J.
Jab.
（Nautical.) To catch fish by prodding; said of fishing with a gaff.
Jabb.
A peculiar fishing-net for catching the fry of fish.Jack.
A handy tool. A name applied to a convenient implement which answers in the place of another hand or of an assistant. It is frequently compounded with other words, the associated word expressing either its purpose, structure, or relation. As a simple word it has meanings: — 1. A lifting instrument. See jack-screw ; wagon-jack ; wheel-jack ; car-jack ; Fencejack ; rail-jack ; hydrostatic jack, and others in the list below. 2. An instrument for turning a roasting joint of meat. A bottle-jack, or a smoke-jack.3. (Knitting.) The pivoted bar or lever in a knitting-machine, from whose end is suspended the sinker which forms the loop. A beater.
4. (Spinning.) A coarse bobbin and fly-frame, operating on the sliver from the carding-machine and passing the product to the fine roving-machine, or fitting it therefor.
5. (Weaving.) The heck-box; a grated frame for conducting the threads from the bank to the warping-mill.
6. (Mining.) A wooden wedge used in mining for assisting in the cleavage of strata. A gad. 7. A saw-horse or saw-buck. Two X-shaped frames united by a round or rundle. 8. A small flag. The union without the fly. See flag.
9. (Metal-working.) A form of metal planingmachine which has short, quick motions, and is used in shaping objects, planing seats for valves, faces for the same, etc.
10. (Nautical.) The cross-trees.
11. (Music.) Formerly the hammer or quillcarrier of a clavichord, virginal, harpsichord, or spinet, but now an intermediate piece which conveys to the hammer the motion imparted to the key. The piano-movement jack, which imparts the motion of the key to the hammer, is the invention of Christofori of Florence, 1711. Rimbault's “Pianoforte,” London, 1860. See piano-Forte. As a compound word, see under the following heads: —
| Boot-jack. | Jack-frame. |
| Bottle-jack. | Jack-head pump. |
| Builder's jack. | Jack-in-a-basket. |
| Carriage-jack. | Jack-in-a-box. |
| Chimney-jack. | Jack-knife. |
| Claw-jack. | Jack-ladder. |
| Crick. | Jack-pin. |
| Fence-jack. | Jack-plane. |
| Hand-screw. | Jack-rafter. |
| Hoisting-jack. | Jack-screw. |
| Hydraulic jack. | Jack-sinker. |
| Hydraulic lifting-jack (see hydraulic presses and lifters). | Jack-staff. |
| Jack-stay. | |
| Jack-timber. | |
| Hydrostatic jack. | Knitting-machine jack. |
| Jack-arch. | Lever-jack. |
| Jack-back. | Lifting-jack. |
| Jack-block. | Minute-jack. |
| Jack-boots. | Pegging-jack. |
| Jack cross-tree. | Piano-movement jack. |
| Post-jack. | Spinning-jack. |
| Pulling-jack. | Swing-jack. |
| Pushing-jack. | Telescopic jack. |
| Rack-and-pinion jack. | Thill-jack. |
| Rail-jack. | Traversing jack (see hydraulic presses and lifters). |
| Railroad-jack. | |
| Ratchet-jack. | |
| Roasting-jack. | Tripod-jack. |
| Rounding-jack. | Truck-jack. |
| Screw-jack. | Wagon-jack. |
| Shackle-jack. | Warping-jack. |
| Shaft-coupling jack. | Wheel-jack (see hydraulic presses and lifters). |
| Ship-jack (see hydraulic presses and lifters). | Windlass-jack. |
| Shoe-jack. | Window-jack. |
| Smoke-jack. |
Jack-arch.
An arch of the thickness of one brick.Jack-back.
1. A vessel below the brewery-copper which receives the infusion of malt and hops therefrom, and which has a perforated bottom to strain off the hops. 2. A tank or cistern which receives the cooled wort in a vinegar-factory.Jack-block.
（Nautical.) A block used in sending the top-gallant mast up and down.
Jack-boots.
1. Large, overall boots, reaching up the thigh; worn by fishermen. 2. Large boots with a front-piece coming above the knee; worn by cavalry-men, and sometimes by huntsmen.Jack cross-tree.
（Nautical.) An iron crosstree at the head of a top-gallant mast.
Jack′et.
