clause is identical with that of the main clause, and is omitted together with the copula:
χρήματα ἔλαβε θαυμαστὰ ὅσα (for
θαυμαστόν ἐστιν ὅσα)
he received a
wonderful amount of money P. Hipp. M. 282c,
μετὰ ἱδρῶτος θαυμαστοῦ ὅσου (for
θαυμαστόν ἐστιν μεθ᾽ ὅσου)
with an astonishing amount of sweat P. R. 350d. So
θαυμασίως ὡς (for
θαυμαστόν ἐστιν ὡς)
P. Ph. 92a.
[*] 2536.
Incorporation.—The antecedent taken up into the relative clause is said to be incorporated. The relative and antecedent then stand in the same case, the relative agreeing adjectively with its antecedent. If the antecedent is a substantive, it often stands at the end of the relative clause, and commonly has no article. An antecedent in the nominative or accusative is more frequently incorporated than one in the genitive or dative.
[*] 2537. A nominative, accusative, or vocative antecedent, when incorporated, usually conforms to the case of the relative.
εἰ ἔστιν, ἣν σὺ πρότερον ἔλεγες ἀρετήν, ἀληθής (for
ἔστιν ἡ ἀρετὴ ἀληθής, ἣν)
if the virtue which you were speaking of before, is real P. G. 503c,
εἰς δὲ ἣν ἀφί_κοντο κώμην μεγάλη ἦν (for
ἡ κώμη εἰς ἣν)
the village at which they arrived was large X. A. 4.4.2,
κλῦθί μευ, δ̀ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες (for
θεὸς δ̀ or
ὦ θεός)
hear me thou that camest yesterday in thy godhead β 262.
a. An accusative antecedent is incorporated in the accusative when the verb of the relative clause takes the accusative. Thus,
οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο ἣν εἶχε γνώμην (for
τὴν γνώμην ἣν)
he did not conceal the opinion he had X. M. 4.4.1,
μηδ᾽ . . . ἀφέλησθε ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν ἣν διὰ παντὸς ἀεὶ τοῦ χρόνου δόξαν κέκτησθε καλήν (for
τὴν καλὴν δόξαν ἣν)
do not deprive yourselves of the fair fame which you have enjoyed throughout all time D. 20.142.
b. An accusative antecedent may be incorporated as nominative, genitive, or dative, e.g.
εἴ τινα ὁρῴη . . . κατασκευάζοντα ἧς ἄρχοι χώρα_ς (for
τὴν χώρα_ν ἧς ἄρχοι)
if ever he saw any one improving the district which he governed X. A. 1.9.19.
[*] 2538. A genitive or dative antecedent, when incorporated, usually attracts the relative to its own case.
περὶ δ᾽ οὗ πρότερον . . . ἔθηκε νόμου διελθών (for
τοῦ νόμου δ̀ν)
dealing in detail with the law which he formerly passed D. 24.61,
ἐπορεύετο σὺν ᾗ εἶχε δυνάμει (for
σὺν τῇ δυνάμει ἣν)
he advanced with what force he had X. H. 4.1.23. Even when the antecedent is omitted, the attraction takes place:
πρὸς ᾧ εἶχε συνέλεγε . . . στράτευμα (for
πρὸς τούτῳ τῷ στρατεύματι δ̀)
he was collecting an army in addition to that which he had X. H. 4.1.41.
a. But a genitive or dative antecedent, when incorporated, is attracted into the case of a
nominative relative. Thus,
ἐν δικαστηρίοις καὶ ὅσοι ἄλλοι δημόσιοι σύλλογοι (sc.
εἰσί)
in courts and all the other public assemblies P. Phae. 261a (for
τοσούτοις ἄλλοις συλλόγοις, ὅσοι δημόσιοί εἰσι).
b. When an antecedent in the genitive or dative is incorporated, the place of the antecedent is usually taken by a demonstrative pronoun in the genitive or dative. Thus, ““
οὐδέ νυ τῶν περ μέμνηαι, ὅσα δὴ πάθομεν κακά”
nor do you remember all the evils we suffered”
Φ 441.
OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2539. Appositives to the antecedent may be drawn into the relative clause as the nearest construction or for the sake of emphasis. Thus,
εὑρήσει τοὺς . . . δικαστά_ς, οἵπερ καὶ λέγονται ἐκεῖ δικάζειν, Μί_νως τε καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυς κτλ.
he will find the judges, who are said to pronounce judgment there,
Minos and Rhadamanthys, etc.
P. A. 41a.
[*] 2540. A substantive, usually with the article, is often taken over into the relative clause, to explain, by a necessary addition, the idea conveyed by that clause; and stands in the same case as the relative. Thus, ““
εἰ μανθάνεις ὃ βούλομαι λέγειν τὸ εἶδος”
if you understand the class I wish to describe”
P. R. 477c,
οὔτε αὐτοὶ οὔτε οὕς φαμεν ἡμῖν παιδευτέον εἶναι τοὺς φύλακας neither ourselves nor the guardians whom we say we must instruct 402 c.
