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3. εἴ τινες ἄλλοι—sc. ἐκέκτηντο ναυτικά.
4. βραχέα—sc. ναυτικά, small fleets. This sense of βραχύς is fiequent in Thuc.
5. τὰ πολλά—the greater part of these consisted of.
ὀψέ τε ἀφ᾽ οὗ—sc ἧν, it was late when. For ἀφ οὗ we should expect ὅτε. but instead of saying ‘already when they started to build, it was so late that they could not get a strong fleet before the invasion of Xeixes,’ he says ‘from the time that they started’ etc. The building of the ships took place in 483-82 B C., the archonship of Nicodemus, and the invasion in 480 B.C. Herod. 7.33 does not say that Them, looked forward to a Persian invasion when he advised the building of the ships. It is thought that Herod, wanted to belittle Them
9. ἐναυμάχησαν—at Salamis
διὰ πάσης—throughent, an adverbial expression like ἀπὸ τῆς ἴσης c. 15; ἀπὸ（τῆς）πρώτης, etc. (This is better than supplying νεώς）
10. καταστρώματα—the Homeric ship was covered only fore and aft, the part in which the men rowed being open. (Cf. on c. 10. 4.)
12. τὰ παλαιά—i.e. the early fleets mentioned in c. 13. τὰ ὕστερον γενόμενα—i.e. those mentioned in c. 14.3.
Commentary on Thucydides Book 1. E. C. Marchant. 1905. London. MacMillan and Company, Ltd.
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