Pipe.
1. A tube for conveyance of water, air, or other fluid.
Clay pipes were used by the Romans for aqueducts, drains, hollow walls, and domes.
The pipes had contracted ends to enter the sockets of the adjoining ones.
In the thermae of
Antoninus the pipes were cylindrical; in the baths of
Titus, square; in the fountain of Egeria, conical and fitting into each other.
Pipes are now made of cast and wrought iron, copper, lead, tin-lined lead, various kinds of clay and concretes, glass; wood treated with antiseptics or with resins, paraffine, etc., to render it water-proof; folds or plies of scaleboard or paper treated as stated.
“Through pipes of metal, water both warm and cold, to suit the season of the year, was delivered into baths of marble.”
Description of the palace of Abderrahman III at Zehra,
Spain, about A. D. 757.
Talk about a house “with all the modern conveniences” !
Rule for the Computation of the Weights of Cast-Iron Pipes
（Horatio Allen).
To the inner diameter of the pipe add the thickness of the pipe in inches, and multiply the sum by ten times the thickness, and the product will give the weight in pounds per foot.
[
1708]
Weight of Riveted Iron and Copper Pipes, from 5 to 30 Inches in Diameter, from 1/8
to 5/10
in Thickness, 1 Foot in Length (Haswell).
| Diameter. | Thickness. | Iron. | Copper | Diameter. | Thickness. | Iron. | Copper. |
| Inch. | Inch. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Inch. | Inch. | Lbs. | Lbs. |
| 5 | 1/8 | 7 12 | 8.14 | 9 | 1/4 | 25.01 | 28.58 |
| 3/16 | 10.68 | 12.21 | | 1/4 | 26.33 | 30.09 |
| 1/4 | 14.25 | 16.28 | 10 | 1/4 | 27 75 | 31.71 |
| 5 1/2 | 1/8 | 7.78 | 8.89 | 10 1/2 | 1/4 | 29.19 | 33.22 |
| 3/16 | 11.66 | 13.33 | 11 | 1/4 | 30.49 | 34.85 |
| 1/4 | 15.56 | 17.78 | 12 | 1/4 | 33.13 | 37.86 |
| 6 | 1/8 | 8.44 | 9.64 | 13 | 1/4 | 35.88 | 41 |
| 3/16 | 12.65 | 14.46 | 14 | 1/4 | 38.52 | 44.02 |
| 1/4 | 16.88 | 19.29 | 15 | 1/4 | 41.26 | 47.15 |
| 6 1/2 | 1/8 | 9.1 | 10.4 | | 5/16 | 51.57 | 58.94 |
| 3/16 | 13.65 | 15.6 | 16 | 1/4 | 43.9 | 50.17 |
| 1/4 | 18.2 | 20.8 | | 5/16 | 54.87 | 62.71 |
| 7 | 1/8 | 9.78 | 11.18 | 17 | 1/4 | 46.53 | 53.18 |
| 3/16 | 14.68 | 16.78 | | 5/16 | 58 17 | 66.48 |
| 1/4 | 19.57 | 22.37 | 18 | 1/4 | 49.17 | 56.2 |
| 7 1/2 | 1/8 | 10 49 | 11.99 | | 5/16 | 61.47 | 70 25 |
| 3/16 | 15.73 | 17.98 | 20 | 5/16 | 68 07 | 77.79 |
| 1/4 | 20.89 | 23.87 | 24 | 5/16 | 81.33 | 92.95 |
| 8 | 3/16 | 16.7 | 19.08 | 25 | 5/16 | 84.57 | 96.65 |
| 1/4 | 22.26 | 25.44 | 28 | 5/16 | 94.56 | 107.95 |
| 8 1/3 | 1/4 | 23.59 | 25.96 | 30 | 5/16 | 101.14 | 115 59 |
The above weights include the laps of the sheets for riveting and calking.
The weights of the rivets are not added, as the number per lineal foot of pipe depends upon the distance they are placed apart, and their diameter and length upon the thickness of the metal of the pipe.
