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Y.
Yacht.
A decked pleasure-vessel.
There are about 1,300 yachts in
Great Britain, averaging 30 tons.
The rigs are various, and many American and
European yachts now have steampower as an accessory, or for use during calms.
The name
yacht first occurs in English naval records, 1660.
The
thalamegus of the ancients.
Yan′kee gang.
An arrangement in a sawmill (
Canada) adapted for logs of 21 inches diameter and under.
It consists of two sets of gang-saws, having parallel ways in the immediate vicinity of each other.
One is the
slabbing-gang, and reduces the log to a balk and slab-boards.
The balk is then shifted to the
stock-gang, which rips it into lumber.
See slabbing-gang; stock-gang.
Yard.
1. (
Nautical.) A spar slung from a mast and serving to extend a sail.
Square sails on yards are shown in the paintings of Eleythya, and elsewhere in
Egypt.
Yards are either square, lateen, or lug-sail.
Yards for square sails are suspended across the mast at right angles, and are of a cylindrical form, tapering from the middle, which is termed the slings, toward the extremities, which are called the yardarms.
At the slings is the place of the given diameter.
The distance between the slings and the yard-arms on each side is quartered, the divisions being distinguished as the first, second, and third quarters, and yard-arms.
They are connected with the mast by a
truss, or
parral, which slips up and down the mast, at the slings or midlength.
A yard is named from the mast to which it is attached, and its position thereon, as
fore or
main yard; fore, main, or
mizzen topsail yard, topgallant, or
royal yard, etc. The
jackstay runs along the upper edge of the yard, and has a rod, or perforations, to which the sail is bent.
Beneath the yard are
stirrups, by which the
horse, or
foot-rope, is suspended.
The lower yard on the mizzen-mast is called a
cross-jack yard; it is occasionally carried by a cutter for using a square sail when running before the wind.
A
spritsail-yard is a spar sometimes carried by vessels, crossing below the bowsprit, a short distance abaft the
dolphinstriker. It is used for securing the rigging of the jib-boom and flying jib-boom.
Studdingsail-yards are slung from the
studdingsail-booms, and from the fore and main topgallant yard-arms.
The
ring-tail yard is slung from the peak.
The sails bent on to yards are known as
square, lug, lateen, and
settee sails.
See sail.
The lug-sail yard is slung at about 2/3 of its length from the
peak.
A
settee is intermediate in this respect between a
lug-sail and a
lateen.
A
lateen-yard is slung at a point about 3/4 of its length from the peak, and assumes an angle of about 45°.
A yard is
Swung; that is, raised and secured by its truss, or parral.
Struck; unfastened and lowered.
Trimmed; adjusted to the state of the wind, or for parade occasions brought to a position exactly athwartships.
The main-yard of a first-rate is about 100 feet long and 2 feet in diameter at the slings.
2. A measure of length, equal to three feet, into which it is divided; for the yard is the unit, and is equal to 1/1.08719 parts of the length of a second's pendulum vibrating in vacuo in the latitude of
London at the level of the sea in a temperature of 60° Fah.
Yard-tack′le.
（
Nautical.) A
threefold tackle depending from the end of a lower yard-arm, for lifting boats and other weights.
Yarn.
Thread prepared for weaving.
1.
Cotton yarn is numbered according to the number of hanks contained in a pound of 7,000 grains.
Each
hank or
skein measures 840 yards.
At the great exhibition of industry,
London, 1853,
Mr. Houldsworth of
Manchester exhibited
cotton yarn Nos. 100 to 2,150.
No. 100 single
cotton yarn weighs 70 grains.
No. 500 single
cotton yarn weighs 14 grains.
No. 700 single
cotton yarn weighs 10 grains.
One pound weight of No. 2,150 extends upwards of 1,000 miles in length.
Houldsworth is said to have attained a fineness represented by No. 10,000, one pound of which would extend 4,770 miles. This is marvelous.
Yarn is made into hanks on a reel 4 1/2 feet in circumference, 80 revolutions of which make a
lay of 120 yards; 7
lays to a
hank of 840 yards.
Previous to the invention of the mule, the limit of fineness ordinarily reached in
England was No. 200.
The natives of
India reached from Nos. 300 to 400.
As appears by the above figures, the
mule has revolutionized this matter, leaving all mere hand skill far in the rear.