An enveloping or outer case of clothing, steam, water, or other substance. 1. A steam-jacket is a body of steam between an inner and outer cylinder or casing; its usual purpose is to warm or maintain the warmth of the contents of the inner cylinder. It was invented by Watt. The steam space around an evaporating-pan to heat the contents. Other jackets are of wood or other non-conducting material. Cylinders of steam-engines are sometimes covered with felt and an ornamental wooden casing to prevent radiation of heat. Steam-boilers, for the same purpose, are jacketed with felt on the upper part. Cleading, deading, lagging.2. (Nautical.) a. A double or outer coat. b. A casing for a steam-chimney where it passes through a deck. 3. A swimming garment with cork lining. A cork-jacket.
Jack-frame.
（Cotton-manufacture.) A device, formerly in greater favor, for giving a twist to the roving as it was delivered by the drawing rollers. In order to give a certain degree of cohesion to the sliver, the can into which it was received from the drawing rollers received a rapid rotation, imparted by the table on which it stood. See doubling ; roving. Following this process was that of winding it upon bobbins, so as to be fed from thence to the spinning-frame. The jack-frame, or jack in the box, was devised to twist and wind the sliver and form it into a roving on a bobbin in the can. [1209]
 |
| Jack-frame. |
Jack-head pump.
A form of lift-pumps for mines and deep borings, in which the delivery-pipe is secured to the cylinder by a gooseneck. See plunger-pump.Jack-in-a-bas′ket.
（Nautical.) A basket on a pole marking a shoal. A beacon.
Jack-in-a-box.
1. A name conferred upon the jack-frame, a device for giving a twist to the drawn sliver and winding the same on a bobbin as it was received in the roving can. See jack-frame. 2. a. A large, wooden, solid screw turning in a nut in a bridge-piece and rotated by means of a lever. It is a clumsy form of screw-press, used for various purposes. b. A screw-jack for lifting and for stowing cargo.Jack′knife.
A horn-handled clasp-knife with a laniard, worn by seamen.Jack-lad′der.
（Nautical.) One with wooden steps and side ropes.
Jack-pin.
（Nautical.) A belaying-pin in the fife-rail or elsewhere.
Jack-plane.
（Carpentry.) The first and coarsest of the joiner's bench-planes; the others being the trying, panel, and smooth planes. It is about 18 inches long.
Jack-raft′er.
（Carpentry.) One of the short rafters used in a hip-roof.
Jack-screw.
A lifting implement which acts by the rotation of a screw in a threaded socket. In A the screw is double, the portion a turning in b, and the latter in the collar of the base c. The spanner d rotates the nut c and with it the screw b, which climbs out of c and at the same time projects a. B is a railway-jack, moved by a lever (which is shown broken off), and acting by pawl and ratchet, either throughout a circle or by reciprocation where the position is confined. C is a traversing-jack which moves the load along by a secondary screw f so that the standard g slips on the ways h. In another form the screw is rotated by bevelwheel and pinion.Jack-sink′er.
（Knitting-machine.) A thin iron plate suspended from the end of the jack, and acting to depress the loop of thread between two needles. The jack-sinkers, alternate with lead-sinkers, the former being movable separately, but the latter are attached to a sinker-bar, and move together. See knitting-machine.
Jack-staff.
（Nautical.) A flag-staff on the bowsprit-cap for flying the jack.
Jack-stay.
（Nautical.) A rib or plate with holes, or a rod running through eye-bolts, passing along the upper side of a yard, and to which the sail is, bent.
 |
| Jack-screws. |
Jack-tim′ber.
（Carpentry.) A timber in a building which is shorter than the other timbers, being intercepted by another piece; as, — A studding in a partition, which is intercepted by a brace or a window or door frame. A rafter in a hip-roof, which meets the hip and is shorter than those which run to a full length and meet at the comb or ridge. A rib in vaulting or groining, shorter than the main rib.
Ja′cobs Lad′der.
（Nautical.) A rope ladder with wooden rounds.
Ja′cobs staff.
1. An instrument for taking altitudes, having a brass circle divided into four equal parts by two diametric lines. At each extremity is a perpendicular riglet over the lines, with a hole below each slit for discovering objects. The cross is mounted on a staff. A cross-stff.2. (Surveying.) An instrument (a, Fig. 2710) used to measure distances and heights. It has a square rod, with a cross or cursor, which has a set screw to keep it in position on the rod when required. The rod is three or four feet in length, and divided into four or five equal parts. The cursor has a square socket and slips on the staff; its length is equal to one of the divisions of the staff. The instrument is mounted on a tripod when in use, the cursor being in the plane of the horizon when measuring distances, and vertical thereto when measuring hights. The cursor is adjusted on the rod to the second [1210]
 |
| Jacob's staff. |
Jac-o-net′.