Table of Standard Dimensions of Wrought-Iron welded Tubes
（Haswell).
| Nominal diam. | External diam. | Thickness. | Internal diam. | Internal circum. | External circum. | Length of pipe per sq. foot of internal surface. | Length of pipe per sq. foot of external surface. | Internal area. | Weight per foot. | No.
of threads per inch of screw. |
| 1/8 | .40 | .068 | .27 | .85 | 1.27 | 14.15 | 9.44 | .057 | .24 | 27 |
| 1/4 | .54 | .088 | .36 | 1.14 | 1.7 | 10.5 | 7.075 | .104 | .42 | 18 |
| 3/8 | .67 | .091 | .49 | 1.55 | 2.12 | 7.67 | 5.657 | .192 | 56 | 18 |
| 1/3 | .84 | .109 | .62 | 1.96 | 2.65 | 6.13 | 4.502 | .305 | .84 | 14 |
| 3/4 | 1.05 | .113 | .82 | 2 59 | 3.3 | 4.64 | 3.537 | .533 | 1.13 | 14 |
| 1 | 1.31 | .134 | 1.05 | 3.29 | 4.13 | 3.66 | 2.903 | .863 | 1.67 | 11 1/2 |
| 1 1/4 | 1 66 | .14 | 1 38 | 4.33 | 5 21 | 2.77 | 2.301 | 1.496 | 2.26 | 11 1/2 |
| 1 1/2 | 1 9 | .145 | 1.61 | 5.06 | 5.97 | 2.37 | 2.01 | 2.038 | 2.69 | 11 1/2 |
| 2 | 2.37 | .154 | 2.07 | 6.49 | 7.46 | 1.85 | 1.611 | 3.355 | 3.67 | 11 1/2 |
| 2 1/2 | 2.87 | .204 | 2.47 | 7.75 | 9 03 | 1.55 | 1.328 | 4 783 | 5.77 | 8 |
| 3 | 3.5 | .217 | 3.07 | 9.64 | 11 | 1.24 | 1.091 | 7.388 | 7.55 | 8 |
| 3 1/2 | 4 | .226 | 3.55 | 11.15 | 12.57 | 1.08 | 0.955 | 9.887 | 9.05 | 8 |
| 4 | 4.5 | 237 | 4 07 | 12.69 | 14.14 | .95 | 0.849 | 12.73 | 10.73 | 8 |
| 4 1/2 | 5 | .247 | 4.51 | 14.15 | 15.71 | .85 | 0.765 | 15.939 | 12.49 | 8 |
| 5 | 5.56 | 259 | 5.04 | 15.85 | 17.47 | .78 | 0.629 | 19.99 | 14.56 | 8 |
| 6 | 6.62 | .28 | 6.06 | 19.05 | 20 81 | .63 | 0 577 | 28.889 | 18 77 | 8 |
| 7 | 7.62 | .301 | 7 02 | 22.06 | 23.95 | .54 | 0.505 | 38.737 | 23.41 | 8 |
| 8 | 8.62 | .322 | 7.98 | 25 08 | 27.1 | .48 | 0 444 | 50.039 | 28.35 | 8 |
| 9 | 9.69 | .344 | 9 | 28.28 | 30.43 | .42 | 0.394 | 63 633 | 34.08 | 8 |
| 10 | 10.75 | .366 | 10.02 | 31.47 | 33.77 | 038 | 0 355 | 78.838 | 40.64 | 8 |
The following list includes pipes known by their material, mode of manufacture, purpose, construction, or form; also machines and tools for making or using them.