2. Worsted yarn has 560 yards to the
skein.
Woolen yarn has 1,600 yards to the
skein or
run.
3. Linen yarn is wound upon reels, and made up into
leas, hanks, and
bundles.
The reels differ in size, being respectively 2 1/2 and 1 1/2 yards round.
| 120 threads of 2 1/2 yards | = 300 yards = 1 lea. |
| 10 leas | = 3,000 yards = 1 hank. |
| 20 hanks | = 60,000 yards = 1 bundle. |
| 3 bundles | = 180,000 yards = 1 bunch. |
Of the smaller reel:—
| 100 threads of 1 1/2 yards | = 150 yards = 1/2 lea. |
| 10 1/2 leas | = 1,500 yards = 1 1/2 hanks. |
| 40 1/2 hanks | = 60,000 yards = 1 bundle. |
The fineness of linen yarn is reckoned by the number of
leas, of 300 yards to the pound (cotton, it will be recollected, is reckoned by the number of
hanks, of 840 yards to the pound), so that 25 or 400
leas represent that those rather extreme numbers have that number of
leas in the pound weight; 7,500 yards and 120,000 yards, respectively, in length of thread.
Another mode of reckoning the grade of a linen yarn is by the weight of the bundle of 60,000 yards. Thus, a bundle of 25
leas to the pound weighs 8 pounds; a bundle of 100
leas to the pound weighs 2 pounds; etc.
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Yarn-assorter. |
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Yarn guide and clearer. |
Yarn-as-sort′er.
A kind of bentlever balance used for ascertaining the size of yarn.
A′skein is placed in the pan, and a pointer indicates its number on the graduated arc. The assorter for cotton requires a different graduation from that for woolen yarn.
Yarn-beam′ing ma-chine′.
A machine for winding the warp-yarn on to the beam.
See warping-machine.
Yarn-clear′er.
A fork or a pair of blades, set nearly touching, so as to remove burls or unevenness from yarn passing between them.
Yarn-dress′er.
A machine for sizing and polishing yarn.
In the example (
Fig. 7380), it consists of a creel carrying rollers
a a, which deliver their yarn over another roller, from which it dips beneath the surface of the size in a size-box and is thence led upward, passing devices which whip or brush it to remove superfluous size and give it a polish; it thence is conducted over rollers back and forth, above and below several series of steam-heated pipes arranged flatwise in stories.
The letters
b c d e f g show the course of the yarn which passes through a reed
i, and is then wound upon a reel
h in separate hanks, representing the contents of the separate rollers
a a.
Yarn-me′ter.
A counter to show the quantity of yarn each spindle has been making.
Brown,
Sharpe, & Co.'s yarn-meter indicates the quantity in hanks and decimal parts.
They are attached to the front side of one end of the head-rail of a slubber, fly-frame, spinningframe, or mule.
A worm is attached to the end of the front roll, which gears into a wheel on the shaft.
A wheel of 77 teeth
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is suitable for a front roll 1 1/4 inches in diameter, 86 teeth for 1 1/8 inches roll, 96 teeth for 1 inch roll.
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Yarn dresser and reel. |
Yarn-print′er.
A machine for printing warps previous to weaving.
This plan is adopted with some kinds of cheap goods to make stripes across the fabric, as with common carpets.
A cheap kind of figured
tapestry-carpet is also made by printing in the patterns so as to come right when the warp is raised up in loops upon the face of the goods.
In
Fig. 7381, the desired number of skeins are stretched upon the wire-netting so as to be firmly held thereon, the coloringmatter being allowed to penetrate the yarn, so as to leave an even impression upon both sides of the fold.
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Machine for printing yarn. |
In
Fig. 7382, the yarn is printed between fluted or engraved rollers.
The yarn is only exposed to pressure between the ridges of the fluted roller and the opposite portions of the smooth roller, and takes up the color only at those points from the surface of the printing-rollers.
In patent 83,103, means are employed for causing the colorfeeding rolls to skip, during the revolution of the printingcylinder, all those ribs which are to be furnished with some color other than that which they supply respectively.
Yarn-reel.
A machine for winding yarn from the cop or bobbin.
The bobbins are placed on the skewers, and, the index-finger on the counter being placed at zero, the ends of the yarns are attached to a bar of the reel, which is then rotated until a gong sounds or the finger has made a revolution of the dial.
