Pa′per-bag ma-chine′.
A machine, usually automatic, operating upon paper from the roll or upon blanks previously cut, to fold and paste it into bag shape.
The kinds are various, and the prominent ones will be cited in order of date.
The principal and most successful ones take the paper from the roll, either of a width for forming a bag, or else cut into strips which are simultaneously acted upon by separate sets of devices.
The strip, assuming there to be but one, is bent over into tubular shape, cut off into lengths, the shape at the point of severance being such as to leave a flap to paste over, and thus close the bottom; or a piece is cut off the flat strip and portions of it are folded over the remainder and flaps pasted for closing the side and bottom; or a piece is folded into a conical form with pasted flap.
Other minor variations might be cited.
Much of the ingenuity has been expended in cutting the paper to make no waste; also in forms for so folding the portions at the bottom as to make what is called a satchel-bottom, where the parts are folded upon each other, making several thicknesses at the part most exposed to wear and tear.
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Paper-bag machine. |
Fig. 3505 is a hand-machine, having two ends at which square and conical bags are made respectively.
In such case, a piece of paper of the required size and shape is laid upon the table and held by a hinged piece which corresponds to the inner size and form of the bag; this former, holding down the sheet, side flaps are folded over, carrying with them portions of the paper which lap upon each other a sufficient width for a pasting surface.
One machine is shown operated by a hand-lever, the other by a treadle.
The farther one, for square bags, has a bottom flap for the bottom piece, which folds over upon and is pasted to the side pieces.
Wolle, October 26, 1852, and May 29, 1855, was perhaps the first to make bags by automatic machinery.
The bag made is shown at
a a′,
Fig. 3506.
a is the blank with a notch; the portion 1 is folded over the part 2, and then appears as represented at
a′. The folding over of the top and bottom flaps fin-
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ishes the operation.
The paper is fed from a roll, the web is cut into oblong sections, notched, folded by a blade which drives the bottom edge between rollers, from whence the folded blank passes to the gummers and flap-folders.
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Blanks for paper bags. |
b c d shows a bag in successive stages as made in
Wolle's machine of July 6, 1858.
The piece is not removed to form the notch, but is folded in to make double the bottom of the bag.
The
Rice machine, April 28, 1857, was the first to bend a continuous web of paper over into a tubular shape and cut it off obliquely, so that an angular piece is left to be bent over and form the flap of the bag-bottom.
e represents a blank cut from a continuous web in a Goodale machine, May 29, 1855.
The narrower portion is folded on to the wider, and the side flaps pasted and turned down.
The bag has a projecting lip, due to the curved line of severance.
f f′ shows
Goodale's paper bag, July 12, 1859.
This cuts from the web without waste, and the bottom has two flaps, strengthening it at that point.
See also his patent, Aug. 23, 1859.
Koch's paper-bag machine, March 13, 1855, is adapted for making bags or boxes, the paper from a continuous web
a being drawn between successive sets of rollers, etc., which are caused to turn intermittingly in one direction by means of cams on a shaft operating jointed levers and connecting rods.
As the paper moves onward it is cut to the proper form and size by a cutter or cutters vertically reciprocated by the lever
g, which, together with a corresponding lever on the other side, derives its motion through an intermediate series of levers from cams on the shafts
c c. The lever
g also operates the paster.
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Koch's paper-bag machine. |
After being pasted the blank is carried forward by the two succeeding pairs of rollers and received upon a slide which forms one side of a hollow mold within which the bag is formed; at the same time the shaft
k is rotated one quarter around, so that one of the formers
l is in proper position to permit slides corresponding to the three other sides and the bottom of the bag to be successively brought up against it; this is effected by cams on the shafts
c c, which operate compound levers connected with the slides and having toes against which the cams strike during the rotation of the shaft.
The forward movement of each slide turns in its side of the paper upon the former
l and joins the pasted edges.
The bottom is also similarly turned in and united to the sides.
Farther rotation of the shafts
c c causes the withdrawal of the slides and imparts a movement to the
former, on which is the completed bag. This is withdrawn from the
former by a pair of nippers or pinchers, which are caused to rise at the proper moment and seize the bag, by the bent lever
n actuated by a spring
o. The nippers is withdrawn, taking with it the bag, by a semicircular cam on the shaft
c, its jaws being opened and closed at the right time by projections on the standards between which it works.
Pettee's machine, May 29, 1860.