See under the following heads:---
| Blast-pipe. | Laminated pipe. |
| Burras-pipe. | Lead pipe. |
| Chain locker pipe. | Locomotive smoke-pipe. |
| Clay-pipe. | Main. |
| Cock. | Mouth-pipe. |
| Concrete-pipe. | Organ-pipe. |
| Coupling. | Pandean-pipe. |
| Drip-pipe. | Pipe-clamp. |
| Earthen pipe. | Pipe-clearer. |
| Eduction-pipe. | Pipe-coupling. |
| Exhaust-pipe. | Pipe-cutter. |
| Faucet. | Pipe-grab. |
| Feed-pipe. | Pipe-joint. |
| Flange-pipe. | Pipe-molding. |
| Flute-pipe. | Pipe-prover. |
| Gas-pipe. | Pipe-socketing machine. |
| Hawse-pipe. | Pipe-threader. |
| Heating-pipe. | Pipe-tongs. |
| Iron pipe. | Pipette. |
| Pipe-valve | Suction-pipe. |
| Pipe-vein. | Tapping water-pipe. |
| Pipe-vise. | Thimble-joint. |
| Pipe-wrench. | Tile-machine. |
| Pitch-pipe. | Tin-lined lead-pipe. |
| Reed-pipe. | Tobacco-pipe. |
| Screwed tubes. | Tube-drawing. |
| Service-pipe. | Tube-welding. |
| Socket-pipe. | Union. |
| Smoke-pipe. | Valve. |
| Smoking-pipe. | Water-pipe. |
| Stand-pipe. | Welded tube. |
| Steam-pipe. | Wooden pipe. |
| Stone pipe. | Wrought-iron pipe. |
| Sub-aqueous tube. |
2. (
Music.) A tube of wood or metal used in windinstruments, as the
Pandcan-pipes, the
organ, etc.
Many straight tubular instruments have specific names, as the
flute, flagcolet, clarinet, etc. See list under
musical instruments. the pipe is among the most ancient of wind-instruments.
See flute.
Ptolemy, in his “Harmonics,” explains how the acuteness and graveness of notes is produced: “In strings and pipes, other things remaining the same, those which are stopped at a smaller distance from the bridge give the most acute note; and in pipes, those notes which come through holes nearest to the mouth-hole are most acute.”
The ancient pipe (
tibia) had various forms; was made of reed, of boxwood bored with a gimlet (
terebrato buxo), or of bone; that of asses preferred by the Greeks.
It is suspected that the clarinet, flageolet, and flute forms were all known and used; the bagpipe also.
One form of single pipe had a mouthpiece set in at right angles.
The Pandean-pipe or syrinx is very ancient.
The double pipe was rather a pair of pipes, and was used for air and accompaniment.
They were distinct and of different pitch, say bass and treble; known as
tibia dextra, tibia sinistra, male and
female; low and high.
The mouth-pieces of the musical pipes were made of a reed growing in a lake above
Celaenae in
Phrygia. (Strabo) Pliny also mentions it. The double pipe was a very common instrument with the Egyptians and Greeks, and still survives as the
zumara of modern
Egypt.
Among the pipe-instruments of the Japanese we recognize the analogues of the Pandean-pipes the flute, and the flageolet.
Organ-pipes are of two kinds:---
1. The
flute-pipe or
mouth-pipe, which has a lip to cut the wind escaping through an orifice in a diaphragm See mouth-pipe.
2. The
reed-pipe, wherein the sound is first produced by the vibration of a metallic tongue.
See reed-pipe. Mouth-pipes are technically said to have
bodies, and reed-pipes
tubes.
The
pitch of the note depends upon the length of the pipe above or beyond the
mouth. The longer the pipe, the graver the tone, and conversely.
Doubling the length of the pipe gives a note an octave lower.
Halving the length of a pipe gives a note an octave higher.
Stopping the end of a pipe lowers the pitch one octave, the effect being to double the length, as the wind is obliged to return on its tracks and find an exit at the mouth, after having twice passed the length of the pipe.