（Fabric.) A fine, close, white cotton goods, like cambric.
Jac′quard loom.
A loom for weaving figured goods. A chain of, perforated cards is made to pass over a drum, and the strings by which the threads of the warp are raised pass over an edge with a wire or leaden weight of small diameter suspended from each. These weights, at each stroke of the loom, are presented to each successive card, and some of them are intercepted by the card while others pass though the holes therein, the latter thus determining which threads of the warp shall be raised. In this way the figure on the card determines the nature of the figure on the fabric. Jacquard, the inventor, was a straw-hat manufacturer at Lyons. His attention was first directed toward mechanical inventions by a reward being offered for the production of a machine for making nets. He produced the machine, but did not claim the reward. The attention of Napoleon was called to his inventive genius, and he was sent for to ascertain if he could not improve on a loom belonging to the government. This was designed for weaving shawl patterns in imitation of cashmere, and its setting up and arrangement were very troublesome and expensive. The great war minister Carnot is reported to have said to Jacquard, “Are you the man who can do what the Almighty cannot: tie a knot on a stretched string?” Jacquard, improving on the model of Vaucanson, produced the apparatus which bears his name, and was rewarded with a pension of 1,000 francs. This was afterwards increased to 6,000. He was also awarded a bronze medal at the French Exposition in 1801. On returning to Lyons, he met with great opposition from the weavers there, who endeavored to forcibly suppress the invention. The “Conseil de Prudhommes,” a board of master workmen in the various branches of trade, who are appointed to look after the manufacturing interests, adjust wages, and settle disputes between masters and workmen, ordered his machine to be broken up in the public place, and, according to Jacquard's own expression, “the iron sold for iron, the wood for wood, and he, the inventor, was delivered over to universal ignominy.” The value of the invention was, however, soon appreciated elsewhere, and was finally recognized by the Lyonese themselves, to whom it has since proved of inestimable value.Jag.
A barb or dovetail which resists retraction.Jag-bolt.
One with a barbed shank.Jag′ger.
1. (Domestic.) A small wheel mounted in a handle and used for crimping or ornamenting edges of pies, cakes, etc., or cutting them into ornamental shapes. A jagging-iron. 2. A toothed chisel.
Jag′ging-board.
（Metallurgy.) An inclined board in a baddle or frame on which slimes of ore are deposited to be gradually washed by a current of water to the inclined bed where the slimes are sorted according to gravity. See buddle ; framing.
Jal-ou-sie′.
A louvre or Venetian shutter. |
| Jamb and fittings. |
Jamb.
1. (Architecture.) The upright sides of an aperture, as a doorway, window, or fireplace, and supporting the lintel, entablature, or mantel. The jamb-linings are the casing, and have a rabbet for the door to shut into. Jamb-posts are framed into an aperture, and upon them the linings are attached. Jamb-stones are employed in building sides of an aperture.
| A, architrave. | D, rabbeted joint. |
| B, plowed ground. | E, quarter. |
| C, door. |
2. (Mining.) A pillar of ore in a mine.
Jamb-lin′ing.
（Carpentry.) The vertical boarding on the sides of a doorway.
Jamb-post.
（Carpentry.) One of the uprights on the sides of a doorway or window.
Jamb-stone.
（Architecture.) One of the stone pillars on the sides of a doorway or of a window.
Jam′da-ri.
（Fabric.) A Dacca muslin woven with figures of flowers and other ornaments.
Jam-nut.
An auxiliary nut screwed down upon another one to hold it. A check-nut, lock-nut, or pinching-nut, See nut-lock.Jam-weld.
（Forging.) A weld in which the heated ends or edges of the parts are square butted against each other and welded.
Jank′er.
（Scotch.) A long pole on two wheels, used in transporting logs.
Jan′tu.
A water-raising device of great antiquity used in Bengal for land irrigation. It is a trough counterweighted by an extended arm and balanced across a bar. As the trough end descends it dips water, and, as it rises, the water runs towards the axis of vibration and escapes at a lateral orifice into a trough, which conducts it to the field. See gutter for a common device on this principle, excepting the counterweights. See also bail-scoop.Ja′nus-cloth.
