Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia, P., Pneu-mat′ic hoist.

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19th-Century American

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chapter : entry
entry

Table of Contents:

Pach-om′e-ter.

Pack′ag-ing-ma-chine′.

Pack′et-note.

Pack′ing-awl.

Pack′ing-bolt.

Pack′ing-box.

Pack′ing-press.

Pack′ing-ring.

Pack′ing-stick.

Pack-sad′dle.

Pad-crimp press.

Pad′ding-ma-chine′.

Pad′dle-box boat.

Pad′dle-hole.

Pad′dle-pro-pel′ler.

Pad′dle-wheel.

Pad-trace Bear′er.

Pad-u-a-soy′.

Pae-dom′e-ter.

Pag′ing-ma-chine′.

Pail-ma-chine′.

Paint-burn′er.

Pair-horse Har′ness.

Paix ′han gun.

Pal′ate, Artifi′cial.

Pal′ette-knife.

Pal′ier-glis′sant.

Pal′imp-sest.

Pal-la′di-um-izing.

Pallam-poor′.

Pal′let-mold′ing.

Pal-li-asse′.

Palm-leaf loom.

Pan-a-ma′ hat.

Pan-de′an pipes.

Panei-cono-graph.

Pan′el-plane.

Pan′el-rais′er.

Pan-ic′o-graph.

Pan-nus-co′ri-um.

Pan-o-ram′ic Cam′e-ra.

Panste-re-o-ra′ma.

Pan-tel′e-graph.

Pan′to-chro-nom′e-ter.

Pan′to-graph.

Pan-tom′e-ter.

Pa′per-bag ma-chine′.

Pa′per-box ma-chine′.

Pa′per-clamp.

Pa′per cloth.

Pa′per Col′lar.

Pa′per-col′or-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-cut′ter.

Pa′per-cut′ting ma-chine′.

Pa′per-en-am′el-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-feed′er.

Pa′per floor-cloth.

Pa′per-fold′er.

Pa′per-fold′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-hang′ing.

Pa′per hot-press.

Pa′per-knife.

Pa′per-mak′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-mold′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-mus′lin.

Pa′per-per′fo-rating ma-chine′.

Pa′per-pol′ish-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-punch.

Pa′per-rul′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-split′ting.

Pa′per-stock Bleach′er.

Pa′per-stock Wash′er.

Pa′per-tube ma-chine′.

Pa′per-twine.

Pa′per Wa′ter-proof′ing Machine′.

Pa′per-weight.

Pa′pier-mache′.

Par-a-bol′ic Il-lu′mi-na′tor.

Par-a-bol′ic Reflect′or.

Par′a-cen-te′ri-um.

Par-a-chute′.

Par-a-chute′--light.

Par-a-chute′--light ball.

Par′a-gran′di-ne.

Par-a-grele′.

Par′al-lel bar.

Par′al-lel file.

Par′al-lel knife.

Par′al-lel lathe.

Par′al-lel Mo′tion.

Par′al-lel Rul′er.

Par′al-lel vise.

Para-ton-nerre.

Par′cel-ing-ma-chine′.

Parch′ment-pa′per.

Par′ing-ma-chine′.

Par′ing-plow.

Paring-scis′sors.

Par-is′ian gold-col′ored Al′loy.

Par-is′ian white-metal.

Pa-risth′mi-o-tome.

Par′lia-ment-heel.

Par′lor-skate.

Pa′ros-mar′ble.

Par′point-work.

Par′ral-rope.

Par′rott-gun.

Part′ing-sand.

Pas-de-sou′ris.

Passe-par-tout′.

Pass′ing-place.

Pasteboard-cut ′ter.

Paste-mak′er.

Pat ′a-mome-ter.

Pa-tel′la-ap′Pa-ra′tus.

Pat ′ent Leath ′er.

Pat ′e-re′ro.

Pa′ter-nos′ter — pump.

Pa′ter-nos′ter-wheel.

Pat ′tern-box.

Pat ′tern-cyl′in-der.

Pat ′tern-makers' Ap-pli′an-ces.

Pat ′tern-wheel.

Pat ′tin-son's pots.

Pa-vil′lon-chi-nois′.

Pav′ing-bee′tle.

Pav′ing-ma-chine′.

