Turn′ing-tools.
The cutting implements used by turners vary considerably according to the nature of the material to be operated on and the character of the work, whether it is to be plain or beaded, or employed on the exterior or interior of the work.
 |
|
Wood-turning tools. |
For turning the softer woods, chisels and gouges having cutting angles of 25° to 30° are employed; for harder woods this angle is made as much as 40°. The edge of the gouge is ground elliptical, and its central portion is that principally used: it is employed for getting the first rough cylindrical surface on the work, the convex side being turned downward, and also for turning out hollows.
Hook tools
o p are also used for surfacing.
For finishing, chisels generally having an oblique edge, doubly beveled, are employed.
Square edged chisels, with rather thicker edges than those ordinarily employed in carpentry, are in frequent use for smoothing.
The
broad y is used for this purpose.
It is held underhand.
Other forms of
broad, as
w x, are also used, principally upon large work, the plank way of the grain.
The side tool
z is used upon insides of cylinders.
The tools for hard wood and ivory are beveled on one edge only, which has consequently nearly double the thickness of that used for soft wood.
 |
|
Inside tools. |
a (
Fig. 6801), gouge; used for roughing-out work.
b, chisel plan and section.
c, sharp-pointed chisel.
d, doubly beveled chisel.
e, obtuse-pointed chisel.
f g, round-pointed chisel.
h h′, inside chisels.
i, ripping-chisel, for starting an opening.
k l m n, wood-turners' chisels.
o p, inside tools.
q r s, chisels for turning beads, etc.
t u illustrate modes of applying the chisel.
v, gouge in position on the rest.
w x y, broads.
z, side-tool, for insides of cylinders.
a′, calipers.
b′, calipers applied for measuring inside diameters.
c′, calipers applied for measuring exterior diameters.
 |
|
Metal-turning tools. |
a (
Fig. 6803), milling-tool, with wheel.
b c, chasers, for cutting screws.
| d e, bent inside tools, | for brass, ivory, hard wood, etc. |
| f, flat tool, |
| g h, right and left side tools, |
| i, point tool, |
| k, round point tool, |
l, square graver, for metal.
| m, cutting off tool, | for wood. |
| n, turning-gouge, |
| o, turning-chisel, |
Fig. 6802 shows
inside tools.
For turning the concave and convex surfaces of rubies or sapphires, used for the jewels of watches and chronometers, a diamond-drill such as is shown in
Fig. 6804 is used:
a represents the flat surface and
b the edge of such a tool.
It may also be used for engraving extremely fine lines.
The diamond was first used for turning by
Ramsden in cutting the hardened steel screw for his dividing-engine.
 |
|
Diamond-turning tools. |
See under the following heads: —
| Astragal tool. | Gouge. |
| Bead-tool. | Hanging-tool. |
| Bevel-tool. | Heel-tool. |
| Bottom-tool. | Hook-tool. |
| Broad-tool. | Inside tool. |
| Chisel. | Nail-head tool. |
| Comb. | Parting-tool. |
| Cranked tool. | Screw-cutting tool. |
| Flat tool. | Skew-chisel. |