“Tomlinson on acoustics” gives the following table:---
| Length of open | Vibrations |
| pipe in feet. | per second. |
| The lowest audible note, C below is produced by | 32 | 32 |
| The lowest C of a grand piano is produced by | 16 | 64 |
| The lowest C of the violoncello is produced by | 8 | 128 |
| The tenor C is produced by | 4 | 256 |
| The middle C, the note of the C clef, is produced by | 2 | 512 |
| C on the third space in the treble clef is produced by | 1 | 1,024 |
| C in alt is produced by | 1/2 | 2,048 |
The length of a pipe for a given octave being 1, the lengths for the intervals will be as follows:---
| The upper C | 1/2 |
| B | 8/15 |
| A | 3/5 |
| G | 2/3 |
| F | 3/4 |
| E | 4/5 |
| D | 8/9 |
| The lower C | 1 |
The quality of the tone, the
timbre, depends on the size of the pipe, the material of which it is made, the form of the body or tube, and the nature of the construction, whether
reed or
mouth.
Different woods give tones differing in respect to mellowness and clearness.
It has been noticed, that while the sides of a wooden pipe vibrate violently in the process of
speaking, the front and back remain perfectly quiet.
[
1709]
The thickness of the material, its toughness and elasticity, exert an influence on the tone of metallic pipes without at all affecting their pitch.
The size and proportions of the mouth also affect the quality of the sound emitted by the pipe.
The standard proportions are, for the width of the mouth one fourth the diameter of the pipe, and for its depth one tenth of the same diameter; but these are varied to produce different effects.
A wide and high mouth produces a round, powerful tone; a narrow mouth a sharper tone; and a narrow and low mouth a delicate tone.
If, however, the upper lip be too high, the pipe will either sound slowly or not at all; and if the mouth be too narrow, it will speak an octave above the correct note.
Pipes are either round or rectangular in cross-section, and these two classes are divided into several varieties.
The principal kinds of round-bodied pipes are cylindrical, conical, conical surmounted by a bell, inverted cone, inverted cone surmounted by a bell.
Cylindrical pipes are either
open (
a, Fig. 3731),
stopped, or half stopped, the first being more numerous in all organs.
The stops called
open diapason, principal, fifteenth, and
mixture, among others, are usually composed of pipes of this shape.
Stopped cylindrical pipes (
b) are closed at top by a metallic cap. They are rare in
English, but quite common in German organs, under the names of
gedacht and
quintation.
 |
|
Organ-pipes. |
Half-stopped pipes (
c) have a perforated cap, in which a small tube is inserted.
In certain stops cylindrical pipes perforated with one or two holes near the top or about midway of the body are employed.
Though usually of metal, it is common in
Germany to make cylindrical pipes of wood; these produce a very superior tone.
Some soft-toned
reed-stops, as the
clarinet (
d) and
vox humana (
d′), are cylindrical.
Conical pipes vary considerably in taper,
e represents the German
spitz flote, which tapers to about one half its greatest diameter.
The
gemshorn (
f) has a still greater diminution at the top. Conical pipes with a bell at top (
g) are used in the
viol de gamba stop of English organs.
Inverted conical pipes (
h i) are largely employed in most organs, the greater portion of those of the reed-stops having this general form.
Fine-pipes are also in some cases made in this way. Inverted cones with a bell (
k) are employed for the
hautboy and its octave.
Four-sided pipes are common in most organs; they are either
open (
k′) or partially or entirely
stopped. Open pipes of this class are frequently introduced in the bass of the
dulciana and
open diapason. Some stops, as the
claribella, etc., are exclusively composed of open pipes.
Four-sided
stopped pipes (
l) are closed at the upper end with a
stopper fitting within the tube and provided with a handle.
In half-stopped pipes a perforation is made through the handle and stopper.
Pipes of this kind are generally used in the treble of certain stops, the larger sizes seldom being bored.
Pyramidal pipes (
m) are sometimes used in the bass of tops composed principally of metallic conical pipes; in some instances, entire stops are made up of them.
Inverted pyramidal pipes (
n n′) are frequently used in the large reed-stops, 16 to 32 feet; small reed-stops, as the
bassoon, are frequently composed of pipes of this kind.