The roll of paper is fed beneath an elevated roller, and, passing over and partially around a drum, passes beneath the folder, which consists of two longitudinal strips with an opening between them, through which one edge of the paper projects, enabling paste to be applied by means of a horizontally revolving paste-wheel.
Passing onward, it is seized by two clamps, drawn over a slide, and the two sides united so as to form a tube.
As it is released by these clamps, it is seized by a second pair, which pass over the first, drawing it forward by a hand-over-hand movement, and passing it between the two blades of a stationary clamp, which holds it while it is severed by a reciprocating knife.
It is then subjected to the action of a wedge-shaped trough containing paste.
The lower edge of this trough has a longitudinal slit, the width of which may be adjusted so as to deposit the proper quantity of paste on the bottom of the cut-off bag. At the moment of depositing the paste the edge of the trough forces this part between two rollers, which bend over the edge of the bottom and complete the bag. The various motions requisite to the operation of the machine are derived from a driving-shaft, having belt and pulley connection with the motor.
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Paper-bag machines. |
g,
Fig. 3508, represents the
Armstrong machine, October 2, 1860.
The bag is made from a continuous web, bent by a spindle-shaped roller and by side guides into a tube, the lapping edge pasted, the tube flattened, and then a bag cut off. The sides of the bag are held apart at different parts of the length of the tube, so that a single stroke makes an oblique cut across the tube of paper.
The projecting serrated flap is pasted and folded over upon the body of the bag.
Greenough's machine, February 3, 1863, works from a continuous web, making square-bottomed, box-shaped bags, portions being removed from each side of the strip to make the requisite indentations and flaps.
Pettee, May 5, 1863, bends a continuous web of paper into a trough shape, by a pair of rollers adjustable in relative distance according to size of bag. Then the edges are bent over by another roller to form a tube, the edges gummed, a portion cut off obliquely to make a bottom flap.
Taggart, August 15, 1865, has a table with a slit which holds the flatly folded bag, exposing that portion above the table which is to be folded satchelwise.
h is the Goodale machine.
September 12, 1865.
The continuous web is cut by the descending knife
a, giving the edge of the blank a wavy shape.
The sides are then folded over by side flaps, the folded portions lapping over each other the width of the pasted surface.
The bottom flap is turned over and pasted on to the sides.
i i′ are two views of the Hollingsworth bag, January 24, 1865, which is made upon a vertical former with dilatable sides.
Jaeger's machine, May 7, 1857, is shown in
Fig. 3509. It is somewhat similar to the one shown at
Fig. 3508. It takes a square blank and folds over two angular flaps, making a conical bag.
Mallary's machine, July 28, 1868, like the Goodale machine just cited, has side and end flaps which fold those portions over the former.
As the continuous sheet of paper is fed to the machine, the several devices perform their respective functions of delivering the paper to a knife, which cuts off a piece of suitable length for a bag, drawing such piece into the folders which produce the side laps, pressing the end lap against the pastingroller, and at the same time turning it upward over the edge of the folding-blade, and then moving the bag forward between pressure-rollers, which join the pasted edges of the laps to the bag.
In his patent of November 3, 1868, one edge of the sheet is
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pasted by means of a roller as it passes into the machine; then one of its sides is folded over a former, and over it is folded the pasted side.
The bag so far formed is drawn off by rollers, by which it is passed into an inclosure made with a bottom of a series of rollers, which carry it forward.
One roller applies paste across the bag near the bottom, while another forms a fold for the bottom lap. It then passes out between another pair of rollers, which dress the bottom fold of the bag into place.
In
Amazeen's machine, November 17, 1868, the paper, in passing into the machine from a mounted roll, has paste applied to its margin at one side, and is fed forward to toothed knives, which cut off a piece large enough to form a bag. The pasted and detached piece is then made to pass on beneath a plate or former, around which it is deflected into tubular form by bent guideplates.
The paper, being delivered from this forming device, has its pasted side pressed down upon the adjoining edge.
One side of the paper tube is now longer than the other (a result due to the shape of the knives), and the mechanism, which finally comes into play, applies paste to the projecting end, folds it over to finish the bag, and discharges the latter from the machine.
Lockwood's machine, March 9, 1869.
The web of paper is drawn over rollers
a d, paste being applied to one edge by a roller in the trough
f. It is partially formed in a tubular shape by the pivoted ball
g, which prepares it for the action of the former
h, by which, and the side clamps
i i, the two edges are thrown over toward each other, but are prevented from touching by a finger until arriving at or near the guides and pressrollers which unite the two edges.