A fabric having each side dressed, [1211] and different colors on the respective sides. Such fabric is used for reversible garments.Ja-pan′.
1. A hard, black varnish, obtained from the Stagmaria verniciflua of the East Indies. 2. An asphaltum varnish. See varnish.Ja-pan′--earth.
（Tanning.) Terra japonica, catechu, cutch. An astringent matter obtained from the Areca catechu and Acacia catechu; used in tanning.
Jap-a-nese′ silk.
（Fabric.) A dress goods having a linen chain and silken weft.
Ja-pan — ink.
A writing-ink which has a dark, glossy color when dry. See ink.Ja-panned′ Leath′er.
Leather treated with several; coats of Japan varnish and dried in a stove.Ja-pan′ning.
The art of coating wood, metal, or paper, with a thick coat of hard, brilliant, varnish. The art originated in Japan. Japanning involves the baking of the varnished article. The Japanese employ a lacquer obtained from a tree by making incisions in the trunk and collecting the juice; this is at first like cream, but becomes black by exposure to the air. Their process is said to be as follows: After the juice has assumed a deep black color, finely pulverized charcoal is added to it. The lacquer is applied to an article in several successive coats, each being dried in the sun before the next is put on. It soon becomes extremely hard, and is polished with a smooth stone and water until it becomes as smooth as glass. On this surface ornaments and figures are traced with a brush dipped in a varnish of boiled oil and turpentine. Before this is quite dry, gold or silver leaf is laid on, and the whole afterward receives a finishing coat of varnish. With us the work is first covered with a ground composed of anime (Hymenoea courbaril) varnish mixed with a pigment of the desired color; this is dried in a stove, after which three or four coats of varnish are applied. The varnishes employed are copal, anime, mastic, or seed lac. The latter gives the hardest surface, but is too dark for the more delicate grounds, and is therefore usually mixed with some other kind of varnish. Articles such as wood or papier-mach; which are too coarse, soft, or rough to receive the japanning immediately on their surfaces, are first covered with a priming composed of chalk or whiting. This is allowed to dry, and is then rubbed smooth. |
| Drill-jar. |
Jar.
1. (Well-boring.) A device used in boring by impact of the chisel, which is alternately lifted and dropped. As the rope attached to the piece a is lifted, the chisel-stock C slips until arrested by the enlarged portion D. When the piece a is dropped, by the sudden slacking of the rope, the chisel falls, and the portion c comes on top of the chisel-stock D to give it an effective blow.
2. (Domestic.) A vessel of glass or earthenware for fruit, preserves, pickles, and various domestic uses. The analogue of our modern fruit-jar is found in those of the ancient Egyptians, who seem to have been given to laying in great stores of provisions in this way. The paintings on the temples and tombs of Egypt show the storing of grain, wine, oil, poultry, and many other things, and the economy of their houses, pantries, and granaries shows that they made the most ample and profuse store of provisions. As an illustration, see Plate V. Vol. 2 of Wilkinson. The jars of the accompanying cut have lids or stoppers, which are luted or rendered air-tight by liquid clay, pitch, gypsum, or mortar. Some of the jars had flat bottoms a, and were set upon the cellar or store-room floor; and others, being pointed, were set in a stone ring, like the amphorae b b and ring-base c. Late excavations on the site of Troy have exhumed ranks of enormous jars. See Fruitjar.
 |
| Egyptian vases and jars. |
Jas′per.
1. A silicious mineral of several varieties. 2. Marble of a greenish color, with small red spots. There is an antique jasper with small spots of black and white. 3. A kind of earthenware prepared from pounded spar.Jaunt′ing-car.
An Irish vehicle having two seats, back to back, over the wheels, a well in the middle, and a seat for the driver in front.Jave′lin.
A hurling-spear, about 5 1/2 feet long; it has a wooden shaft and an iron head. It is yet used in Europe in hunting the boar, and by many savage nations in ordinary hunting. The assegai of the Caffre is a javelin of native iron. |
| Vise-jaws for round-work. |
Jaw.
1. (Machinery.) a. One of two opposing members capable of being moved towards and from one another; as the jaws, check, chaps, chops, or mouth of a vise or wrench. b. The cheeks of a stone or ore-crusher, one of which is moved relatively to the other, so as to break the material fed between them. In the example (Fig. 2715) C is the moving jaw, and B is a relatively stationary abutment. The movement of the jaw E is by an eccentric. c. The opposed portions of a shearing-machine or punch, which, by moving past each other, cut the bar or sheet of metal placed between them.