[*] 2541. The antecedent may be reserved for the main clause, which follows the relative clause. Thus, ““
καθ᾽ οὓς μὲν ἀπήχθην, οὐκ ἔνοχός εἰμι τοῖς νόμοις”
I am not subject to the laws in virtue of which I was arrested”
Ant. 5.85.
[*] 2542. An attributive adjective, or an attributive genitive belonging to a substantive standing in the main clause, may be placed either in the relative clause (if either is emphatic) or in the main clause. Two adjectives may be divided between the two clauses. The substantives may remain in the main clause or be transferred to the relative clause. Thus, ““
τὸ τείχισμα δ̀ ἦν αὐτόθι τῶν Συρα_κοσίων αἱροῦσι”
they captured the fort of the Syracusans which was there”
T. 7.43, ““
ὧν ἐγὼ ἤθελον τούτῳ ταύτην ἥτις εἴη μεγίστη πίστις δοῦναι”
of which I was willing to offer to the plaintiff the assurance that was most solemn”
D. 52.12,
ἐπιδεῖξαι . . . τὴν δικαία_ν ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀπολογία_ to show what the fair line of defence is 19. 203,
ἔφρι_ξεν δὲ μάχη . . . ἐγχείῃσιν μακρῇς, ἃ_ς εἶχον ταμεσίχροας and the battle bristled with the long spears, the flesh-piercing spears, which they grasped N 339.
a. From the transference of superlatives to the relative clause arise such expressions as
ἤγαγον συμμάχους ὁπόσους πλείστους ἐδυνάμην (
1087). Similarly
ὡς τάχιστα (scil.
δύνασαι or the like)
as soon as, as soon as possible,
ἐπεὶ (
ὅτε)
τάχιστα as soon as.
[*] 2543. A participial or subordinate clause depending on a following main clause may be joined to a preceding clause containing the antecedent of the relative. Thus,
ἔφη εἶναι ἄκρον δ̀ εἰ μή τις προκαταλήψοιτο, ἀδύνατον ἔσεσθαι παρελθεῖν he said that there was a height which would be impossible to pass,
unless it was seized in advance X. A. 4.1.25. The case of the relative may be not that required by its own verb, but that of an omitted pronoun dependent on a participle or a subordinate verb inserted in the relative clause. Thus,
καταλαμβάνουσι τεῖχος . . . ὅ ποτε Ἀκαρνᾶνες τειχισάμενοι κοινῷ δικαστηρίῳ ἐχρῶντο (for
ᾧ ἐχρῶντο τειχισάμενοι αὐτό)
they seized a fortress which the Acarnanians once built and used as a common place of judgment T. 3.105.
[*] 2544. When the relative clause contains a verb of naming, the main clause is fused with the relative clause. Thus,
ἔνθα καλεῖται Ἀρτέμιδος τέμενος (for
ἔνθα τέμενός ἐστι, δ̀ καλεῖται Ἀρτέμιδος)
where there is a precinct of Artemis Simonides 107.
USE OF THE MOODS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2545. The ordinary uses of the moods in relative clauses are as follows:
a. The present and past tenses of the indicative without
ἄν express a fact or the assumption of a fact. The future indicative is used to denote purpose, present intention, or an intended result.
b. The indicative with
ἄν denotes unreality.
c. The subjunctive with
ἄν expresses a possible or supposed fact in future time or a generality in present time. The subjunctive without
ἄν is used in indirect questions (1805 b).
d. The optative without
ἄν expresses a wish, a possibility less distinctly conceived, or a generality in past time.
e. The optative with
ἄν is potential, and is used either in conditional relative clauses with an optative in the main clause, or alone, as ““
μἴ ἔστιν ἐλπίς, ᾗ μόνῃ σωθεῖμεν ἄν”
there is one hope by which alone we may be saved”
E. Hel. 815.
f. The imperative occurs in relative clauses (
1842,
2553).
g. The infinitive occurs in relative clauses in indirect discourse (
2631).
THE USE OF THE MOODS IN CERTAIN RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2546. An extension of the deliberative subjunctive not infrequently occurs in relative clauses after such expressions as
οὐκ ἔχω, οὐκ ἔστι, etc., which usually denote baffled will, the existence of an obstacle to carrying out an act desired by the speaker or some one else. The subjunctive is much less common after the positive
ἔχω I have the means. The pronoun or adverb introducing such clause is an interrogative that has taken on the function of a relative.
[*] 2547. The subjunctive here follows primary tenses; the optative follows secondary tenses.
a. οὐ τοῦτο δέδοικα μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ὅ τι δῶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν φίλων . . ., ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ἱκανοὺς οἷς δῶ I do not fear that I shall not have something to give to each of my friends,
but that I shall not have enough friends to give to X. A. 1.7.7,
οὐχ ἕξουσιν ἐκεῖνοι ὅποι φύγωσιν they will not have any place
whither to escape 2. 4. 20, ““
οὐκέτ᾽ εἰσὶν ἐλπίδες ὅποι τραπόμενος θάνατον . . . φύγω”
I have no longer any hopes to which I may turn and escape death”
E. Or. 722, ““
ἕξει ὅ τι λέγῃ”
he will be able to say something”
L. 6.42.
b. ““
οὐδένα γὰρ εἶχον ὅστις . . . τὰ_ς ἐμὰ_ς ἐπιστολὰ_ς πέμψειε”
for I had no one to bring my letter”
E. I. T. 588.
c. Attic never, or rarely, has the
positive forms
ἔχω ὅ τι ἄν, ἔστιν δ̀ς ἄν (K
170),
πέμπω ὅστις ἄν, with the potential optative.
