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θώματα. H. says nothing of the volcanic region, ἡ κατακεκαυμένη (Strabo, 628), in NE. Lydia, though it had been described in the work of Xanthus (cf. Introd. § 19). καταφερομένου: i. e. by the Pactolus (v. 101. 2).
σῆμα. The ‘Tomb of Alyattes’ lies on the north edge of the Hermus plain. It is one of more than sixty mounds (called Bin Tepeh), of which three are conspicuously larger than the rest. Perrot et Chipiez (v. 265 seq.) make the largest rather more than 1,200 yards round, and not quite 400 in diameter; this falls a little short of H.'s measurements (§ 5), viz. about 1,280 and 440 yards respectively. The base (κρηπίς) is hewn in part out of the native limestone, above which comes a wall of large blocks; H. does not notice this difference of construction. This base holds together a truncated cone of earth, of which the upper part is faced with bricks. A rectangular chamber inside contained bones of men and animals which had been burned. The σῆμα is referred to by Hipponax. fr. 15 Ἀττάλεω (v. l. Ἀλυάττεω) τύμβον καὶ σῆμα Γύγεω, and briefly described by Strabo (627).
οὖροι, ‘record-pillars.’ These were phallic in shape, set up on the flat top; two of them have been found, one in situ; but they bear no trace of an inscription.
πορνεύονται. Many see in this custom a religious significance, e. g. Ramsay, C. and B. pp. 94-5, 115; Radet compares the worship of Mylitta (c. 199 nn.), a view which is supported by Aelian, V. H. iv. 1, and Strabo, 532, who definitely compares the Lydian custom to that in the temple of Anaitis in Armenian Acilisene—noble maidens κατα- πορνευθεισας πολὺν χρόνον παρὰ τῇ θεῷ, μετὰ ταῦτα δίδοσθαι πρὸς γάμον, οὐκ ἀπαξιοῦντος οὐδενός. Ramsay quotes an inscription of the second century A. D., as to a woman of considerable position, παλλακεύσασα καὶ κατὰ χρησμόν, and no doubt such religious prostitution had been more common in early times. But there is no good evidence that it was ever universal in Lydia; and the custom itself may be paralleled in countries of quite different religions, e. g. in Japan. L. Oliphant (Lord Elgin's Mission (1857-9) ii. 496 says: ‘No disgrace attaches to women who have been brought up in this manner (i.e. as courtesans), and they generally make good marriages.’ No doubt the custom in Lydia was mainly confined to the lower classes, who may have been of a different race (cf. App. I, § 4). For freedom of choice in marriage cf. Westermarck, c. 10.
Γυγαίη: now L. Colve; for the name cf. App. I, § 8.
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