Pav′ing-roll′er.

Pav′ing-tile.

Peach-par′er.

Peach-ston′er.

Pea-drop′per.

Peak-hal′yards.

Pea′nut-dig′ger.

Pea′nut-pick′er.

Pearl , Arti-fi′cial.

Pearl-barley ma-chine′.

Pearl-but′ton.

Pearl ′ing-mill.

Pearl-pow′der.

Pea-shell′er.

Peat-burn′ing Furnace.

Peat-cut ′ter.

Peat-ma-chine′.

Peb′ble-pav′ing.

Pedal-or′gan.

Ped′es-tal-cov′er.

Ped′i-ment-ba-rom′e-ter.

Pe-dom′e-ter.

Peel ′ing-i′ron.

Peg-cut ′ter.

Peg′ging-awl.

Peg′ging-ma-chine′.

Peg′ging-ram′mer.

Pei-ram′e-ter.

Pel′le-tan-jet.

Pel-vim′e-ter.

Pely-com′e-ter.

Pen′cil-com′pass.

Pen′cil-sharpen-er.

Pen′dant-wind′ing watch.

Pendu-lous-cylin-der steam-en′gine.

Pen′du-lum-hausse.

Pen′du-lum-lev′el.

Pen′du-lum-pump.

Pen′du-lum-wheel.

Pen′du-lum-wire.

Pen-i-cil′lus.

Pe′nis-syringe.

Pen′nis-tone.

Pen′ta-graph.

Per-am′bu-lator.

Per-ca-line′.

Per′co-la-tor.

Per-cus′sion-cap.

Per-cus′sion-cap Filling-ma-chine.

Per-cus′sion-cap Hold′--er.

Per-cus′sion-cap Trim′ming-ma-chine.

Per-cus′sion-fuse.

Per-cus′sion-grind′er.

Per-cus′sion-lock.

Per-cus′sion-pow′der.

Per-cus′sion-sieve.

Per-cus′sionstop.

Per-cus′sionta′ble.

Per′fect-ing.

Per′fect-ing-press.

Per′fo-rat′ed file.

Per′fo-rated saw.

Per′fo-rat′ing-ma-chine′.

Per′fo-rator, Ob-stet′ric.

Per′i-a′gua.

Pe-ri-od′o-scope.

Peri-os′te-um-el′e-va-tor.

Per′i-scop′ic lens.

Per′ma-nent way.

Per-mu-ta′tion-lock.

Per′pen-dic′u-lar lift.

Per-pet′u-al Mo′tion.

Per-pet′u-al screw.

Per-ro-tine′.

Per′sian Carpet.

Per′sian drill.

Per′sian wheel.

Per-spec′tive-glass.

Per-spec′tive-instru-ment.

Per-spec′to-graph.

Pe-tro′le-um.

Pe-tro′le-um-burn′er.

Pe-tro′le-um-car.

Pe-trole-um-fil′ter.

Pe-tro′le-um-fur′nace.

Pe-tro′le-um-lamp.

Pe-tro′le-um-still.

Pe-tro′le-um-stove.

Pe-tro′le-umtank.

Pe-tro′le-umtest′er.

Pet′ti-coat-pipe.

Pew′ter-er's Sol′der.

Pew′ter-er's Tem′per.

Pha′co-cys′tec-tome.

Phan-tasma-go′ri-a.

Phan′ta-scope.

Pha-ryn′go-tome.

Phena-kis′to-scope.

Pho-nau′to-graph.

Pho′no-graph.

Pho′no-scope.

Phos′phor bronze.

Phos-phor′o-scope.

Phos′pho-rus-paste.

Pho′to-e-lec′tric lamp.

Pho′to-e-lec′tro-type.

Pho′to-en-grav′ing.

Pho′to-gal-van′o-graph.

Pho′to-gel′a-tine Pro′cess.

Pho-to-gen′ic Draw′ing.

Pho-to-glyph′ic En-grav′ing.

Pho-to-glyp′tic En-grav′ing.

Pho′to-graph-e-namel.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cam′e-ra.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cam′e-ra-stand.

Pho-to-graph′ic chair.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cut′ter.

Pho-to-graph′ic head-rest.

Pho-to-graph′ic mi-crom′e-ter.

