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[10]
（3） Spirit or anger1 is also
classed with Courage. Men emboldened by anger, like wild beasts which rush upon the hunter
that has wounded them, are supposed to be courageous, because the courageous also are
high-spirited; for spirit is very impetuous in encountering danger. Hence Homer
writes,2 ‘he put strength in
their spirit,’ and ‘roused their might and their spirit,’
and ‘bitter wrath up through his nostrils welled,’ and ‘his
blood boiled’; for all such symptoms seem to indicate an excitement and impulse
of the spirit.
1 θυμός means both ‘spirit’ or ‘high spirit’ and also its manifestation in anger.
2 i.e., in describing courageous men, Hom. Il. 14.151 or Hom. Il. 16.529, Hom. Il.5.470, Hom. Od. 24.318. The fourth phrase is not in our Homer, but occurs in Theocritus 20.15.
Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 19, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1934.
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