Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia, P., Plain-com′pass.

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19th-Century American

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entry

Table of Contents:

Pach-om′e-ter.

Pack′ag-ing-ma-chine′.

Pack′et-note.

Pack′ing-awl.

Pack′ing-bolt.

Pack′ing-box.

Pack′ing-press.

Pack′ing-ring.

Pack′ing-stick.

Pack-sad′dle.

Pad-crimp press.

Pad′ding-ma-chine′.

Pad′dle-box boat.

Pad′dle-hole.

Pad′dle-pro-pel′ler.

Pad′dle-wheel.

Pad-trace Bear′er.

Pad-u-a-soy′.

Pae-dom′e-ter.

Pag′ing-ma-chine′.

Pail-ma-chine′.

Paint-burn′er.

Pair-horse Har′ness.

Paix ′han gun.

Pal′ate, Artifi′cial.

Pal′ette-knife.

Pal′ier-glis′sant.

Pal′imp-sest.

Pal-la′di-um-izing.

Pallam-poor′.

Pal′let-mold′ing.

Pal-li-asse′.

Palm-leaf loom.

Pan-a-ma′ hat.

Pan-de′an pipes.

Panei-cono-graph.

Pan′el-plane.

Pan′el-rais′er.

Pan-ic′o-graph.

Pan-nus-co′ri-um.

Pan-o-ram′ic Cam′e-ra.

Panste-re-o-ra′ma.

Pan-tel′e-graph.

Pan′to-chro-nom′e-ter.

Pan′to-graph.

Pan-tom′e-ter.

Pa′per-bag ma-chine′.

Pa′per-box ma-chine′.

Pa′per-clamp.

Pa′per cloth.

Pa′per Col′lar.

Pa′per-col′or-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-cut′ter.

Pa′per-cut′ting ma-chine′.

Pa′per-en-am′el-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-feed′er.

Pa′per floor-cloth.

Pa′per-fold′er.

Pa′per-fold′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-hang′ing.

Pa′per hot-press.

Pa′per-knife.

Pa′per-mak′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-mold′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-mus′lin.

Pa′per-per′fo-rating ma-chine′.

Pa′per-pol′ish-ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-punch.

Pa′per-rul′ing ma-chine′.

Pa′per-split′ting.

Pa′per-stock Bleach′er.

Pa′per-stock Wash′er.

Pa′per-tube ma-chine′.

Pa′per-twine.

Pa′per Wa′ter-proof′ing Machine′.

Pa′per-weight.

Pa′pier-mache′.

Par-a-bol′ic Il-lu′mi-na′tor.

Par-a-bol′ic Reflect′or.

Par′a-cen-te′ri-um.

Par-a-chute′.

Par-a-chute′--light.

Par-a-chute′--light ball.

Par′a-gran′di-ne.

Par-a-grele′.

Par′al-lel bar.

Par′al-lel file.

Par′al-lel knife.

Par′al-lel lathe.

Par′al-lel Mo′tion.

Par′al-lel Rul′er.

Par′al-lel vise.

Para-ton-nerre.

Par′cel-ing-ma-chine′.

Parch′ment-pa′per.

Par′ing-ma-chine′.

Par′ing-plow.

Paring-scis′sors.

Par-is′ian gold-col′ored Al′loy.

Par-is′ian white-metal.

Pa-risth′mi-o-tome.

Par′lia-ment-heel.

Par′lor-skate.

Pa′ros-mar′ble.

Par′point-work.

Par′ral-rope.

Par′rott-gun.

Part′ing-sand.

Pas-de-sou′ris.

Passe-par-tout′.

Pass′ing-place.

Pasteboard-cut ′ter.

Paste-mak′er.

Pat ′a-mome-ter.

Pa-tel′la-ap′Pa-ra′tus.

Pat ′ent Leath ′er.

Pat ′e-re′ro.

Pa′ter-nos′ter — pump.

Pa′ter-nos′ter-wheel.

Pat ′tern-box.

Pat ′tern-cyl′in-der.

Pat ′tern-makers' Ap-pli′an-ces.

Pat ′tern-wheel.

Pat ′tin-son's pots.

Pa-vil′lon-chi-nois′.

Pav′ing-bee′tle.

Pav′ing-ma-chine′.

