Pump.
1. (
Hydraulics.) A device for lifting water by the motion of a piston in a cylinder.
Whether they were invented by
Danaus, who dug the wells in
Argos, 1485 B. C., or by Ctesibus of
Alexandria, about 224 B. C., it is not possible to determine.
In either case, the origin is
Egyptian, and that is the most likely part of the statement.
Danaus is said to have been the brother of the
Pharaoh Rameses, and to have carried many useful devices from the
Nile to the Peloponnesus.
The piston working in a cylinder is the
piston-blower, a very ancient form of blast for the native smelting-furnaces of
Asia,
Africa, and
Europe.
See page 1717.
The water-pump of Ctesibus of
Alexandria was described by Hero, 150 B. C., and the invention may be much older than the time of this distinguished mechanician and physicist, who was also a barber, as it certainly was in quite a com-
[
1826]
plicated form.
It consisted of two single-acting pistons in as many cylinders, which raised water on the up-stroke and expelled it on the down-stroke into a chamber which received the water from both pumps.
See fire-engine.
Vitruvius ascribes the invention of the pump to Ctesibus.
He did not understand the
lift, but the
force pump.
The pressure of the atmosphere was not estimated then.
It was described by the
Spanish Saracens, and correctly determined by the
Italian Torricelli.
The true laws of the equilibrium of fluids were discovered by
Archimedes and rediscovered by Stevinus and Galileo.
Of the latter
Milton writes, in reference to his tour in
Italy:—
“There it was that I found and visited the famous
Galileo, grown old, a prisoner in the Inquisition, for thinking in astronomy otherwise than the Franciscan and Dominican licensers thought.”
The next we hear of the piston is in the air-pump of
Otto Guericke of
Magdeburg, and in the steamengine of
Dr. Papin of
Blois.
If we knew better what the philosophers of
Alexandria and
Cordova had been doing in the mean time, we should probably find that the piston-pump was not entirely laid away for fifteen or sixteen centuries.
Dr. Papin was the first, so far as we know, to suggest raising water by means of a steam-
engine, 1698.
The devices of the
Marquis of
Worcester and
Savery were not
engines. They were water-raising devices, in which steam pressed upon the surface of water in a tank and raised it to a hight proportioned to the pressure.
They did not differ essentially (except in the size of the parts) from the inventions of
Baptista Porta and Leonardo da
Vinci.
Savery and
Worcester proposed to make their apparatus available for driving machinery by “raising water to turn a water-wheel,” which is all nonsense.
Papin's was an
engine. See steam-engine.
A number of large water-raising machines were constructed at various points on the Continent of
Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which are curious, but operate by modes which are now antiquated.
Among these may be noticed the “
Machine de Marly,” constructed by Rannequin, 1682, to raise water for the fountains of
Marly and
Versailles.
It was situated on the Seine between
Marly and Lachaussee, and consisted of 14 water-wheels, which first raised the water to a cistern 150 feet high and 600 feet distant, then worked the balance beams of the pumps which raised the water to a second cistern, 175 feet above the first and 1,944 feet from the river.
From thence it was lifted by other pumps to a strong tower or reservoir, 502 feet above the river and 3,684 feet from it. From thence the water was conveyed by an aqueduct to its destination.
This was a piece of the kingly magnificence of “le Grand Monarque,” and was far ahead of what was enjoyed by
Paris.
The pumping-machine is said to have cost $1,600,000.
The cut is a longitudinal section showing one of the fourteen water-wheels.
On the bed of the river a floor was laid on piles filled in with masonry; 14 feet above this was the platform which supported the pumps.
To the axle of the great wheel a crank was attached which communicated motion to the balancebeam, and this worked the piston-rods of four pumps on each side, which sucked and forced water alternately.
The pumps at the first and second cisterns were of a similar character, and were worked by rod-and-chain connection from the water-wheels in the river.
The machines used by Belidor, Dueille, Desargues,
Wahl,
Morel, etc., are described by
Cresy.
Several of them are only peculiar in the modes of obtaining the reciprocating motion of the pistons from the rotation of the water-wheel.
The chapelets used by the architect
Perronet in pumping out the coffer-dams of his numerous bridges are described under chain-pump.
The bucket-wheel used by
Perronet is described under noria (which see).
See also bascule; scoop-wheel; tympanum.
