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Table of Contents:
without conviction of
their truth,1 whereas the
formal concepts of Mathematics are easily understood.）
[7]
Again, in deliberation there is a double possibility of error: you may
go wrong either in your general principle or in your particular fact: for instance, either
in asserting that all heavy water is unwholesome, or that the particular water in question
is heavy.
[8]
And it is clear that Prudence is not the same as Scientific Knowledge: for as has been
said, it apprehends ultimate particular things, since the thing to be done is an ultimate
particular thing.2
[9]
Prudence then stands opposite to Intelligence; for Intelligence3 apprehends definitions, which cannot be proved by reasoning, while
Prudence deals with the ultimate particular thing, which cannot be apprehended by
Scientific Knowledge, but only by perception: not the perception of the special
senses,4 but the sort of intuition
whereby we perceive that the ultimate figure in mathematics is a triangle5; for there, too, there will be a stop.6 But the term perception applies in a fuller sense to
mathematical intuition than to Prudence; the practical intuition of the latter belongs to
a different species.78
9. We ought also to
ascertain the nature of Deliberative Excellence, and to discover whether it is a species
of Knowledge, or of Opinion, or skill in Conjecture, or something different from these in
kind.
[2]
Now it is not Knowledge: for men do not investigate matters about which they know,
1 Immelmann's emendation gives ‘can only take them on credit from others.’
2 Cf. 8.2 above, 7.7, and 3.3.12.
3 See notes on 6.2 and 11.4. Definitions are the first principles of science.
4 Literally ‘of the objects peculiar to the special senses.’ Shape was one of the ‘common sensibles,’ perceived through the medium of more than one of the special senses, by the ‘common sense.’
5 A triangle is the last form into which a rectilinear figure can be divided: two straight lines cannot enclose a space. Or the words may possibly mean ‘whereby we perceive that a particular mathematical figure is [for example] a triangle.’ But this would rather be expressed by τοδὶ τὸ ἔσχατον, or τοδί alone.
6 That is, we reach the limit of analysis just as much when we descend to particulars as when we ascend to first principles or definitions （Burnet）. Or the words may mean ‘in mathematics as in problems of conduct there is a point where analysis must stop.’
7 The intuition of particular facts which is a part of Prudence also belongs to the genus perception, but it is intellectual, not sensuous. The Greek may however conceivably mean, ‘But the intuition of the ultimate particular in problems of conduct approximates more to sensation than to prudence, though it is a different species from the perception of the separate senses.’
8 In the mss. the chapter begins with the sentence ‘But deliberation,’ etc., here transferred to the middle of 9.2.
Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 19, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1934.
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