Pav′ing-roll′er.

Pav′ing-tile.

Peach-par′er.

Peach-ston′er.

Pea-drop′per.

Peak-hal′yards.

Pea′nut-dig′ger.

Pea′nut-pick′er.

Pearl , Arti-fi′cial.

Pearl-barley ma-chine′.

Pearl-but′ton.

Pearl ′ing-mill.

Pearl-pow′der.

Pea-shell′er.

Peat-burn′ing Furnace.

Peat-cut ′ter.

Peat-ma-chine′.

Peb′ble-pav′ing.

Pedal-or′gan.

Ped′es-tal-cov′er.

Ped′i-ment-ba-rom′e-ter.

Pe-dom′e-ter.

Peel ′ing-i′ron.

Peg-cut ′ter.

Peg′ging-awl.

Peg′ging-ma-chine′.

Peg′ging-ram′mer.

Pei-ram′e-ter.

Pel′le-tan-jet.

Pel-vim′e-ter.

Pely-com′e-ter.

Pen′cil-com′pass.

Pen′cil-sharpen-er.

Pen′dant-wind′ing watch.

Pendu-lous-cylin-der steam-en′gine.

Pen′du-lum-hausse.

Pen′du-lum-lev′el.

Pen′du-lum-pump.

Pen′du-lum-wheel.

Pen′du-lum-wire.

Pen-i-cil′lus.

Pe′nis-syringe.

Pen′nis-tone.

Pen′ta-graph.

Per-am′bu-lator.

Per-ca-line′.

Per′co-la-tor.

Per-cus′sion-cap.

Per-cus′sion-cap Filling-ma-chine.

Per-cus′sion-cap Hold′--er.

Per-cus′sion-cap Trim′ming-ma-chine.

Per-cus′sion-fuse.

Per-cus′sion-grind′er.

Per-cus′sion-lock.

Per-cus′sion-pow′der.

Per-cus′sion-sieve.

Per-cus′sionstop.

Per-cus′sionta′ble.

Per′fect-ing.

Per′fect-ing-press.

Per′fo-rat′ed file.

Per′fo-rated saw.

Per′fo-rat′ing-ma-chine′.

Per′fo-rator, Ob-stet′ric.

Per′i-a′gua.

Pe-ri-od′o-scope.

Peri-os′te-um-el′e-va-tor.

Per′i-scop′ic lens.

Per′ma-nent way.

Per-mu-ta′tion-lock.

Per′pen-dic′u-lar lift.

Per-pet′u-al Mo′tion.

Per-pet′u-al screw.

Per-ro-tine′.

Per′sian Carpet.

Per′sian drill.

Per′sian wheel.

Per-spec′tive-glass.

Per-spec′tive-instru-ment.

Per-spec′to-graph.

Pe-tro′le-um.

Pe-tro′le-um-burn′er.

Pe-tro′le-um-car.

Pe-trole-um-fil′ter.

Pe-tro′le-um-fur′nace.

Pe-tro′le-um-lamp.

Pe-tro′le-um-still.

Pe-tro′le-um-stove.

Pe-tro′le-umtank.

Pe-tro′le-umtest′er.

Pet′ti-coat-pipe.

Pew′ter-er's Sol′der.

Pew′ter-er's Tem′per.

Pha′co-cys′tec-tome.

Phan-tasma-go′ri-a.

Phan′ta-scope.

Pha-ryn′go-tome.

Phena-kis′to-scope.

Pho-nau′to-graph.

Pho′no-graph.

Pho′no-scope.

Phos′phor bronze.

Phos-phor′o-scope.

Phos′pho-rus-paste.

Pho′to-e-lec′tric lamp.

Pho′to-e-lec′tro-type.

Pho′to-en-grav′ing.

Pho′to-gal-van′o-graph.

Pho′to-gel′a-tine Pro′cess.

Pho-to-gen′ic Draw′ing.

Pho-to-glyph′ic En-grav′ing.

Pho-to-glyp′tic En-grav′ing.

Pho′to-graph-e-namel.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cam′e-ra.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cam′e-ra-stand.

Pho-to-graph′ic chair.

Pho-to-graph′ic Cut′ter.

Pho-to-graph′ic head-rest.

Pho-to-graph′ic mi-crom′e-ter.