2. (Railway-cars.) The guard-plates in which the axle-boxes of railway-cars play vertically as the springs yield and recoil. The housings or pedestals. [1212]
 |
| Ore-crusher. |
3. (Nautical.) a. The forked end of a boom or gaff, which partially embraces the mast. The branches of the jaw are called horns, and are united by the jaw-rope. b. The space in the shell of a tackle-block occupied by the sheave.
Jaw-lev′er.
A veterinary instrument for opening the mouths of animals for the administration of medicine.Jaw-tools.
Tools having the capacity for grasping, as between jaws or fingers. See under the following heads: —| Animal-clutch. | Grapnalls. |
| Articulator. | Grapple. |
| Balance-vise. | Hand-vise. |
| Barrel-vise. | Humbug. |
| Bench-vise. | Ice-tongs. |
| Bloom-hook. | Inside-calipers. |
| Bolt-cutter. | Lasting-pinchers. |
| Bottling-pliers. | Lazy-tongs. |
| Bullet-mold. | Monkey-wrench. |
| Burling-irons. | Nail-clincher. |
| Burr-cutter. | Nippers. |
| Buttonhole-cutter. | Nut-cracker. |
| Calipers. | Pinchers. |
| Calking-vise. | Pinching-tongs. |
| Chimney-tongs. | Pipe-tongs. |
| Clamp. | Pipe-vise. |
| Clincher. | Pipe-wrench. |
| Clothes-pin. | Pliers. |
| Clothes-tongs. | Pruning-shears. |
| Clutch for hay-elevator. | Pucellas. |
| Coal-tongs. | Punch-pliers. |
| Compasses. | Rivet-cutter. |
| Costotome. | Rotary shears. |
| Crane's-bill. | Rounding-tool. |
| Crimping-tool. | Saddler's-pinchers. |
| Crow's-bill. | Saw-vise. |
| Crucible-tongs. | Scissors. |
| Cutting-nippers. | Shanks. |
| Dividers. | Shears. |
| Drawing-pliers. | Snipe. |
| Egg-tongs. | Spring-vise. |
| Elbow-tongs. | Suspending-clutch. |
| Entereotome. | Tongs. |
| Forceps. | Tube-cutter. |
| Gas-fitter's tongs. | Tweezers. |
| Glass-tongs. | Vise. |
| Glazier's-vise. | Wrench. |
Jaw-wedge.
A wedge to tighten the axle-box in the jaw or guard of a railway car-truck.Jean.
（Fabric.) a. A twilled, undressed cloth, having a cotton chain and woolen filling. b. A twilled cotton goods, striped or white. Satin jean has a different twill, which gives it a smooth, glossy surface.
Jears.
（Nautical.) A fourfold tackle by which a lower yard is swayed or struck. The upper block of this purchase usually hangs from the trestle-trees. Jeers; jeer-bits.
Jed′ding-axe.
A stone-mason's tool. It has one flat face for knocking off projecting angular points, and a pointed peen for reducing a surface to the required form. A cavil. The sax or zax is a slate-worker's axe.Jeg.
A templet or gage, one of several, for verifying shapes of parts in gun and gun-stock making.Jem′my.
1. (Fabric.) A species of Scotch woolen cloth. 2. A small crow-bar.
Jen′ny.
（Spinning.) A form of spinning-machine invented by Jacob Hargreaves. A playful adaptation of the word engine. See spinningjenny.
Jet.
1. The sprue of a type, which is broken therefrom when the type is cold. 2. A solid, dry, black lignite, harder than asphalt and glossy in its fracture. 3. A spout of water in a fountain.Jet-pump.
A pump stated to have been originally contrived to empty the pits of submerged water-wheels. It acts by the pressure of a column of air passing through an annular throat; or conversely, an annular jet around a central orifice. It has since been used in oil-wells. See ejector.Jette.
The starling of a bridge. See starling.Jet′ting-out.
（Architecture.) The projection of a corbel or molding beyond the general surface.
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| Jetties. |
Jet′ty.