[*] 2548. The subjunctive
with κέ in Homer does not involve
will in ““
οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ οὗτος ἀνὴρ . . . οὐδὲ γένηται, ὅς κεν Φαιήκων . . . ἐς γαῖαν ἵκηται”
that man lives not nor will ever be born who shall come to the land of the Phaeacians”
ζ 202; cp.
δ 756,
Ψ 345.
Φ 103 involves a different aspect of
will from that in 2547 a.
[*] 2549. The deliberative future (
1916) occurs in relative clauses; as ““
ὅπως μολούμεθ᾽ ἐς δόμους οὐκ ἔχω”
I do not know how we are to go home”
S. O. C. 1742.
The deliberative subjunctive is more common; as ““
οὐκ ἔχω ὅ τι χρήσωμαι τοῖς λόγοις”
I am not able to deal with your argument”
P. Eu. 287c.
[*] 2550. In a few cases the future is used like the subjunctives of 2547 a; and may be explained as a dependent deliberative future. Thus,
οὐ γάρ τις ὅρμος ἔστιν, οὐδ᾽ ὅποι πλέων ἐξεμπολήσει κέρδος for there is no harbour, nor is there any place
to which a man may voyage and sell his wares at a profit S. Ph. 303, ““
αὐτὸν γάρ σε δεῖ προμηθέως ὅτῳ τρόπῳ τῆσδ᾽ ἐκκυκλισθήσει τύχης”
for thou thyself hast need of forethought whereby thou shalt extricate thyself from this trouble”
A. Pr. 86.
[*] 2551.
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς (
ὅπως, ὅπου, ὡς) are used with the future indicative to introduce
statements as regards the future. Thus,
οὐ γάρ τις ἔστιν δ̀ς πάροιθ᾽ αἱρήσεται τὴν σὴν ἀχρεῖον δύναμιν ἀντ᾽ Εὐρυσθέως there is no one who will prefer thy feeble power rather than Eurystheus E. Heracl. 57,
οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως ὄψει σὺ δεῦρ᾽ ἐλθόντα με thou wilt in no wise (lit.
it is not possible how thou shalt)
see me coming here S. Ant. 329. The indicative present or aorist is also used in statements as regards the present or past. All these indicatives may be dependent deliberatives. Cp.
2557.
[*] 2552. The optative without
ἄν (probably potential) occurs in Attic poetry after
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις (
ὅπως, ὅποι) and the interrogative
τίς ἐστίν ὅς (
ὅστις) and
ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως. Thus, ““
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις πλὴν ἐμοῦ κείραιτό νιν”
there is no one except myself who could cut it”
A. Ch. 172,
οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως λέξαιμι τὰ ψευδῆ καλά I could not (lit.
there is no way how I could)
call false tidings fair A. Ag. 620,
τίς τῶνδ᾽ . . . δωμάτων ἔχει κράτος, ὅστις ξένους δέξαιτο;
who has authority in this house that might receive guests? Ar. Thesm. 871,
ἔστ᾽ οὖν ὅπως ῎ Αλκηστις ἐς γῆρας μόλοι;
is there a way by which Alcestis might reach old age? E. Alc. 52. The potential optative
with ἄν occurs after these expressions (
E. Alc. 80,
S. O. C. 1168,
P. Lach. 184c). Attic does not use the optative with
ἄν after the positive form
ἔστιν ὅπως (
ὅστις).
CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2553.
Ordinary Relative Clauses define more exactly a definite antecedent, and show the mood and the negative of simple sentences.
Indicative: ““
ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἃ ἐγὼ δέομαι”
this is what I want”
X. A. 7.2.34,
ὦ δύστα_να γένη βροτ ῶν, οἷς μὴ μέτριος αἰών alas,
ill-starred races of men, whose destiny is beyond due measure S. Ph. 179,
ὅθεν οὖν ῥᾷστα μαθήσεσθε περὶ αὐτῶν, ἐντεῦθεν ὑ_μᾶς καὶ ἐγὼ πρῶτον πειρά_σομαι διδάσκειν I will first try to inform you (lit.)
from the source from which you will most easily learn about them D. 27.3, ““
παρ᾽ ἐμὲ ἀφικόμενος οὐ πείσεται ἅπερ ἂν ἔπαθεν ἄλλῳ τῳ συγγενόμενος τῶν σοφιστῶν”
in coming to me he will not meet with the treatment he would have suffered had he consorted with any other of the sophists”
P. Pr. 318d.
Subjunctive: Ἄνυτος ὅδε παρεκαθέζετο, ᾧ μεταδῶμεν τῆς ζητήσεως Anytus has taken his seat here (lit.)
to whom let us give a share in the investigation P. Men. 80e,
κλύων ὁθούνεκα . . . μήτηρ δ᾽ ἐν οἴκοις: ἣν σὺ μὴ δείσῃς hearing that our mother is in the house, (lit.)
of whom have thou no fear S. El. 1309.