Pho-to-graph′ic Print′ing.

Pho-togra-phom′e-ter.

Pho-tog′ra-phy

Photo-he′li-o-graph.

Photo-hy-al′o-type.

Pho′to-in-tagl′io En-graving.

Photo-li-thogra-phy.

Pho′to-me-chan′i-cal Print′ing.

Pho′to-me-tallo-graph.

Pho-tom′e-ter.

Photo-mi-cog′ra-phy.

Pho′to-pro′cess-es.

Pho′to-re-lief′ En-grav′ing.

Pho′to-scope.

Pho′to-sculp′ture.

Pho′to-vit′ro-type.

Photo-zin-cog′ra-phy.

Phthon-gom′e-ter.

Pi-a′no-for′te.

Pi-a′no-for′te Ac′tion.

Pi-a′no-for′te Ham ′mer.

Pi-a′no-graph.

Pi-a′no-jack.

Pi-a′no-lock.

Pi-a′no-move′ment.

Pi-a′no-stool.

Pio ′co-lo-flute.

Pick′er-mo′tion.

Pick′er-staff.

Pick′et-clamp.

Pick′et-point′er.

Pick-ham′mer.

Pick′ing cloth.

Pick′ing-peg.

Pick′ing-stick.

Pic′ture-nail.

Pierc′ing-file.

Pierc′ing-saw.

Pierre per-due′.

Pi-e′tra Du′ra.

Pie-zom′e-ter.

Pig′eon, Me-chan′i-cal.

Pig-i′ron Break′er.

Pig′mentprint′ing.

Pile-car′pet.

Piled-fab′ric loom.

Pile-draw′er.

Pile-driv′er.

Pile-fab′ric.

Pile-sup-port′er.

Pile-with-draw′ing ma-chine′.

Pil′lar-block.

Pil′lar-com′pass.

Pil′lar-file.

Pill-ma-chine′.

Pil′low-block.

Pil′low-lace.

Pi-lon′--mill.

Pi′lot-cloth.

Pi′lot-en′gine.

Pinch′ing-bar.

Pinch′ing-nut.

Pinch′ing-pin.

Pinch′ing-tongs.

Pine-leaf Fab′ric.

Pine-wood still.

Pin′ion-file.

Pin′ion-gage.

Pin′ion-wire.

Pink′ing–i′ron.

Pin′ning–in.

Pin–pa′per-ing ma-chine′.

Pipe–clear′er.

Pipe–coup′ling.

Pipe–cut′ter.

Pipe-driv′er.

Pipe-mold′ing.

Pipe-prov′er.

Pipe-slotting punch.

Pipe-sock′et-ing ma-chine′.

Pipe-thread′ing ma-chine′.

Pip′ing-i′ron.

Pi-que′--work.

Pi-ram′e-ter.

Pi-se — work.

Pis′tol-car′bine.

Pis′tol-pipe.

Pis′tol-rout′er.

Pis′ton-bel′lows.

Pis′ton Blow′ing-ma-chine′.

Pis′ton-head.

Pis′ton-head valve.

Pis′ton-pack′ing.

Pis′ton–rod.

Pis′ton–rod Pack′ing.

Pis′ton–spring.

Pis′ton–valve.

Pitch–back wheel.

Pitch–cir′cle.

Pitched Fas-cine′.

Pitch′ing–piece.

Pitch′ing–tool.

Pitch–wheels.

Pit′man–box.

Pit′man–coup′ling.

Pit′man–head.

Pi-tot's′ tube.

Piv′ot-bridge.

Piv′ot-broach.

Piv′ot-drill.

Piv′ot-gear′ing.

Piv′ot-lathe.

Piv′ot-tooth.

Piv′ot-tran′som.

Pla-cen′ta-for′ceps.

Pla-cen′ta-hook.

Plain-com′pass.

Plain-mold′ing.

Plait′ed rope.

Plait′ing-at-tach′ment for Sew′ing-ma-chines′.

Plan-chette′.

Plane-ash′lar.

Plan′er-cen′ters.

Plane-sur′face.

Plane-ta′ble.

Plan-et-a′ri-um.

Plan′et-gear.

Plan′et-wheel.

Pla-nim′e-ter.

Plan′ing-ma-chine′.