1. (Hydraulic Engineering.) a. A construction of wood, rubble-stone, or masonry projecting into the sea and serving as a wharf or pier for landing and shipping, or as a mole to protect a harbor. Although limited to no particular form, a very common construction of the jetty is a timber framing A, secured by piles or loaded with rubble. It is often built in the manner of a sea-wall; having a double row of sheeting piles, the interval filled in with rubble or beton. The latter is excellent. The term jetty is also applied to expensive and solid erections of masonry, and to hards or landing-places for boats. Teford's jetty B at the eastern arm [1213] of Kingstown Harbor, Ireland, is an example of a jetty made of rubble, with a track and parapet of coursed masonry. The foreshore, in most works of this kind, is faced with pitched stones, that is, an outer layer in which the undressed stones are not laid at random, but deposited end on, beginning at the lower edge, and so caused to bind and become mutually sustaining. Jetties of masonry (C) have usually ashlar facings and heartings of rubble or concrete. The walls filled in with beton will be nearly equal to a solid mass; in fact, beton itself makes a wall of such tenacity that its strength is equal to a homogeneous block. When the ashlar masonry is filled in with earth it requires a bond; when this is of masonry, the counterforts take the form of division-walls, which thus reduce the jetty to a series of compartments. The stones of these horizontal bonding courses should be cramped and joggled together, and the top carefully paved to prevent infiltration. The southern jetty (D) of the port of Havre is exposed to violent storms and a powerful littoral current. It exemplifies the ashlar facing, horizontal bonding-walls, rubble filling, paving, parapets, aprons of piles and pierre-perdue to protect the foundations from the repercussion of the waves, all executed in a style which has provoked the admiration of those who have understandingly examined it. In the course of the improvement of the months of the Rhine, the northern arm of the Maese is being widened, dredged, and extended into the sea by jetties of about 1,200 feet long and 1,000 yards apart. The mode of their construction is as follows: — Long fascines are formed of brushwood and placed upon the shore near the site of the works; they are laid in courses, each course being at right angles or oblique to the previous one, until a thickness of about three feet has been obtained; strong stakes are then driven through the mass at frequent intervals, which project about 18 inches at the bottom, and 12 inches at the top. The stakes are then tied together with a willow binding. The work is made in sections measuring about 40 yards by 20 yards. When completed, it is floated to the site of the jetty, and sunk into its place by being evenly loaded with basalt stone, which is brought down the Rhine from quarries near Andernach. Piece after piece of this sort of work is added, until it covers the whole breadth of the base of the jetty for a portion of its length, after which another layer is formed in the same manner, and so on until the requisite hight and breadth of the jetty have been obtained, when a fresh length in advance is commenced. The projecting stakes soon take firm bold of the layers above and below them, the sand silts into the interstices of the brushwood, and in a few years forms an almost impenetrable mass, which, when consolidated, is covered with a paving of large basalt stones. b. A structure round the piled foundation of a bridge pier. 2. The part of a building which jets or juts over beyond the ground plan.
 |
| Watch-jewel. |
Jewel.
1. (Watchmaking.) A crystal or precious stone forming a bearing for the pivot of an arbor; especially used in watches. The balance jewel always has an end-stone, or cap c, the balance running on the end of its pivot in order that it may have the utmost freedom; the pivot being but the 1/100 of an inch in diameter. Diamonds are sometimes used for end-stones, but rarely, if ever, for jewels, it being next to impossible to drill a hole sufficiently small in so hard a substance. The invention of the process of drilling holes in rubies is attributed to M. Fazio, a native of Geneva, who introduced it into London in the year 1700. Rubies are used as jewels in good watches. They are the hardest stone that can be drilled, but cheaper stones, such as crystals, garnets, etc., and even glass of hard quality, are often used. The lower portion of Fig. 2717 represents on an enlarged scale the jeweled pivot-hole for the verge, or the axis of the balance of a marine chronometer. a is a hardened steel pivot, which is turned with a fine cylindrical neck, and is made convex at the end; the jewel consists of two stones; one b, usually sapphire or ruby, is convex above and concave beneath, of two different curvatures to thin it away in the middle, where the pivot-hole is drilled. The other, c, called the top-stone or end-stone, is generally a ruby of plano-convex form, or else a diamond cut with facets. The flat side of this touches the end of the pivot. The rubies or sapphires from which the jewels are made are sometimes split to the requisite thickness, but are commonly slit by a revolving iron disk charged with diamond-powder and oil. When sliced they are ground parallel on a flat plate of copper mounted on a lathe, into the face of which small fragments of diamond have been hammered, and afterwards polished on a similar plate with fine diamond-powder. They are afterwards turned circular and their edges beveled. In turning their faces to concave and convex form a fragment of diamond, mounted on a brass wire, is employed. Drilling out the holes is also effected by a splinter of diamond mounted on a wire, this is usually accomplished at two operations, drilling into the two sides successively, after which the interior is polished with a fine steel wire and diamond-powder. 2. A precious stone; a gem. See gem-cutting; seal; diamond; Strass; doublet; brilliant, etc. The proficiency of the ancient Egyptians in the ornamental arts is well shown in collections of Egyptian jewelry. One ancient collection, dating back to 1900 B. C., is in the possession of the Sultan, and comprises ear-rings, necklaces, seal-rings, and amulets. The workmanship is of the most beautiful description. Many handsome specimens are also in the Museum of the Historical Society of New York. The museums of Europe are rich in specimens from Phoenician, Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek, and Roman sources.Jew′el-block.