Optative: οἴομαι ἂν ἡμᾶς τοιαῦτα παθεῖν, οἷα τοὺς ἐχθροὺς οἱ θεοὶ ποιήσειαν I think we should endure such things as I pray
the gods may inflict upon our enemies X. A. 3.2.3,
δόρατα ἔχοντες . . . ὅσα ἀνὴρ ἂν φέροι μόλις having spears, such as a man could carry with difficulty 5. 4. 25,
ἄρξομαι δ᾽ ἐντεῦθεν ὅθεν . . . ἐγὼ τάχιστ᾽ ἂν διδάξαιμι I will begin at (
from)
that point where I can most quickly inform you
D. 29.5. The potential optative without
ἄν is very rare (
2552).
Imperative: ““
πλάνην φράσω, ἣν ἐγγράφου σὺ μνήμοσιν δέλτοις φρενῶν”
I will tell thy wandering, which do thou inscribe in the tablets of thy memory”
A. Pr. 788. On
οἶσθ᾽ δ̀ δρᾶσον, see 1842 a.
a. Ordinary relative clauses are explanatory, and (in sense) are equivalent to independent coördinated clauses. See
2490.
b. Homer has
κέ or
ἄν with the future:
παρ᾽ ἐμοί γε καὶ ἄλλοι, οἵ κέ με τι_μήσουσι I have others by my side who will honour me A 175.
[*] 2554.
Relative Clauses of Purpose (
Final Relative Clauses) regularly take the future indicative, even after past tenses (negative
μή). The antecedent of final relative clauses is usually indefinite.
ὅς is commoner than
ὅστις. (The construction with the future participle is more frequent:
2065).
““
φημὶ δὴ δεῖν ἡμᾶς . . . πρεσβεία_ν πέμπειν, ἣ τοὺς μὲν διδάξει ταῦτα, τοὺς δὲ παροξυνεῖ”
I say that we must send an embassy, which will inform some of this and incite others”
D. 2.11, ““
πέμψον τιν᾽ ὅστις σημανεῖ”
send some one who will announce”
E. I. T. 1209, ““
ἔδοξε τῷ δήμῳ τριά_κοντα ἄνδρας ἑλέσθαι, οἳ τοὺς πατρίους νόμους συγγράψουσι, καθ᾽ οὓς πολι_τεύσουσι”
the people voted to choose thirty men who should codify the ancestral laws by which they were to conduct the government”
X. H. 2.3.2. So in local clauses: ““
κρύψω τόδ᾽ ἔγχος . . . ἔνθα μή τις ὄψεται”
I will hide this sword where no one shall see it”
S. Aj. 659.
a. After a secondary tense the future optative occurs rarely:
οἱ δὲ τριά_κοντα ᾑρέθησαν μὲν ἐπεὶ τάχιστα τὰ μακρὰ τείχη . . . καθῃρέθη: αἱρεθέντες δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε ξυγγράψαι νόμους, καθ᾽ οὕστινας πολι_τεύσοιντο κτλ.
the thirty were chosen as soon as the long walls were destroyed; and having been chosen for the purpose of codifying the laws, according to which they were to conduct the government, etc.
X. H. 2.3.11. In local clauses:
S. O. T. 796.
b. A past purpose may be expressed by
ἔμελλον and the infinitive. Thus, ““
ναύαρχον προσέταξαν᾽ Αλκίδα_ν, δ̀ς ἔμελλεν ἐπιπλεύσεσθαι”
they appointed Alcidas as admiral who was to sail in command”
T. 3.16.
c. Homer uses the subjunctive (with
κέ, except
Γ 287) after primary tenses, the optative after secondary tenses. Thus, ““
μάντις ἐλεύσεται, ὅς κέν τοι ἔπῃσιν ὁδόν”
a seer will come to tell thee the way”
κ 538, ““
ἄγγελον ἧκαν δ̀ς ἀγγείλειε γυναικί”
they sent a messenger to tell the woman”
ο 458. The future also occurs (
ξ 332). The present or aorist optative is rare in Attic (
S. Tr. 903, Ph.
281).
[*] 2555.
Relative Clauses of Cause take the indicative (negative
οὐ).
ὅς is more common than
ὅστις.
θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, δ̀ς ( =
ὅτι σὺ) ““
ἡμῖν . . . οὐδὲν δίδως”
you do a strange thing in giving us nothing”
X. M. 2.7.13,
Λοξίᾳ δὲ μέμφομαι, ὅστις μ᾽ ἐπά_ρα_ς ἔργον ἀνοσιώτατον τοῖς μὲν λόγοις ηὔφρα_νε κτλ.