The tube is passed onward by a roll and endless band, which hold it firmly while being severed between the stationary serrated knife and a movable knife below it. The endless belt
n conveys the bag into a position to be acted on by a knife, which is brought alternately into contact with a roller revolving in a paste-trough and with the end of the bag, which it pastes and creases preparatory to being seized by the rollers which, by pressing the turned-over portion and the body of the bag, form the bottom and complete the operation.
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Forming a strip into a flat tube. |
M. E. Knight's machine, July 11, 1871, manufactures flat or satchel-bottomed bags from a continuous tube of paper fed from a roll over a former, and cut, folded, and pasted.
The peculiar feature is a device to hold back a point or portion of one edge of the paper tube, while the blade or tucking-knife makes the first fold.
The successive conditions of the fold are shown at
p p′ p′,
Fig. 3510.
In
Arkell's machine, December 26, 1871, square-bottomed bags are made from a roll of paper, which is passed over a former, and its edges pasted together so as to be delivered in the form of a tube, which is cut into lengths, one end of which is cut, folded, and creased to facilitate the operation of forming the bottom.
The partially formed sack is carried automatically through the machine on a carrier, which moves continuously in one direction, and on which it is subjected successively to the mechanism for applying the paste and finishing the bag bottom.
Fig. 3510 shows the successive shapes assumed by the paper in forming a strip into a flat tube.
The
Benner bag, January 9, 1872, is shown at
k k′ k′. A strip double the length of the bag to be formed is folded at midlength.
By the action of long formers, having at their sides hinged blades, the edges of the blank are folded, reverse folded,
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and lapped to form a tube which, when distended, is rectangular in section.
See also
Guild's patent, January 23, 1872.
Bibby and
Baron's English machine, October 1, 1872, for making square-bottomed bags, takes the paper tube from a roll, cuts, pastes, folds, presses, prints, and delivers the completed bag.
Annan's machine, November 12, 1872.
A strip of paper, one edge pasted, is fed over curved guides (carrying diagonal spreading-rolls) attached to pivoted lever-arms, and its sides turned inward and lapped by twisted guides.
This tube is pressed and fed forward by rolls (between which it is cut) upon a folding-table, where its lower ply is held down and the freshly pasted seam protected by an exhaust through orifices in the bed, and the forward end of the upper ply blown up by a blast through a pipe.
Three rollers, journaled in cross-heads which reciprocate in radial slots of the revolving frame, successively carry the upper ply back on the tube to form the first diamondend fold, the tube having been clamped by fingers at the angle thus formed; then deposit two lines of paste over the laps clamped by double fingers at the points where they are next to be folded, and after a folding-plate has folded over the last flap then lap the last fold on the opposite end of the bottom, the finished bag being fed out by rolls or belts.
In
Hotchkiss's machine, January 28, 1873, the bag shown at
l l′ l′ l‴ is made.
The paper is fed by rolls from under the delivery-table over the recess of the folding-table, where it is held on one side by a spring and on the other by a gravitating bar, when a bag-length is cut by the shears.
A right angular bar, rocked in and out of a vat, applies paste to one edge and part of the rear end. The rectangular former, descending, carries the blank into the forming-box, causing its sides to stand vertically, that which is dragged from under the bar being longest to form the overlap or seam.
The folding-plate moves forward to lay one lap, followed by the opposite combined plate and roller, which lays the other flap and completes a square tube.
These folding devices are so connected by levers, that one shall move in advance of the other, and the last folder plays under the pasting-table.
The side-end folders are reciprocated successively to lay the side folds of the bag end, the pasted one first, over which partially completed end a paste-roll, vibrated out of a paste-vat, lays a line of paste on the inside surfaces of the top and bottom end-folds, the latter being protected by a supporting lip. The side-folders retreating, the upper end-folder descends and lays its fold, and, retreating, is followed by the lower end-folder, which completes the bottom.
The
former now rises, and, as a new feed is accomplished, its interior piston ejects the bag from the former on to a table, from which it is fed by an apron against the upper of a pair of rolls, where a vibrating bar breaks down its upper edge and forces the lower corner of the bottom into the bite of said rolls, which press and deliver it flat.