Plan′ish-ing.

Plan′ish-ing-ham′mer.

Plan′ish-ing-roll′ers.

Plan′ish-ing-stake.

Plan′i-sphere.

Plank ′ing-clamp.

Plank ′ing-ma-chine′.

Plank ′ing-screw.

Plank-re-vet′ment.

Pla′no-con′cave lens.

Pla′no-con′vex lens.

Pla-nom′e-ter.

Plan-ta′tion-mill.

Plaq′uage-style.

Plas′ter-cast.

Plas′ter-ers' tools and work.

Plas′ter-ing-ma-chine′.

Plas′ter-mill.

Plas′ter-spat′u-la.

Plate-bend ′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-en-grav′ing.

Plate-hold′er.

Plate-i′ron Gird′er.

Plate-leath′er.

Plate-pa′per.

Plate-plan′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-pow′der.

Plate-print′ing ma-chine′.

Plate-rail′way.

Plate-roll′er.

Plate-warm′er.

Plat′form-board.

Plat′form-bridge.

Plat′form-car.

Plat′form-car′riage.

Plat′form-crane.

Plat′form-scale.

Plat′i-niz-ing.

Plat′i-num-steel.

Pla-tom′e-ter.

Plat′ ten -ing glass.

Plensh′ing-nail.

Plex-im′e-ter.

Plot′ting-scale.

Plow-clean′er.

Plug-cen′ter bit.

Plug′ging-for′ceps.

Plug-ma-chine′.

Plumb ′er-block.

Plumber's force-pump.

Plumb ′er's Sol′der.

Plumb ′ing and sheet-met′al work and tools.

Plumb-lev′el.

Plum ′mer-block.

Plum ′met-lev′el.

Plun′ger-buck′et.

Plun′ger-pole.

Plun′ger-pump.

Plun′ging-bat′ter-y.

Plun′ging-fire.

Plush-cop′per.

Pluvi-am′e-ter.

Pneu-mat′ic Bat′ter-y.

Pneu-mat′ic Cais′son.

Pneu-mat′ic car.

Pneu-mat′ic dis-patch′--tube.

Pneu-mat′ic drill.

Pneu-mat′ic El′e-va′tor.

Pneu-mat′ic Ham ′mer.

Pneu-mat′ic hoist.

Pneu-mat′ic Le′ver.

Pneu-mat′ic Par′a-dox.

Pneu-mat′ic pile.

Pneu-mat′ic pump.

Pneu-mat′ic Rail′way.

Pneu-mat′ic spring.

Pneu-mat′ic Tel′e-graph.

Pneu-mat′ic trough.

Pneu-mat′ic tube.

Pneu-mat′ic tube-valve.

Pneu-mat′ic valve.

Pneuma-tom′e-ter; Pneumo-nom′e-ter .

Pock′et-a-larm′.

Pock′et-book.

Pock′et-knife.

Point′ed arch.

Point′ing-ma-chine′.

Point′ing-rods.

Point′ing-wire.

Point-pa′per.

Po′lar Cir′cle.

Po′lar clock.

Po′lar Di′al.

Po-lar′i-scope.

Polar-is-tro-bom′e-ter.

Pole-car′riage.

Pole-futch′el.

Po-lem′o-scope.

Pole-pro-pel′ler.

Pol′ished brick.

Pol′ish-ing-block.

Pol′ish-ing-cask.

Pol′ish-ing-file.

Pol′ish-ing glass.

Pol′ish-ing-ham′mer.

Pol′ish-ing-i′ron.

Pol′ish-ing-ma-chine′.

Pol′ish-ing-ma-te′ri-als.

Pol′ish-ing-mill.

Pol′ish-ing Nee′dles.

Pol′ish-ing-pow′der.

Pol′ish-ing-slate.

Pol′ish-ing-snake.

Pol′ish-ing-tin.

Pol′ish-ing-wheel.

Pol′y-chrome.

Pol-ym′e-ter.

Poly-op′tron.

Poly-pan′to-graph.

Pol′y-pus-for′ceps.

Poly-zo′nal lens.

Pon′til; Pon′ty ; Pon′tee .

Pon-ton′--bridge.

Po′ny-chaise.

Po′ny-en′gine.

Poop-lan′tern.

