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Βορυσθενεϊτέων ἐμπορίον. The ‘mart of the Borysthenites’ is Olbia, on the right bank of the Hypanis (hod. Boug), which flows into the same bay as the Dnieper. H.'s site (53. 6) has been confirmed by exploration. He calls it the ‘city of the Borysthenites’ (78. 3, 79. 2), but says that its own name for itself was Olbia (18. 1). This last point is confirmed by the coins (Head, H. N. 272). It was founded by the Milesians (78. 3) in 647 B. C., and was the oldest colony beyond the Danube. H. (101. 2) says the Borysthenes was ten days' journey from the Danube, and ten from the P. Maeotis, so it is μεσαίτατον.

Καλλιππίδαι: these ‘Greek Scyths’ were probably a mixed race (cf. Boeckh, C. I. G. ii. 2058 μιξέλληνες in a long psephism of Olbia probably dating about 100 B. C.). It may be doubted whether any of the Scyths but the ‘Royal’ tribe (c. 20) were pure-blooded. Rawlinson quotes interesting modern parallels for races in a similar transitional stage of civilization. Strabo (550) says that H. ‘talked rubbish about’ the Callippidae and the Alazones; but he says they were mentioned also by Hellanicus.

σῖτον. For the importance of the Pontic corn trade cf. Demos. in Lept. 31 seq. (with Sandys' notes), L. Gernet, L'Approvisionnement d'Athènes (1909; pp. 315 seq.), and Grundy, Thuc. pp. 74 f., 159 f.

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