Pho-to-graph′ic Print′ing.

Pho-togra-phom′e-ter.

Pho-tog′ra-phy

Photo-he′li-o-graph.

Photo-hy-al′o-type.

Pho′to-in-tagl′io En-graving.

Photo-li-thogra-phy.

Pho′to-me-chan′i-cal Print′ing.

Pho′to-me-tallo-graph.

Pho-tom′e-ter.

Photo-mi-cog′ra-phy.

Pho′to-pro′cess-es.

Pho′to-re-lief′ En-grav′ing.

Pho′to-scope.

Pho′to-sculp′ture.

Pho′to-vit′ro-type.

Photo-zin-cog′ra-phy.

Phthon-gom′e-ter.

Pi-a′no-for′te.

Pi-a′no-for′te Ac′tion.

Pi-a′no-for′te Ham ′mer.

Pi-a′no-graph.

Pi-a′no-jack.

Pi-a′no-lock.

Pi-a′no-move′ment.

Pi-a′no-stool.

Pio ′co-lo-flute.

Pick′er-mo′tion.

Pick′er-staff.

Pick′et-clamp.

Pick′et-point′er.

Pick-ham′mer.

Pick′ing cloth.

Pick′ing-peg.

Pick′ing-stick.

Pic′ture-nail.

Pierc′ing-file.

Pierc′ing-saw.

Pierre per-due′.

Pi-e′tra Du′ra.

Pie-zom′e-ter.

Pig′eon, Me-chan′i-cal.

Pig-i′ron Break′er.

Pig′mentprint′ing.

Pile-car′pet.

Piled-fab′ric loom.

Pile-draw′er.

Pile-driv′er.

Pile-fab′ric.

Pile-sup-port′er.

Pile-with-draw′ing ma-chine′.

Pil′lar-block.

Pil′lar-com′pass.

Pil′lar-file.

Pill-ma-chine′.

Pil′low-block.

Pil′low-lace.

Pi-lon′--mill.

Pi′lot-cloth.

Pi′lot-en′gine.

Pinch′ing-bar.

Pinch′ing-nut.

Pinch′ing-pin.

Pinch′ing-tongs.

Pine-leaf Fab′ric.

Pine-wood still.

Pin′ion-file.

Pin′ion-gage.

Pin′ion-wire.

Pink′ing–i′ron.

Pin′ning–in.

Pin–pa′per-ing ma-chine′.

Pipe–clear′er.

Pipe–coup′ling.

Pipe–cut′ter.

Pipe-driv′er.

Pipe-mold′ing.

Pipe-prov′er.

Pipe-slotting punch.

Pipe-sock′et-ing ma-chine′.

Pipe-thread′ing ma-chine′.

Pip′ing-i′ron.

Pi-que′--work.

Pi-ram′e-ter.

Pi-se — work.

Pis′tol-car′bine.

Pis′tol-pipe.

Pis′tol-rout′er.

Pis′ton-bel′lows.

Pis′ton Blow′ing-ma-chine′.

Pis′ton-head.

Pis′ton-head valve.

Pis′ton-pack′ing.

Pis′ton–rod.

Pis′ton–rod Pack′ing.

Pis′ton–spring.

Pis′ton–valve.

Pitch–back wheel.

Pitch–cir′cle.

Pitched Fas-cine′.

Pitch′ing–piece.

Pitch′ing–tool.

Pitch–wheels.

Pit′man–box.

Pit′man–coup′ling.

Pit′man–head.

Pi-tot's′ tube.

Piv′ot-bridge.

Piv′ot-broach.

Piv′ot-drill.

Piv′ot-gear′ing.

Piv′ot-lathe.

Piv′ot-tooth.

Piv′ot-tran′som.

Pla-cen′ta-for′ceps.

Pla-cen′ta-hook.

Plain-com′pass.

Plain-mold′ing.

Plait′ed rope.

Plait′ing-at-tach′ment for Sew′ing-ma-chines′.

Plan-chette′.

Plane-ash′lar.

Plan′er-cen′ters.

Plane-sur′face.

Plane-ta′ble.

Plan-et-a′ri-um.

Plan′et-gear.

Plan′et-wheel.

Pla-nim′e-ter.

Plan′ing-ma-chine′.