（Nautical.) A block at the yard-arm of a ship, for the halyard of a studding-sail yard to pass through.
Jew′el-ers'-red.
Crocus. |
| Jewel-setter. |
Jew′el-set′ter.
（Watch.) A circular steel cutter having a concave end with a circumferential angular edge, which slightly exceeds in circumference the bezel into which the jewel is to be fitted, and by which a circular burr of metal is pushed down upon the jewel.
Jew's-harp.
1. (Nautical.) The shackle by which a cable is bent to the anchor-ring. [1214]
2. (Music.) An instrument having a tongue vibrated by the finger and a frame held against the teeth for a sounding-board.
Jew's-harp Shack′le.
A clevis and pin whereby the chain-cable is bent to the anchor.Jews' pitch.
Asphaltum.Jib.
1. (Nautical.) A large triangular sail set on a stay, forward of the fore stay-sail, between the fore-top mast-head and jib-boom in large vessels. It occupies a position between the mast-head and bowsprit in cutters, schooners, and small craft, and does not necessarily run on a stay. Jibs are known by various names, according to position, etc., as inner-jib, outer-jib, standing-jib, flying-jib, spindle-jib, storm-jib, jib-of-jibs, etc. A jib-topsail or balloon-jib extends towards the topmast head, and in cutter yachts is sometimes a very large sail.
2. (Machinery.) The extended arm of a crane; or that spar of a derrick which is stepped at the bottom and connected by tackle at the top to the vertical post. The post a is maintained vertical by guys, and the tackle affords a means for adjusting the inclination of the jib b, the fall being carried from the top of the post to a small crab on the ground, distinct from the larger crab which operates the hoisting-tackle. See crane; derrick. The jib of a derrick is stepped, and is adjustable in inclination. The jib of a crane is fast to the frame and rotates horizontally with it, or is journaled to the frame and is adjustable thereon. Sometimes vertically, for hight; always horizontally for sweep.
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| Jib and post. |
Jib-boom.
（Nautical.) A movable spar running out beyond the bowsprit, for the purpose of affording a base to the jib in large vessels, and to the flyingjib in schooners and smaller craft.
Jib-door.
A door made flush with the wall on both sides.Jib-frame.
（Steam-engine.) The upright frame at the sides of a marine-engine, connecting the cylinder, condenser, and the framing.
Jib-i′ron.
（Nautical.) The traveler of the jib. An iron hoop fixed to the jib and sliding on the boom.
Jib-stay.
（Steam-engine.) A portion of the stayframe of a marine steam-engine. See jib-frame.
Jig.
1. A handy tool. The name is applied to various devices, and in many trades small and simple machines are called jigs. In the armorer's set of tools we find cited, —| Drilling-jig. | Milling-jig. | Tapping-jig. |
| Filing-jig. | Shaving-jig. |
Jig′ger.
1. (Pottery.) a. A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped. A potters'-wheel; a throwing wheel. b. A templet or former which is used in shaping the interior of a crucible or other vessel when the clay is upon the wheel. See Fig. 1536, supra. See also “Lecons de Ceramique,” Vol. II. p. 122 et al.; also “Feldspath Porcellan,” Weimar, 1835, Figs. 79, 80, 82, Taf. VII.