Pop′pet-head.

Por′ce-lain-cem′ent.

Por′ce-lain-gild′ing.

Por′ce-lain-mill.

Por′ce-lain-ov′en.

Por′ce-lain-pa′per.

Por′ce-lain-pic′ture.

Por′ce-lain-print′ing.

Porch-post Sup-port′.

Porphy-ri-za′tion.

Port′a-ble boat.

Port′a-ble Boil′er and Fur′nace.

Port′a-ble Der′rick.

Port′a-ble fence.

Port′a-ble Fur′nace.

Port′a-ble press.

Port′a-ble pump.

Port′a-ble Rail′way.

Port′a-ble steam-en′gine.

Port′a-ble stove.

Port-cul′lis.

Porte-ai-guille′.

Porte-bou-gie′.

Porte-caus-tique.

Porte-cor′don.

Porte-cray′on.

Porte-mon-naie′.

Porte-pi-erre′.

Porte-pol′ish-er.

Port-fire Clip′per.

Port-fol′io-stand.

Port-hole Clos′er.

Port′land Cement.

Port-lan′yard.

Port-man′teau.

Port mouth-bit.

Port-pen′dant.

Port-rig′gle.

Port-tack′le.

Pos′ing-appa-ra′tus.

Po-si′tion-mi-crom′--e-ter.

Pos′i-tive eye-piece.

Pos′i-tive Mo′tion.

Pos′i-tive-mo′tion loom.

Post′age-stamp.

Post and stall.

Post-hole Bor′er.

Post-hole Dig′ger.

Post-mor′tem case.

Post-of′fice box. 1 .

Post-pull′er.

Post-tab′u-la.

Po′tance-file.

Po-tas′si-um.

Po-ta′to-as-sort′er.

Po-ta′to-bug Clean′er.

Po-ta′to-dig′ger.

Po-ta′to-hook.

Po-ta′to-mash′er.

Po-ta′to-plant′er.

Po-ta′to-scoop.

Po-ta′to-sepa-ra′tor.

Po-ta′to-wash′er.

Potch′er-en′gine.

Poti-cho-ma′ni-a.

Pot′ter's lathe.

Pot′ter's wheel.

Pot′ter-y and clay.

Pot′ter-y-gage.

Pot′ter-y-kiln.

Pot′ter-y-mold′ing.

Pot′ter-y-paint′ing.

Pot′ter-y-print′ing.

Pot′ter-y-tis′sue.

Pot′ting-cask.

Pou-de-soy; Pad′e-soy ; Pod′de-soy .

Poul′tice-boot.

Poul′try-feed′er.

Pounce-pa′per.

Pouncing-ma-chine′.

Pounding-ma-chine′.

Pow′der-blow′er.

Powder-ing-mill.

Pow′der-mix′er.

Pow′der-prover.

Pow′er-ham′mer.

Poz′zu-o-la′na.

Praying-ma-chine′.

Pre-pon′der-ance.

Preser-va′tion of food.

Pre-serv′a-to-ry.

Pre-serve′--jar.

Pre-serv′ing wood.

Presse-ar-ter′.

Press′er-fly′er.

Press′er-foot.

Presse-u-rethre′.

Press′ing-bag.

Press′ing-board.

Press′ing-plate.

Press′ing-roll′er.

Press-print′ing.

Press′ure-blow′er.

Press′ure-en′gine.

Pressure-fil′ter.

Press′ure-forg′ing.

Press′ure-frame.

Press′ure-gage.

Press-wheel Roll′er.

Prick′ing-wheel.

Prime-con-duct′or.

Prim ′ing-horn.

Prim ′ing-powder.

Prim ′ing-tube.

Prim ′ing-valve.

Prim ′ing-wire.

Prince Ru ′pert's Met′al.

Prince 's Met′al.

Prin′ci-pal Raft′er.

Print′ed Car′pet.

Print′er's Flow′er.

Print′er's gage.

Print′er's Roll′er.

Print′er's Var′nish.

Print-hold′er.

Print′ing-bod′y.

Print′ing for the blind.

Print′ing-frame.

Print′ing-ink.

Print′ing-ma-chine′.

Print′ing-pa′per.

Print′ing-press.

Print′ing-tel′e-graph.

Print′ing-type.