Plan′ish-ing.

Plan′ish-ing-ham′mer.

Plan′ish-ing-roll′ers.

Plan′ish-ing-stake.

Plan′i-sphere.

Plank ′ing-clamp.

Plank ′ing-ma-chine′.

Plank ′ing-screw.

Plank-re-vet′ment.

Pla′no-con′cave lens.

Pla′no-con′vex lens.

Pla-nom′e-ter.

Plan-ta′tion-mill.

Plaq′uage-style.

Plas′ter-cast.

Plas′ter-ers' tools and work.

Plas′ter-ing-ma-chine′.

Plas′ter-mill.

Plas′ter-spat′u-la.

Plate-bend ′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-en-grav′ing.

Plate-hold′er.

Plate-i′ron Gird′er.

Plate-leath′er.

Plate-pa′per.

Plate-plan′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-pow′der.

Plate-print′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-rail′way.

Plate-roll′er.

Plate-warm′er.

Plat′form-board.

Plat′form-bridge.

Plat′form-car.

Plat′form-car′riage.

Plat′form-crane.

Plat′form-scale.

Plat′i-niz-ing.

Plat′i-num-steel.

Pla-tom′e-ter.

Plat′ ten -ing glass.

Plensh′ing-nail.

Plex-im′e-ter.

Plot′ting-scale.

Plow-clean′er.

Plug-cen′ter bit.

Plug′ging-for′ceps.

Plug-ma-chine′.

Plumb ′er-block.

Plumber's force-pump.

Plumb ′er's Sol′der.

Plumb ′ing and sheet-met′al work and tools.

Plumb-lev′el.

Plum ′mer-block.

Plum ′met-lev′el.

Plun′ger-buck′et.

Plun′ger-pole.

Plun′ger-pump.

Plun′ging-bat′ter-y.

Plun′ging-fire.

Plush-cop′per.

Pluvi-am′e-ter.

Pneu-mat′ic Bat′ter-y.

Pneu-mat′ic Cais′son.

Pneu-mat′ic car.

Pneu-mat′ic dis-patch′--tube.

Pneu-mat′ic drill.

Pneu-mat′ic El′e-va′tor.

Pneu-mat′ic Ham ′mer.

Pneu-mat′ic hoist.

Pneu-mat′ic Le′ver.

Pneu-mat′ic Par′a-dox.

Pneu-mat′ic pile.

Pneu-mat′ic pump.

Pneu-mat′ic Rail′way.

Pneu-mat′ic spring.

Pneu-mat′ic Tel′e-graph.

Pneu-mat′ic trough.

Pneu-mat′ic tube.

Pneu-mat′ic tube-valve.

Pneu-mat′ic valve.

Pneuma-tom′e-ter; Pneumo-nom′e-ter .

Pock′et-a-larm′.

Pock′et-book.

Pock′et-knife.

Point′ed arch.

Point′ing-ma-chine′.

Point′ing-rods.

Point′ing-wire.

Point-pa′per.

Po′lar Cir′cle.

Po′lar clock.

Po′lar Di′al.

Po-lar′i-scope.

Polar-is-tro-bom′e-ter.

Pole-car′riage.

Pole-futch′el.

Po-lem′o-scope.

Pole-pro-pel′ler.

Pol′ished brick.

Pol′ish-ing-block.

Pol′ish-ing-cask.

Pol′ish-ing-file.

Pol′ish-ing glass.

Pol′ish-ing-ham′mer.

Pol′ish-ing-i′ron.

Pol′ish-ing-ma-chine′.

Pol′ish-ing-ma-te′ri-als.

Pol′ish-ing-mill.

Pol′ish-ing Nee′dles.

Pol′ish-ing-pow′der.

Pol′ish-ing-slate.

Pol′ish-ing-snake.

Pol′ish-ing-tin.

Pol′ish-ing-wheel.

Pol′y-chrome.

Pol-ym′e-ter.

Poly-op′tron.

Poly-pan′to-graph.

Pol′y-pus-for′ceps.

Poly-zo′nal lens.

Pon′til; Pon′ty ; Pon′tee .

Pon-ton′--bridge.

Po′ny-chaise.

Po′ny-en′gine.

Poop-lan′tern.

Pop′pet-head.