The work of a man on a pump is estimated as equivalent to an effort of 17 1/4 pounds exerted through 2 1/2 feet in 1 second; or, 150 feet per minute = 9,000 feet per hour = 157,500 foot pounds or 70 foot tons per hour = 560 foot tons per day of 12 hours.
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|
Alarm-pump. |
The most favorable length of stroke on
fire-engines is from 30 to 35 inches.
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|
Hydraulic-pressure pump. |
The power necessary is about 1 man for every 22 cubic inches of pump-barrel; double this power if double-acting.
[
1827]
Haskell's alarm-pump for nautical use has three cylinders
a a a, the pistons of which are connected to crank-arms arranged at equal angles around the shaft
b, and operated, when worked as a pump, by an arm on the fly-wheel
c. The three delivery-pipes from the cylinders coalesce at
d, so as to form but one: their respective suction-pipes are also united above
e, and the pipe formed by their junction is provided with two valves, one of which opens connection with the pipe leading to the hold and the other with a hose leading overboard, when it is desired to wash decks.
An airchamber
f is located above the pipe
d, and over this is a whistle
g, used for sounding signals or alarms.
For this purpose the pipe
d is closed by turning the cock
h, when, by turning the fly-wheel, air, admitted through a valve in the suctionpipe, is forced into the cylinder and allowed to escape by depressing the lever
i, which works a valve.
When desired to increase the supply of air to effect a more rapid succession of sounds, the crank
k is employed.
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|
Single-acting pump. |
The hydraulic-pressure pump (
Fig. 4027) is intended for forcing water in working presses, etc. It is provided with a cistern, and has suitable suction and delivery pipes with appropriate valves, and may be driven either by hand-power or by belt-and-pulley connections.
See Plate XXV.
and page 1157.
The principal distinctions of pumps are into
single or
double acting,
lift or
force, reciprocating or
rotary, etc. These names indicate construction.
Other names have reference to purpose, etc.
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|
Double-acting pump. |
See under the following list:—
| Air-pump. | Cattle-pump. |
| Archimedean screw. | Centrifugal pump. |
| Aspiring-pump. | Centripetal pump. |
| Bare-pump. | Chain-pump. |
| Bar-pump. | Change-pump. |
| Barrow-pump. | Chapelet. |
| Beer-machine. | Circular-brake pump. |
| Bellows-pump. | Circulating-pump. |
| Bilge-pump. | Cistern-pump. |
| Bottle-pump. | Cold-water pump. |
| Brake-pump. | Cupping-pump |
| Breast-pump. | Deep-well pump. |
| Brine-pump. | Dental pump. |
| Burr-pump. | Diaphragm-plunger pump. |
| Diving-bell pump. | Double-action pump. |
| Donkey-pump. | Double-cylinder pump. |
| Double-piston pump. | Plunger-pump. |
| Draining-pump. | Pneumatic pump. |
| Driven-well pump. | Portable pump. |
| Eccentric pump. | Pressure-pump. |
| Ejector. | Pump-bit. |
| Elastic-piston pump. | Pump-dale. |
| Feed-pump. | Pump-head. |
| Fire-engine pump. | Pumping-engine. |
| Force-pump. | Pump-lamp. |
| Forcer. | Pump-packing. |
| Fountain-pump. | Pump-piston. |
| Garden-engine. | Pump-spear. |
| Garden-pump. | Pump-valve. |
| Garden-syringe. | Rope-pump. |
| Giffard injector. | Rotary pump. |
| Hand-pump. | Saliva-pump. |
| Hogger-pump. | Sand-pump. |
| Horse-power pump. | Screw Archimedean. |
| Hot-water pump. | Ship's pump. |
| Hydrapult. | Spiral pump. |
| Hydraulic-pressure pump. | Steam-jet pump. |
| Hydrostatic-press pump. | Steam-pump. |
| Injector. | Steam-vacuum pump. |
| Jet-pump. | Stomach-pump. |
| Leech.
Artificial | Submerged pump. |
| Lift-pump. | Suction-pump. |
| Locomotive-pump. | Syringe. |
| Measuring-pump. | Test-pump. |
| Mining-pump. | Tympanum. |
| Monte-jus. | Vacuum-pump. |
| Noria. | Water-ram. |
| Oil-pump. | Water-screw. |
| Oscillating-pump. | Water-snail. |
| Paternoster-pump. | Wind-pump. |
| Pendulum-pump. | Wrecking-pump. |
| Plumber's force-pump. |
See water-elevator for other forms of water-raising contrivances.
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|
Double-acting single-cylinder pump. |