I blame Loxias,
who after inciting me to a deed most unhallowed, cheered me with words, etc.
E. Or. 285. So when the relative is a dependent exclamation (
οἷος ῀ ὅτι τοιοῦτος, etc.,
2687).
a. γε is often added to
ὅς or
ὅστις.
b. μή is used when there is also an idea of characteristic (
of such a sort) or condition (perhaps to avoid a harsher form of statement). Cp. 2705 g.
[*] 2556.
Relative Clauses of Result (
Consecutive Relative Clauses) usually take the indicative (for
οἷος, ὅσος with the infinitive see
2497). The negative is
οὐ when the relative clause approximates
ὥστε (
οὐ) with the indicative, as is generally the case when the main clause is negative, expressed or implied. Here
ὅστις is commoner than
ὅς. The negative is
μή when the relative clause expresses an intended (
2557) or anticipated (
2558) result, where
ὥστε μή with the infinitive would be less precise.
τίς οὕτω μαίνεται ὅστις οὐ βούλεται σοὶ φίλος εἶναι;
who is so mad that he does not wish to be a friend to you? X. A. 2.5.12, ““
οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω βραχὺ ὅπλον ἑκάτεροι εἶχον ᾧ οὐκ ἐξι_κνοῦντο ἀλλήλων”
for each side did not have weapons so short that they could not reach each other”
X. H. 7.5.17.
a. The indicative with
ἄν and the optative with
ἄν are rare. Thus,
τίς δ᾽ ἦν οὕτως . . . μι_σαθήναιος, ὅστις ἐδυνήθη ἂν ἄτακτον αὑτὸν ὑπομεῖναι ἰδεῖν;
who was such a hater of Athens that he could endure to see himself not at his post? Lyc. 39, ““
τίς οὕτως ἰσχυ_ρός, δ̀ς . . . ῥἱ_γει δύναιτ᾽ ἂν μαχόμενος στρατεύεσθαι”
who is so vigorous that he could carry on war while battling with cold?”
X. C. 6.1.15. A potential optative with
ὅς follows a potential optative in
P. R. 360b.
[*] 2557. The indicative is normal in consecutive relative clauses introduced by
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις (
οὐ),
οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις (
οὐ),
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως (
οὐ),
εἰσὶν οἵ, ἔστιν οἷς, etc.
““
οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐχ αὑτὸν φιλεῖ”
there is no one who does not love himself”
Men. Sent. 407,
οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἥβην κτήσῃ πάλιν αὖθις in no way canst thou regain thy youth E. Heracl. 707. See
2551.
a. The indicative with
ἄν and the optative with
ἄν also occur. Thus, ““
οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε”
for there was nothing that you could have done”
D. 18.43, ““
ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις οὐκ ἂν καταφρονήσειεν”
whom every one would despise”
I. 8.52.
b. On the subjunctive and optative without
ἄν, see
2546,
2547, 2552.
[*] 2558. The future indicative is often used to express an
intended result (negative
μή).
““
ἀνόητον ἐπὶ τοιούτους ἰέναι ὧν κρατήσα_ς μὴ κατασχήσει τις”
it is senseless to attack men of such a kind that we shall not hold them in subjection if we conquer them”
T. 6.11,
οὗτοι δὲ τοιαῦτ᾽ . . . ὑποσχήσονται, ἐξ ὧν μηδ᾽ ἂν ὁτιοῦν ᾖ κι_νηθήσονται these men shall make promises in consequence of which the Athenians
will not better themselves under any circumstances (lit.
even if anything occurs)
D. 19.324.
[*] 2559. The future indicative is especially common when the main clause contains an idea of
ability,
capacity, or
characteristic, and the relative clause denotes what is to be expected of the subject.
ἱκανοί ἐσμεν . . . ὑ_μῖν πέμψαι ναῦς τε καὶ ἄνδρας οἵτινες συμμαχοῦνταί τε καὶ τὴν ὁδὸν ἡγήσονται (cp.
ὥστε συμμάχεσθαι)
we are able to send you ships and men who will fight with you and direct your journey X. A. 5.4.10,
οὔτε πλοῖα ἔστι τὰ ἀπάξοντα οὔτε σῖτος ᾧ θρεψόμεθα μένοντες we have neither ships to convey us away nor provisions to feed us while we remain 6. 5. 20, ““
δεῖταί τινος ὅστις αὐτὸν ὀνήσει”
he needs some one to improve him”
P. Eu. 306d, (
ἔδει) ““
ψήφισμα νι_κῆσαι τοιοῦτο δι᾽ οὗ Φωκεῖς ἀπολοῦνται”
a bill had to be passed of such a character as to destroy the Phocians”
D. 19.43.
[*] 2560.
Conditional Relative Clauses may be resolved into
if clauses,
ὅς (
ὅστις) corresponding to
εἴ τις and
ὅς (
ὅστις)
ἄν to
ἐά_ν τις. The negative is
μή.
a. The antecedent of conditional relative clauses is indefinite (2505 b).
b. Such relative clauses, like temporal clauses, correspond in form to the protases of ordinary conditional sentences. Conditional relative sentences show, in general, the same substitutions permitted in the corresponding conditional sentences.