Por′ce-lain-cem′ent.

Por′ce-lain-gild′ing.

Por′ce-lain-mill.

Por′ce-lain-ov′en.

Por′ce-lain-pa′per.

Por′ce-lain-pic′ture.

Por′ce-lain-print′ing.

Porch-post Sup-port′.

Porphy-ri-za′tion.

Port′a-ble boat.

Port′a-ble Boil′er and Fur′nace.

Port′a-ble Der′rick.

Port′a-ble fence.

Port′a-ble Fur′nace.

Port′a-ble press.

Port′a-ble pump.

Port′a-ble Rail′way.

Port′a-ble steam-en′gine.

Port′a-ble stove.

Port-cul′lis.

Porte-ai-guille′.

Porte-bou-gie′.

Porte-caus-tique.

Porte-cor′don.

Porte-cray′on.

Porte-mon-naie′.

Porte-pi-erre′.

Porte-pol′ish-er.

Port-fire Clip′per.

Port-fol′io-stand.

Port-hole Clos′er.

Port′land Cement.

Port-lan′yard.

Port-man′teau.

Port mouth-bit.

Port-pen′dant.

Port-rig′gle.

Port-tack′le.

Pos′ing-appa-ra′tus.

Po-si′tion-mi-crom′--e-ter.

Pos′i-tive eye-piece.

Pos′i-tive Mo′tion.

Pos′i-tive-mo′tion loom.

Post′age-stamp.

Post and stall.

Post-hole Bor′er.

Post-hole Dig′ger.

Post-mor′tem case.

Post-of′fice box. 1 .

Post-pull′er.

Post-tab′u-la.

Po′tance-file.

Po-tas′si-um.

Po-ta′to-as-sort′er.

Po-ta′to-bug Clean′er.

Po-ta′to-dig′ger.

Po-ta′to-hook.

Po-ta′to-mash′er.

Po-ta′to-plant′er.

Po-ta′to-scoop.

Po-ta′to-sepa-ra′tor.

Po-ta′to-wash′er.

Potch′er-en′gine.

Poti-cho-ma′ni-a.

Pot′ter's lathe.

Pot′ter's wheel.

Pot′ter-y and clay.

Pot′ter-y-gage.

Pot′ter-y-kiln.

Pot′ter-y-mold′ing.

Pot′ter-y-paint′ing.

Pot′ter-y-print′ing.

Pot′ter-y-tis′sue.

Pot′ting-cask.

Pou-de-soy; Pad′e-soy ; Pod′de-soy .

Poul′tice-boot.

Poul′try-feed′er.

Pounce-pa′per.

Pouncing-ma-chine′.

Pounding-ma-chine′.

Pow′der-blow′er.

Powder-ing-mill.

Pow′der-mix′er.

Pow′der-prover.

Pow′er-ham′mer.

Poz′zu-o-la′na.

Praying-ma-chine′.

Pre-pon′der-ance.

Preser-va′tion of food.

Pre-serv′a-to-ry.

Pre-serve′--jar.

Pre-serv′ing wood.

Presse-ar-ter′.

Press′er-fly′er.

Press′er-foot.

Presse-u-rethre′.

Press′ing-bag.

Press′ing-board.

Press′ing-plate.

Press′ing-roll′er.

Press-print′ing.

Press′ure-blow′er.

Press′ure-en′gine.

Pressure-fil′ter.

Press′ure-forg′ing.

Press′ure-frame.

Press′ure-gage.

Press-wheel Roll′er.

Prick′ing-wheel.

Prime-con-duct′or.

Prim ′ing-horn.

Prim ′ing-powder.

Prim ′ing-tube.

Prim ′ing-valve.

Prim ′ing-wire.

Prince Ru ′pert's Met′al.

Prince 's Met′al.

Prin′ci-pal Raft′er.

Print′ed Car′pet.

Print′er's Flow′er.

Print′er's gage.

Print′er's Roll′er.

Print′er's Var′nish.

Print-hold′er.

Print′ing-bod′y.

Print′ing for the blind.

Print′ing-frame.

Print′ing-ink.

Print′ing-ma-chine′.

Print′ing-pa′per.

Print′ing-press.

Print′ing-tel′e-graph.

Print′ing-type.