Fig. 3512 shows the Crowell bag, April 8, 1873, in which the edges of a strip of paper are folded in and then a portion lapped outwardly, the face of the latter being pasted.
By doubling the strip thus prepared inward and outward, zigzag fashion, as at
m, the parts become united together in pairs, faces fastening paste to paste, and alternating with unpasted portions lying back to back.
The bolt thus made is cut along the edges
m′, which separates the pile into bags which are like
m′ when fully distended.
See also his patent, October 14, 1873, in which the paper is cut longitudinally, intermittingly pasted by the paste-wheels and scraper, the edges then being folded under and paste applied to them.
Thence it passes over a cylinder between it and a second cylinder, when the bottom is folded, the baglength cut off, and the edges pressed together.
Then the bag passes over the printing-roll to the table, where it is automatically removed and counted.
n represents the
Parker bag, January 6, 1874, which is formed by folding inwardly the opposite edges of two strips of paper, uniting the folded edges, and folding and pasting one end of the united strips.
Crowell's paper-bag, January 13, 1874.
o has a bottom made by a central transverse fold of the paper, and has its sides closed by edge-folds which, at each side of the paper, are cemented together and to one of the adjacent sides of the bag.
q q′ illustrate
Murphy's mode of making the division of the paper tube so that when the side portions, which are deeply serrated, are folded over upon the mid portion, both will be exposed to the pasting-brush, as shown at
q, and may be securely fastened down to the side of the bag over which the bottom flap is folded.
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Paper bags. |
r r′ illustrate the mode of making the Taggart bag, the blank being slipped into a slit plate, and then the portion projecting above the plate being folded down, first the ends and then the sides.
Biedinger's, March 10, 1874, is an upright machine in which the web of paper is fed upon its edge between a pair of vertical rollers, is wound around a mandrel, and, its side joint pasted, the bag cut off, the mandrel contracts and allows it to slip on to a former.
Its bottom then falls into a cradle formed of revolving cams, where folding pieces and fingers combine to bend over the flaps which constitute the satchel bottom; and the bag passes between the rollers.
To describe it somewhat more at length: main feedrolls
m deliver the web to shears, and cease their motion as a bag-length is cut. This blank is carried forward by auxiliary feed-rolls
m′, seized by a griper, and wound on the
former, the forward end receiving paste from a roll, and being united to the rear end by
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pressure against the delivery-roll.
The
former consists of a set of rolls
a a on eccentric shafts, partially rotated, to expand the
former while making the tube, and farther rotated to contract it to release the tube, which falls on to a supplemental former
b, over which it is fed by endless belts
c c being made to pass over spring-arms and extended flat, and into the discharge-rolls, which propel it until a proper length projects above the bottom-folders.
Folders
f f now move inwardly, pressing against the retiring spring-arms, and form the triangular end-folds (Fig.
C); retracting, they are followed by the descending piston, which rests on this partial bottom (Fig.
D). The continuously revolving folders crease the sides against the angles of the piston, press a line of paste thereon, carry the piston and bag downward together until the central rib of the piston enters and spreads the bag-bottom in the bite of the discharge-rolls (Fig.
E), where, the piston rising, the folders lay the side-laps successively (Figs.
F, G), one folder (Fig.
H) carrying a knife, folding the bottom centrally and into the rollers which discharge it pressed flat for packing.