δ̀ς ἄν is always generic,
ἐά_ν may be particular in prose.
[*] 2561. The correspondence in construction between the common forms of conditional, temporal, and conditional relative, sentences is shown by the following table:
N.—English cannot always, without obscurity, use a relative to translate
ὅτε or
ὅ τι with an unreal indicative; in such cases
when (
ever) or
whatever are best rendered by
if ever. Cp.
2396.
PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
First Form: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2562. Simple present and past conditional relative clauses have the present or past indicative. The main clause has the indicative or any other form of the simple sentence (cp.
2298,
2300).
οὐ γὰρ ἃ πρά_ττουσιν οἱ δίκαιοι, ἀλλ᾽ ἃ (=
εἴ τινα)
μὴ πρά_ττουσι, ταῦτα λέγεις for it is not what the just do, but what they do not do, that you keep telling us
X. M. 4.4.11,
τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἳ (=
εἴ τινες) ““
μὴ ἔτυχον ἐν ταῖς τάξεσιν ὄντες εἰς τὰ_ς τάξεις ἔθεον”
those of the Greeks who happened not to be in rank ran into their ranks”
X. A. 2.2.14,
διέβαλλεν αὐτὸν ὅ τι ἐδύνατο he slandered him all he could 6. 1. 32,
ἄνδρας τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀπέκτειναν ὅσοι μὴ ἐξένευσαν they killed all
of the Athenians who had not escaped by swimming T. 2.90,
δ̀ δέ γε μηδὲν κακὸν ποιεῖ οὐδ᾽ ἄν τινος εἴη κακοῦ αἴτιον;
and that which produces no evil cannot be the cause of any evil either? P. R. 379b, ““
ἃ μὴ προσήκει μήτ᾽ ἄκουε μήθ᾽ ὅρα_”
neither hear nor behold that which beseems thee not”
Men. Sent. 39, ““
ὅστις ζῆν ἐπιθυ_μεῖ, πειρά_σθω νι_κᾶν”
whoever longs to live, let him strive to conquer”
X. A. 3.2.39.
a. Since the antecedent of these clauses is indefinite, simple present conditional relative clauses with the present indicative in the main clause often have the value of
general conditions. But general clauses with
ὅς (
μή) usually take the subjunctive or optative (
2567,
2568), and those with
ὅστις (
μή) the indicative (
2569).
[*] 2563. If the relative clause expresses a
present intention or
necessity, the future indicative may be used.
ἐν τούτῳ κεκωλῦσθαι (
1950)
ἐδόκει ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρά_γματα ᾧ μή τις αὐτὸς παρέσται each thought that progress was surely impeded in any undertaking in which he was not going to take part in person (=
ἐν τούτῳ κεκώλυ_ται ᾧ μὴ παρέσομαι)
T. 2.8. Cp.
P. Th. 186c. More common is
μέλλω with the present or future infinitive: ““
ἕλοισθ᾽ ὅ τι . . . ἅπα_σι συνοίσειν ὑ_μῖν μέλλει”
may you adopt whatever course is likely to be of advantage to you all”
D. 3.36.
a. Elsewhere the future indicative is not regular in conditional relative sentences.
Second Form: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2564. Present and past unreal conditional relative clauses have a secondary tense of the indicative. The main clause has a secondary tense with
ἄν (cp.
2303).
οὔτε γὰρ ἂν αὐτοὶ ἐπεχειροῦμεν πρά_ττειν ἃ (=
εἴ τινα)
μὴ ἠπιστάμεθα κτλ.
for (if that were so)
neither should we ourselves be undertaking (as we are)
to do what we did not understand, etc.
P. Charm. 171e,
οἱ παῖδες ὑ_μῶν, ὅσοι (=
εἴ τινες)
ἐνθάδε ἦσαν, ὑπὸ τούτων ἂν ὑ_βρίζοντο (if that were so)
your children, as many of them as were present (but none were present),
would be insulted by these men L. 12.98,
ὁπότερα τούτων ἐποίησεν, οὐδενὸς ἂν ἧττον πλούσιοι ἦσαν whichever of these things he had done, they would be no less rich than any one 32. 23.
FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
Third Form: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2565. Conditional relative clauses that vividly anticipate the realization of a future event take the subjunctive with
ἄν. The main clause has the future indicative or any other form referring to the future.
