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διέταξε. H. does not mean that horse and foot were previously mixed up with each other (cf. App. III, § 4), but that Cyaxares first organized his tribal contingents as a regular army.
For the eclipse battle cf. 74. 2 n.
For the Cimmerian-Scythian invasions in general cf. c. 15 nn. H.'s chief mistakes here are that— (1) He confuses the original migration with the later raids. The Scyths were already in the earlier part of the seventh century settled south of the Caucasus round Lake Urmiah. It is probable, however, there were new bands of invaders from the north-east (cf. 104 nn.). (2) It is probable the Scythian attack on the Medes was not accidental (v. i.). (3) He makes too definite the ‘rule of the Scyths’; as he himself says, the ‘28 years’ (106. 1; iv. 1. 3) included the whole time of their wanderings. For these later Scythian raids cf. Zeph. i (circ. 630-620 B. C.); Jer. i. 13-14, ‘I see a seething pot and its face is towards the north’; and Maspero, iii. 472 seq. Rawlinson (i. 399) quite underestimates their importance. Protothyes is probably the Bartatua of the monuments, to whom Esarhaddon gave his daughter in marriage. If the Assyrians really called in the northern barbarians as allies, they paid in the end dearly for the temporary relief, while the Medes suffered little, as they were protected by their mountains; it was like the inviting of Germans by the Sequani (Caes. B. G. i. 31). The name of Madyes, too, is confirmed by the monuments; Strabo (61) couples him with Sesostris and others as a leader of οἱ ἐπὶ πολὺ ἐκτοπισμοί.
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