Print′ing-wheel.

Print′ing yarn.

Pris-cil′las.

Pris-mat′ic Com′pass.

Prism-mi-crom′e-ter.

Prism-sphe-rom′e-ter.

Proche-ame-ter.

Pro′file-cut′ter.

Pro′file-pa′per.

Pro′fil-ing-ma-chine′.

Pro-jec′tile.

Pro-jec′tion.

Pro-lap′sus-in′stru-ments.

Pro-me′the-an.

Prop′a-gating-box.

Prop′a-gating-glass.

Pro-pel′ler-en′gine.

Pro-pel′ler-pump.

Pro-pel′ler-wheel.

Pro-por′tion-al Com′pass-es.

Pro-por′tion-al or Prim′i-tive Ra′--di-i .

Prop′y-lae′um.

Pros′o-pom′e-ter.

Pro′te-an-stone.

Pro-tec′tive Pa′per.

Pro-tract′ing-bev′el.

Pro-tract′or.

Prov′ing-hutt.

Prov′ing-ma-chine′.

Prov′ing-press.

Prov′ing-pump.

Pro-vis′ion-car.

Prun′ing-chis′el.

Prun′ing-hook.

Prun′ing-knife.

Prun′ing-saw.

Prun′ing-shears.

Prun′ing-tools.

Pseudi-sod′o-mon.

Pseu′do-dipter-al.

Pseu′do-pe-rip′ter-al.

Pseu′do-scope.

Psy-chrom′e-ter.

Pter-yg′i-um.

Pud′ding-stone.

Pud′dled steel.

Pud′dle-rolls.

Pud′dling-fur′nace.

Pud′dling-ma-chine′.

Puff′er-pipe.

Pul′ley-block.

Pul′ley-check.

Pul′ley-clutch.

Pul′ley-drum.

Pul′ley-mor′tised.

Pul′ley-sheave.

Pul′ley-stand.

Pul′ley Sus-pen′--sion-hook.

Pul′ley-wheel.

Pull′ing-jack.

Pull′man-car.

Pulp-boil′er.

Pulp-di-gest′er.

Pulp-dress′er.

Pulp-grind′er.

Pulp′ing-ma-chine′.

Pulp-ma-chine′.

Pulp-strain′er.

Pulp-wash′er.

Pul-som′e-ter; pul-sim′e-ter .

Pul′ver-izer.

Pul′ver-izing.

Pum′ice-stone.

Pump′ing-en′gine.

Pump-ket′tle.

Pump-pis′ton.

Pump-scrap′er.

Punch′ing and Shear′ing ma-chine′.

Punch′ing-bear.

Punch′ing buhl-work.

Punch′ing-ma-chine′.

Punch-pli′ers.

Pu′pil, Arti-fi′cial.

Pup′pet-head.

Pup′pet-valve.

Pur′chase-block.

Purg′ing-cock.

Pur′lin-post.

Push′ing-jack.

Put′tock-shrouds.

Put′ty-knife.

Put′ty-pow′der.

Puz′zle-lock.

Puzzo-la′no; Puozzo-la′no .

Pyc′no-style.

Pyr-heli-om′e-ter.

Py-roph′o-rus.

Pyro-pho-tog′ra-phy.

Pyr′o-ster′e-o-type.

Pyro-tech′nics.

Pyro-tech′nic Bal-loon′.

Py-rox′--line.

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Plain-com′pass.

A simple form of the surveyor's instrument. It has a needle about six inches long, a graduated circle, main plate, levels and sights, and is placed upon the brass head of the Jacob-staff.

Plain-compass.

The compass-circle is divided to half-degrees on its upper surface, the whole degree marks being also cut down on the inside circumference, and is figured from 0 to 90 on each side of the center or “line of zeros.” The sights, or standards, have fine slits cut through nearly their whole length, terminated at intervals by large circular apertures through which the object sighted upon is more readily found.

The right and left hand edges of the sights have respectively an eye-piece, and a series of divisions, by which angles of elevation and depression, for a range of about twenty degrees each way, can be taken with considerable accuracy. This arrangement is termed a tangent-scale, the divided edges of the north sight being tangents to segments of circles having their centers at the eye-pieces and their points of contact with the tangent lines at the zero divisions of the scale.

1877.

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