τῷ ἀνδρὶ δ̀ν ἂν (=
ἐά_ν τινα) ““
ἕλησθε πείσομαι”
I will obey whatever man you may choose”
X. A. 1.3.15,
οἷς (for
ἃ) ““
ἂν οἱ ἄλλοι ἐργάζωνται, τούτοις σὺ χρήσῃ”
whatever others acquire by labour, that you shall enjoy”
X. M. 2.1.25, ““
πειρά_σομαι ὅ τι ἂν δύνωμαι ὑ_μᾶς ἀγαθὸν ποιεῖν”
I will try to do you all the good I can”
X. A. 6.1.33, ““
ὅποι ἂν ἔλθω, λέγοντος ἐμοῦ ἀκροά_σονται οἱ νέοι”
wherever I go the young men will listen to my speaking”
P. A. 37d, ““
ἀπόκρι_ναι ὅ τι ἄν δε ἐρωτῶ”
answer whatever I ask you”
L. 12.24, ““
ἕπεσθε ὅπῃ ἄν τις ἡγῆται”
follow where any one may lead you”
T. 2.11,
ὡς ἂν (=
ἐά_ν πως)
ἐγὼ εἴπω, πειθώμεθα let us all obey as I shall bid B 139. Potential optative: ““
ὥστ᾽ ἀποφύγοις ἂν ἥντιν᾽ ἂν βούλῃ δίκην”
so that you can get off in any suit you please”
Ar. Nub. 1151.
a. The future indicative is scarcely ever used in a conditional relative clause of this sort (
T. 1.22 ὅσοι βουλήσονται; cp.
1913).
b. Homer has some cases of the subjunctive without
κέ or
ἄν (e.g. N
234). Homer sometimes uses the future with
κέ or
ἄν in the main clause:
ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται, ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι and he will be wroth to whom I shall come A 139.
Fourth Form: LESS VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2566. Conditional relative clauses that set forth less vividly the realization of a future event take the optative. The main clause has the optative with
ἄν.
ὀκνοίην ἂν εἰς τὰ πλοῖα ἐμβαίνειν ἃ (=
εἴ τινα) ““
ἡμῖν Κῦρος δοίη”
I should hesitate to embark in the vessels that Cyrus might give us”
X. A. 1.3.17, ““
δ̀ δὲ μὴ ἀγαπῴη, οὐδ᾽ ἂν φιλοῖ”
nor could he love what he does not desire”
P. Lys. 215b.
a. The main clause has the optative without
ἄν in
wishes: ““
δῶρα θεῶν ἔχοι, ὅττι διδοῖεν”
may he keep the gifts of the gods whatever they may give”
ς 142.
b. Homer sometimes uses
κέ or
ἄν in the relative clause (
φ 161).
GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
Fifth Form PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2567. Present general conditional relative clauses have
ἄν with the subjunctive. The main clause has the present indicative or an equivalent.
νέος δ᾽ ἀπόλλυθ᾽ ὅντιν᾽ (=
εἴ τινα)
ἂν φιλῇ θεός ‘
he dieth young, whome'er a god doth love’
Stob. Flor. 120.13,
οὓς (=
εἴ τινας)
ἂν ὁοᾷ φιλοκινδύ_νως ἔχοντας πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, τι_μᾷ whomever he sees zealous of danger in the face of the enemy, these
he honours X. H. 6.1.6, ““
γαμοῦσί τε ὁπόθεν ἂν βούλωνται, ἐκδιδόωσί τε εἰς οὓς ἂν ἐθέλωσι”
they both get a wife from whatever family they please and give their daughters in marriage to whomsoever they choose”
P. R. 613d, ““
πατρὶς γάρ ἐστι πᾶσ᾽ ἵν᾽ ἂν πρά_ττῃ τις εὖ”
for every land is a man's own country wheresoever he fares well”
Ar. Plut. 1151.
a. Gnomic aorist in the main clause:
ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται, μάλα τ᾽ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ whoever obeys the gods, him they most do hear A 218.
b. The subjunctive without
ἄν (
κέ) is usual in Homer and occurs occasionally in Attic and lyric poetry. Thus, ““
ἀνθρώπους ἐφορᾷ καὶ τί_νυται ὅς τις ἁμάρτῃ”
he watches over men and punishes whoever transgresses”
ν 214, ““
τῶν δὲ πημονῶν μάλιστα λυ_ποῦσ᾽ αἳ φανῶσ᾽ αὐθαίρετοι”
but those griefs pain the most which are seen to be self-sought”
S. O. T. 1231. Cases of the sort appear in Hdt., but are very rare in Attic prose, e.g.
T. 4.18. The subjunctive without
ἄν (
κέ) is much commoner in Homer than in the corresponding clauses with
εἰ (
2339).
c. The apodosis here usually expresses a general truth, less often iterative action. In 2568 the apodosis refers to iterative action, usually on the part of designated individuals.
Sixth Form PAST GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
[*] 2568. Past general conditional relative clauses have the optative. The main clause has the imperfect or an equivalent.