The
cuts or
leas, of a determinate length, say 80 times the circumference of the reel, equal to 120 yards (80 threads of 1 1/2 yards each, or 1 7 of a
hank), are then weighed.
Yarn-scale.
One for showing the weight of a certain length of yarn, say a
hank.
Brown and
Sharpe's shows the weights of all numbers in troy grains.
Yarn-spool′er.
A winding-machine for filling spools or bobbins for shuttles or otherwise.
The yarn is on a beam, which has a brake to determine the tension.
The yarn is led between rollers and through eyes to the spindles, which are rotated by gearing in the box beneath.
Yarn-test′er.
An instrument for determining the strength of yarns.
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Yarn-printing machine. |
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Yarn-testing reel. |
A cut of the yarn to be tested is passed over two hooks, one of which, by turning a hand-wheel
a that operates a screw, is caused to recede from the other.
By this means the yarn is strained until broken.
The tension causes the weight
b to rise along the arc
c, and the index on the dial
d to turn until the yarn breaks, when it indicates the actual breaking-strength of the yarn.
A detent on
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the weight engages one of the teeth on the arc
c and prevents it from falling.
An attachment also indicates the range of elasticity of the yarn.
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Yarn-Spooler. |
Yarn-wind′er.
See yarn-reel; yarn-Spooler; etc.
Yasmas.
A dyed and printed Swiss fabric.
Yawl.
（
Nautical.)
a. A decked boat carrying two masts, one of which is near the stern.
It is usually lugger or cutter rigged, the after-mast, called a
jigger, being the smaller.
b. A ship's boat.
A
jolly-boat, usually from 23 to 28 feet long, and 1/4 to 1/3 that breadth of beam.
In the
British navy it is the fifth boat in point of size; the others being the
launch, long-boat, barge, and
pinnace.
Yel′low-ing.
A process in the manufacture of pins: boiling in an aciduous solution, previous to nurling and tinning.
Yel′low-met′al.
A sheathing alloy of copper, 2; zinc, 1.
Yer′gas.
A coarse woolen fabric for horse-cloths.
Y-level.
An instrument for measuring distance and altitude.
Yoke.
1. A bar which connects two of a kind, usually; as the
ox-yoke, fastened by bows on the necks of a pair of oxen, or by thongs to the horns or foreheads of the oxen in some countries.
“The most approved kind of harness for cattle,” says
Loudon, “is little different from that of the horse, excepting in the shape of the collar.
In many places, however, and especially on the Continent, the ox draws solely by the withers, by means of what is called a
yoke and
bows.”
He recommends saddles for hitching singly in carts; also breeching, bridles, halters, and reins.
Post's ox-yoke has hinged plates secured to the top of the yoke, the free ends engaging in notches in the bows.
They are substitutes for keys and are not apt to be lost off.
The cattle-yoke of ancient
Egypt was various in construction.
Sometimes a cross-bar, fastened at the end of the tongue, was lashed to the horns, and at other times we see an angular frame, with openings which fit around the necks, bearing against the shoulders of the animals; a very rough form of double collar for the span of animals.
A much more ingenious and complicated contrivance is shown in the cut, which is of a yoke taken from an ancient tomb, and now in the collection of D'Anastasi.
The long bar was attached to the end of the tongue and rested on the withers of the cattle, each end being lashed to a pair of cross-pieces shown in the other figure.
These lay on each side of the shoulder, and had pads of matting to prevent galling.
The strap went under the throat, and served to keep the yoke in place.
All draft animals in old
Egypt pulled by the yoke, whether cattle and asses in the fields, or horses to the chariots.
In the latter case, the yoke was a splendid affair, having two concavities, which rested on the withers of the horses, the yoke being held in place by neck-bands and girths.
See chariot.
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Yarn-tester. |
Elijah found Elisha in the field, with twelve yoke of cattle before him, and he with the twelfth.
This means twelve plows and as many yoke of oxen.
(See plow.) Job had 500 yoke of cattle.
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Post's ox-yoke. |
Horses were yet
yoked to the poles of the chariots in the time of
Xerxes.
The sacred chariot of
Jupiter (Ormuzd), mentioned by
Xenophon in his description of the train of
Cyrus, had golden yokes and was drawn by white horses.
The Persian monarchs fought from chariots down to the time of the
Macedonian conquest.