Print′ing-wheel.

Print′ing yarn.

Pris-cil′las.

Pris-mat′ic Com′pass.

Prism-mi-crom′e-ter.

Prism-sphe-rom′e-ter.

Proche-ame-ter.

Pro′file-cut′ter.

Pro′file-pa′per.

Pro′fil-ing-ma-chine′.

Pro-jec′tile.

Pro-jec′tion.

Pro-lap′sus-in′stru-ments.

Pro-me′the-an.

Prop′a-gating-box.

Prop′a-gating-glass.

Pro-pel′ler-en′gine.

Pro-pel′ler-pump.

Pro-pel′ler-wheel.

Pro-por′tion-al Com′pass-es.

Pro-por′tion-al or Prim′i-tive Ra′--di-i .

Prop′y-lae′um.

Pros′o-pom′e-ter.

Pro′te-an-stone.

Pro-tec′tive Pa′per.

Pro-tract′ing-bev′el.

Pro-tract′or.

Prov′ing-hutt.

Prov′ing-ma-chine′.

Prov′ing-press.

Prov′ing-pump.

Pro-vis′ion-car.

Prun′ing-chis′el.

Prun′ing-hook.

Prun′ing-knife.

Prun′ing-saw.

Prun′ing-shears.

Prun′ing-tools.

Pseudi-sod′o-mon.

Pseu′do-dipter-al.

Pseu′do-pe-rip′ter-al.

Pseu′do-scope.

Psy-chrom′e-ter.

Pter-yg′i-um.

Pud′ding-stone.

Pud′dled steel.

Pud′dle-rolls.

Pud′dling-fur′nace.

Pud′dling-ma-chine′.

Puff′er-pipe.

Pul′ley-block.

Pul′ley-check.

Pul′ley-clutch.

Pul′ley-drum.

Pul′ley-mor′tised.

Pul′ley-sheave.

Pul′ley-stand.

Pul′ley Sus-pen′--sion-hook.

Pul′ley-wheel.

Pull′ing-jack.

Pull′man-car.

Pulp-boil′er.

Pulp-di-gest′er.

Pulp-dress′er.

Pulp-grind′er.

Pulp′ing-ma-chine′.

Pulp-ma-chine′.

Pulp-strain′er.

Pulp-wash′er.

Pul-som′e-ter; pul-sim′e-ter .

Pul′ver-izer.

Pul′ver-izing.

Pum′ice-stone.

Pump′ing-en′gine.

Pump-ket′tle.

Pump-pis′ton.

Pump-scrap′er.

Punch′ing and Shear′ing ma-chine′.

Punch′ing-bear.

Punch′ing buhl-work.

Punch′ing-ma-chine′.

Punch-pli′ers.

Pu′pil, Arti-fi′cial.

Pup′pet-head.

Pup′pet-valve.

Pur′chase-block.

Purg′ing-cock.

Pur′lin-post.

Push′ing-jack.

Put′tock-shrouds.

Put′ty-knife.

Put′ty-pow′der.

Puz′zle-lock.

Puzzo-la′no; Puozzo-la′no .

Pyc′no-style.

Pyr-heli-om′e-ter.

Py-roph′o-rus.

Pyro-pho-tog′ra-phy.

Pyr′o-ster′e-o-type.

Pyro-tech′nics.

Pyro-tech′nic Bal-loon′.

Py-rox′--line.

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Pneu-mat′ic hoist.

An elevating apparatus in which a platform is lifted by suspension chains passing over drums and thence to pistons working in vertical tubular shafts.

In the apparatus used at the Ayresome Iron Works, Great Britain, the cast-iron pistons a are packed with double cupped leathers, and are worked by creating a plenum above or a partial vacuum below, according as the elevating-table d is required to be lowered or raised For lifting ordinary loads, from 15 to 16 tons, an exhaustion equal to about 6 pounds per square inch is required; a plenum of about 4 pounds brings the table down. Two engines coupled to a crank on the shaft, which has on its ends a pair of opposite cranks, operate two single-acting air-pumps, which exhaust from one pipe and deliver into another, each of which is connected with a casing fitted with a slide-valve, so that it acts alternately for exhaust and delivery. The two cylinders b b communicate by a pipe c at bottom.

1877.

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