ἀεὶ πρὸς ᾧ (=
εἰ πρός τινι) ““
εἴη ἔργῳ, τοῦτο ἔπρα_ττεν”
whatever work he was engaged in, that he always performed”
X. H. 4.8.22,
ἔπρα_ττεν ἃ δόξειεν αὐτῷ he always
did whatever he pleased D. 18.235, ““
πάντας . . . ὅσους λάβοιεν διέφθειρον”
they used to destroy as many as they captured”
T. 2.67, ““
ἐθήρα_ ὅπου περ ἐπιτυγχάνοιεν θηρίοις”
he used to hunt wherever they fell in with large game”
X. C. 3.3.5,
ἀνέκραγον . . . ἱκετεύουσαι πάντας ὅτῳ ἐντυγχάνοιεν μὴ φεύγειν they screamed out,
entreating all they met not to flee X. C. 3.3.67.
a. An iterative tense with
ἄν in the main clause:
ὅπῃ μέλλοι ἀ_ριστοποιεῖσθαι τὸ στράτευμα . . ., ἐπανήγαγεν ἄν τὸ κέρας,
when the squadron was about to take breakfast,
he would draw back the wing X. H. 6.2.28.
INDICATIVE FORM OF GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
[*] 2569. The present indicative instead of the subjunctive with
ἄν occurs in general conditional relative clauses (cp.
2342). This occurs chiefly after
ὅστις, which is itself sufficiently general in meaning.
““
οἵτινες πρὸς τὰ_ς ξυμφορὰ_ς γνώμῃ ἥκιστα λυ_ποῦνται, ἔργῳ δὲ μάλιστα ἀντέχουσιν”
those who in feeling are least depressed at misfortunes, in action resist them most”
T. 2.64,
ὅστις δ᾽ ἐπὶ μεγίστοις τὸ ἐπίφθονον λαμβάνει, ὀρθῶς βουλεύεται he counsels wisely who incurs envy in a great cause 2. 64, ““
ὅστις δὲ πλοῦτον ἢ εὐγένειαν εἰσιδὼν γαμεῖ πονηρά_ν, μῶρός ἐστιν”
whoever fixes his gaze on wealth or noble lineage and weds a wicked woman, is a fool”
E. El. 1097, ““
ὅ τι καλὸν φίλον ἀ_εί”
whatsoever is fair is dear forever”
E. Bacch. 881.
a. Cases of the imperfect instead of the optative are rare and generally ill supported:
ὅπου ᾤετο τὴν πατρίδα τι ὠφελήσειν, οὐ πόνων ὑφί_ετο whenever he thought that he could benefit his country in any respect, he did not shrink from toil X. Ag. 7. 1. Cp.
X. A. 1.1.5, 1. 9. 27.
[*] 2570. The indicative is generally used in parenthetical or appended relative clauses with
ὅστις (
ὅστις ποτέ). Thus, ““
δουλεύομεν θεοῖς, ὅ τι ποτ᾽ εἰσὶν οἱ θεοί”
we serve the gods, whatever those gods are”
E. Or. 418.
a. The subjunctive with
ἄν is also used when the reference is to future time or to general present time. Cp.
Aes. 1.127,
D. 4.27.
LESS USUAL FORMS OF CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES
[*] 2571. The potential optative with
ἄν in the main clause with the indicative (
2562) or subjunctive (
2565) in the relative clause.
[*] 2572. Indicative with
ἄν or potential optative with
ἄν in the relative clause.
ὅντιν᾽ ἂν ὑ_μεῖς εἰς ταύτην τὴν τάξιν κατεστήσατε . . ., οὗτος . . . τῶν ἴσων ἂν αἴτιος ἦν κακῶν ὅσωνπερ καὶ οὗτος whomsoever you might have appointed to this post,
such a one would have been the cause of as many evils as this man has been D. 19.29,
τὰ_ς δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ἰλλυρίους . . . καὶ ὅποι τις ἂν εἴποι παραλείπω στρατεία_ς I omit his expeditions against the Illyrians and many others (lit.
whithersoever)
one might speak of D. 1.13. Cp. X. Ag. 2. 24.
[*] 2573. The optative in the relative clause with the present or future indicative or the imperative in the main clause (cp.
2359). With the present this occurs especially in general statements and maxims. The main clause is often introduced by a verb requiring the infinitive.
ἀλλ᾽ δ̀ν πόλις στήσειε, τοῦδε χρὴ κλύειν but whomever the State might appoint,
him we must obey S. Ant. 666, ““
τοῦ μὲν αὐτὸν λέγειν, ἃ μὴ σαφῶς εἰδείη, εἴργεσθαι δεῖ”
one should refrain from saying oneself what one does not know for certain”
X. C. 1.6.19.
a. The present indicative sometimes may have the force of an emphatic future (
ζ 286). Sometimes the optative indicates a case/that is not likely to occur; as
ἄλλῳ νεμεσᾶτον, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι you are ready to be wroth with another,
supposing any one do such things Ψ 494.
b. Other examples of the present: Homer P 631 (doubtful); Theognis 689; Aes. Pr. 638; Soph. O. T. 315, 979; Lys. 12. 84; Xen. C. 2. 4. 10, 7. 5. 56, H. 3. 4. 18, 7. 3. 7; Plato Charm. 164 a, Eu. 292 e (doubtful), L. 927 c. Temporal:
S. Tr. 92,
P. R. 332a.
c. The future indicative occurs in
τ 510 (temporal N
317); the perfect indicative in
Δ 262 and
ω 254 (temporal); the aorist imperative in
X. C. 1.4.14.