In stopped and half-stopped wooden pipes, the stopper is covered with leather at the top and sides, to make a tight joint.
The mouth is formed by beveling off the front board (
o), so that its lower edge constitutes the upper lip, and leaving an opening between it and the cap, the upper edge of which is the under lip.
Sometimes the mouths of
block pipes are inverted.
In this arrangement, the inner surface of the front board is beveled (
p), and the block extends as far as the outer surface of the body.
Languid wooden pipes (
q) have a plate or languid (Fr.
langue, tongue) of wood substituted for the block.
Large pipes are often of this kind.
The
double-mouthed pipe (
r) has a mouth on each side placed opposite each other, producing, it is claimed, greater strength of tone.
The gravity or acuteness of the note produced, in other words, the
pitch, depends, in pipes of the “mouth” or “flue” class, upon their length.
In the reed kind, on the contrary, it depends on the size of the mouth-piece and the vibrations of the tongue; thus, an open-flue pipe must have a body of eight feet length to produce the CC sound, while the tube of the reedpipe may be only eighteen inches long.
In instruments of the accordeon class, the tube is entirely dispensed with, the note being formed by the tongue alone; the tube, however, greatly increases the strength and fullness of the sound.
An open metallic flue-pipe consists of three parts: the
body, foot, and
language, languid, or
languette The
body (
s) is the part above the mouth.
It is formed by rolling a sheet of metal around a mandrel, the edges forming the seam being soldered together; on the front or opposite side, an indentation, the
leaf, is formed at bottom, the lower part of which is cut away, leaving an opening, the
mouth; the lower edge of the leaf is termed the
upper lip. The
foot (
t) is an inverted cone, formed in a similar manner, and having a corresponding indentation, called the
under lip, which conducts the wind to the mouth through an aperture at the apex of the cone.
The foot also serves as a support to the pipe, for which purpose it is made of extra thickness and strength.
The
language or
languid (
u) is a flat piece of strong and thick metal immediately over the top of the foot and just inside the mouth.
Its front edge is straight, like those of the upper and under lips, but is placed slightly behind the latter, so as to leave a narrow opening, the
wind-way, between.
This edge is also beveled and indented, to direct the
sheet of wind fairly against the upper lip.
Stopped metal pipes have a cap either tightly fitting but movable or soldered on over the body.
Half-stopped pipe have a small cylindrical tube or chimney soldered into a hole in the center of the cap, somewhat increasing the freedom and strength of the tone.
Metallic flue-pipes are frequently furnished with pieces of metal, called
cars, projecting from each side of the mouth.
An open wood pipe (
x) consists of the
body, block, cap, and
foot. The body is a rectangular tube formed of planed boards, and is usually oblong in cross-section.
A nearly square pipe gives a full and weighty tone; one that is narrow and deep, a soft and sweet tone; while a shallow and wide pipe yields a powerful and hollow tone.
The proportions vary from square to 2 by 1, or nearly so, according to the effect to be produced.
At the lower end the body is closed by the block, which is nearly divided in two by the throat; over this is fastened the cap (
w), a piece of wood hollowed out on one side, the upper edge of which slightly recedes to form a wind-way.
The pipefoot is a rectangular or cylindrical tube inserted through an opening in its bottom to admit wind and support the pipe.
Ducce's organ at the
English Exposition of 1851 was so arranged as to produce the 12 pedal notes from a single stopped pipe, 4 feet long.
The notes ranged from 16 feet C, and besides the range of depth far beyond what the length of pipe would seem to justify, the pipe was made to speak several notes by opening holes, somewhat in the manner of the flute, clarinet, and flageolet.
The valves to open and close these holes were operated by the pedal keys, and the whole octave of pedal notes thus produced from a single pipe in the stool of the organist.
3. A tube with a bowl to hold tobacco, opium, or other narcotic or medicinal leaf, which is burned slowly to yield smoke.
See smoking-pipe.