The white horses were raised on the
Nicaean plain, in
Media, and were a peculiar breed belonging to the king.
The
Greeks captured them from
Xerxes after the defeat at
Salamis.
The curious yoke over the withers of the
Russian horses is probably a survival of an old type.
Oxen (1000 B. C.) were yoked by the horns in
Greece (Homer).
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Ox-yokes (ancient Egypt). |
A knotted thong secured the yoke to the pole of the chariot of
Gordius, king of
Phrygia.
It was a complicated tie, and formed the famous Gordian knot which was cut asunder by the sword of
Alexander; his favorite mode of solving a difficulty.
Varro (50 B. C.) recommends that in breaking oxen “their necks should be put between forked stakes, one for each bullock,” and be gentled while thus fastened by hand-feeding.
“Then join an unbroken one with a veteran” ; load light at
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first.
Virgil says, begin with them when calves.
They were yoken by the horns or neck, the latter being preferred by the writers of the day.
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Cheetah-cart. |
Columella (50 B. C.) condemns yoking by the horns, and states that they can pull better by the neck and breast, which is true.
His directions for the treatment of oxen are full and excellent.
In
Tuscany, oxen are guided by reins attached to rings passing through the cartilage between the nostrils.
In
Africa, a straight stick takes the place of the ring, and the ends of the bridle-rein are attached to it. The ox is the riding and pack animal of
Central Africa.
Fig. 7388 is a view of the cheetah, or hunting-leopard cart, from which he is let loose when the prey is seen.
The drawing is taken from a model made in the
Bombay Presidency,
India, and exhibited at the
World's Fair,
London, 1851.
It shows the heavy tongue, which forms a seat for the driver.
2. The
neck-yoke, by which the fore end of the tongue is suspended from the hames, or collars of a span of horses.
See neck-yoke.
3. A frame to fit the shoulders and neck of a person, and support a couple of buckets suspended from the ends of the yoke.
The ordinary yoke, worn upon the shoulders, and used so commonly in
Europe for suspending buckets, etc., in carrying, is found represented very frequently in the
Egyptian tombs.
The figures
b c in the accompanying cut are represented carrying water to irrigate plants.
a represents a wooden yoke and leather strap found by
Mr. Burton at
Thebes, and brought by him to
Europe.
4. Devices to be attached to breachy animals, to prevent their crawling or breaking through or jumping over fences, are sometimes called
yokes. They are also known as
pokes, the term
yoke being more properly applied to the draft attachments of animals, as
ox-yokes, neck-yokes, shoulder-yokes.
5. (
Nautical.) A bar attached to the rudder-head and projecting in each direction sideways; to its ends are attached the steering-ropes or
yoke-lines, which are handled by the coxswain or steersman, or pass to the drum on the axis of the
steering-wheel. The
yoke is principally used in rowing-boats.
6. A cross-bar from which a bell is suspended.
Hildreth's rotary yoke is adapted to a round-shank bell.
It contains a conical aperture into which the shank enters, the bell being secured to the yoke by a screw-threaded bolt
b, to which the clapper is hinged;
n is a nut, and
w a washer.
This device admits of the bell being turned, so that the clapper may be made to strike at any point of its circumference, thus avoiding the constant wear at two opposite points, which results from the common mode of hanging, and which ultimately destroys the bell.
7. A branching coupling-section, connecting two pipes with a single one, as the hot and cold water pipes, with a single pipe for a shower-bath.
8. A head-frame of a grain-elevator, where the belt passes over the upper drum and its cups discharge into the descending chute.
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Yoke for grain-elevators. |
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Yoke-arbor. |
In
Fig. 7391, the head-frame of the elevator is vertically adjustable in guides; its lower end entering the hold of the vessel.
The belt is passed beneath one pulley of the adjustable frame and over another of the same, so as to allow of vertical movement of the same without affecting the belt.
See also elevator.
9. A form of carriage clip which straddles the parts, and is tightened by nuts beneath the plate.
Yoke-ar′bor.
A form of double journal-box for pulley-spindles, in which a curved branch extending from one bearing to the other on each side of the pulley serves to protect the belt from being chafed or otherwise injured.
Yok′ings.
（
Mining.) Pieces of wood used for designating possession.
Stowces.
Yufts.
A kind of
Russia leather.