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Biedinger's paper-bag machine (series of operations). |
| paper-bag machines patented in the United States. |
| No. | Name. | Date. |
| 9,355, | F. Wolle, | Oct. 26, 1852. |
| 12,511, | Louis Koch | March 13, 1855. |
| 12,786, | Smith and Pettee | May 1, 1855. |
| 12,945, | E. W. Goodale | May 29, 1855. |
| 12,982, | F. Wolle | May 29, 1855. |
| 13,647, | E. W. Goodale | Oct. 9, 1855. |
| 17,184, | B. F. Rice | April 28, 1857. |
| 19,506, | Jacob Keller | March 2, 1858. |
| 20,838, | Francis Wolle | July 6, 1858. |
| 21,657, | Henry R. David | Oct. 5, 1858. |
| 22,199, | S. E. Pettee | Nov. 30, 1858. |
| 24,734, | William Goodale | July 12, 1859. |
| 25,191, | William Goodale | Aug. 23, 1859. |
| 27,959, | Louis D. Barrand | April 24, 1860. |
| 28,188, | G. F. Lufberry | May 8, 1860. |
| 28,537, | S. E. Pettee | May 29, 1860. |
| 30,191, | H. G. Armstrong | Oct. 2, 1860. |
| 32,777, | John Miller, Jr. | July 9, 1861. |
| 37,573, | J. J. Greenough | Feb. 3, 1863. |
| 37,726, | C. H. Morgan | Feb. 17, 1863. |
| 38,253, | Joseph Wells | April 21, 1863. |
| 38,452, | S. E. Pettee | May 5, 1863. |
| 40,001, | Joseph Wells | Sept. 15, 1863. |
| 42,313, | Joseph Wells | April 12, 1864. |
| 43,773, | J. M. Hurd | April 12, 1864. |
| 45,999, | E. A. Hollingsworth | Jan. 24, 1865. |
| 49,454, | B. B. Taggart | Aug. 15, 1865. |
| 49,736, | B. F. Ellis | Sept. 5, 1865. |
| 49,951, | E. W. Goodale | Sept. 12, 1865. |
| 62,342, | Kirk and Howlett | Feb. 26, 1867. |
| 64,537, | G. L. Jaeger | May 7, 1867. |
| 70,601, | E. B. Olmsted | Nov. 5, 1867. |
| 74,190, | James Arkell | Feb. 11, 1868. |
| 80,298, | George H. Mallary | July 28, 1868. |
| 83,648, | George H. Mallary | Nov. 3, 1868. |
| 84,076, | C. Amazeen | Nov. 17, 1868. |
| 87,608, | Joseph Wells | March 9, 1869. |
| 87,689, | H. C. Lockwood | March 9, 1869. |
| 90,624, | C. F. Annan | June 1, 1869. |
| 94,511, | J. P. Pultz | Sept. 7, 1869. |
| 101,299, | C. J. Moffatt | March 29, 1870. |
| 104,169, | H. Law | June 14, 1870. |
| 105,099, | Lorton and Davison | July 5, 1870. |
| 110,536, | C. F. Annan | Dec. 27, 1870. |
| 111,802, | C. F. Annan | Feb. 14, 1871. |
| 111,803, | C. F. Annan | Feb. 14, 1871. |
| 112,005, | P. E. Armstrong | Feb. 21, 1871. |
| 114,743, | A. Adams | May 16, 1871. |
| 116,842, | M. E. Knight | July 11, 1871. |
| 118,327, | James Arkell | Aug. 22, 1871. |
| 119,307, | J. M., J. P., and S. H. Bryant | Sept. 26, 1871. |
| 119,915, | B. S. Binney | Oct. 17, 1871. |
| 122,099, | James Arkell | Dec. 26, 1871. |
| 122,510, | L. D. Benner | Jan. 9, 1872. |
| 123,013, | George Guild | Jan. 23, 1872. |
| 123,812, | L. C. Crowell | Feb. 20, 1872. |
| 131,841, | Bibby and Baron | Oct. 1, 1872. |
| 132,312, | H. B. Morris | Oct. 15, 1872. |
| 132,890, | C. F. Annan | Nov. 12, 1872. |
| 133,395, | J. Arkell | Nov. 26, 1872. |
| 134,035, | B. Cole | Dec. 17, 1872. |
| 134,580, | C. F. Annan | Jan. 7, 1873. |
| 135,145, | M. Murphy | Jan. 21, 1873. |
| 135,275, | T. Hotchkiss | Jan. 28, 1873. |
| 138,844, | L. D. Benner | May 13, 1873. |
| 139,104, | H. G. Armstrong | May 20, 1873. |
| 140,342, | N. Biedinger | July 1, 1873. |
| 141,862, | G. Dunham | Aug. 19, 1873. |
| 143,358, | W. Liddell | Sept. 30, 1873. |
| 143,674, | L. C. Crowell | Oct. 14, 1873. |
| 143,925, | J. S. Ostranger | Oct. 21, 1873. |
| 145,125, | J. P. Raymond | Dec. 2, 1873. |
| 146,372, | W. Webster | Jan. 13, 1874. |
| 146,773, | R. W. Murphy | Jan. 27, 1874. |
| 146,774, | M. Murphy | Jan. 27, 1874. |
| 147,998, | C. B. Stilwell | Feb. 24, 1874. |
| 148,280, | C. G. Biedinger | March 10, 1874. |
| 151,258, | W. F. West | May 26, 1874. |
| 151,862, | G. Dunham | June 9, 1874. |