2. (Felting.) To harden and condense a felted fabric by repeated quick blows from rods, or by a platen or platens having a rapid vibratory motion. A machine for felting fiber by an intermittent rolling action upon the material, which lies upon a table, and is kept warm and wet.
3. (Nautical.) a. A double and single blocktackle, used for such jobs as holding on to the cable, abaft the capstan, as the cable is heaved in. Also used in hauling home the topsail sheet and other similar work. b. A small tackle attached to the bight of another rope, to increase the purchase. c. A supplementary sail rigged on a mast and boom, from the stern of a cutter or other vessel. d. A small mast erected on the stern of a yawl. c. A fishing-vessel whose rig corresponds to that of a cutter, excepting a small mizzen in the stern. f. A weighted line with several hooks, set back to back, dropped into the water, and suddenly jerked upward to catch fish.
4. (Coopering.) A drawing-knife with a hollowing blade.
5. (Leather.) A machine for graining morocco leather, consisting of grooved boxwood rollers fitted in a frame suspended from the ceiling, and swung backward and forward like a pendulum.
6. (Metallurgy.) A riddle or sieve shaken vertically in water, to separate the contained ore into strata, according to weight and consequent richness. The ancient Iberians washed gold-bearing earth in baskets in the time of Strabo. The sieve a commonly consists of a hoop with handles, and a bottom of sheet-brass, finely perforated. It is used by striking it squarely upon the water, and giving it a semi-rotation simultaneously, to sort the pulverized ore according to gravity; the ore being lifted by the incoming water from below, and the heavier portions settling first. The lighter portions are scraped from the top, and the lower stratum removed for smelting or farther concentration.
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| Jigger and jigging-machine. |
- 1. Submerged sieves agitated by steam or water power.
- 2. Submerged sieves in which the water is introduced in an active current from below.
- 3. A box with a tight wooden floor, with an annular metallic trough pierced with holes, provided with movable sieves. In the middle of this circular system is a cylinder in which a piston plays, the effect being to alternately elevate and depress the level of water which passes through the sieves as it flows, and thus lifts the charges contained therein.
- 4. The jigging-sieve is attached to the end of a vertically reciprocating rod moved by a lever, which is oscillated by a wiper-wheel on a rotating shaft. The effect is similar to that just described, the layer of ore in the sieve being lifted as the sieve is slapped down into the water, the tendency of the heavier particles to settle first gradually sorting the charge into strata of varying weight and consequent richness.
Jigger-knife.
A drawing-knife with a blade bent at one end and curved at the other, used by wheelwrights. |
| Jigging-machine. |
Jigging-ma-chine.
One in which the pulverized ore falls on to a sieve, where it is agitated by a rake, in water which is caused to pulsate by an intermittent plunger. The small and heavy particles fall through and are sorted by an opposing stream of water; the heavy and larger fall into a raggingbox, and the light are washed off.Jig-saw.
A vertically reciprocating saw, moved by vibrating lever or crank-rod, as in Fig. 2722, in which the saw is arranged between two sliding headblocks, to the upper one of which is attached an index to mark the bevel, a vernier plate being fixed to the circular iron-banded timber to which the blocks are secured by braces. It is moved by a segment of a cog-wheel under the carriage, gearing and working into pinions, and by a pulley-band over a drum. Fig. 2723 is a form of portable jig-saw, which is readily attached to a carpenter's bench or an ordinary table by means of a screw-clamp. The iron arm terminates in the guide d, in which works the spindle to which the upper end of the saw is attached, its lower extremity being similarly held in the guide underneath the table. A constant tension of the blade is maintained by the bent springs e and f. Motive — power is communicated from the treadle, which may be attached, at any convenient point on the floor, to a rod which forms a sleave for a smaller rod, which is connected with the crank of the large wheel a. The object of making the rod in two portions is that it may be adjusted to suit any hight of table, and afterward held in position by the set screw. Around the circumference of the wheel a is placed a covering of leather, by the friction of which the pulley b and the fly-wheel connected therewith are actuated. By means of the pitman, as shown, motion is transmitted to the saw. g is an adjustable metallic foot, designed for holding the work in place while being operated upon. |
| Jig-saw. |
 |
| Portable jig-saw. |
Jim-crow.
1. An implement for bending or straightening rails. In the examples, A is a screw machine, in which the rail lies upon the hooked feet. B C are hydraulic jimcrows with different modes of presentation, the upper one being a rail — bender, and the lower one (C) a shaftstraightener, and [1216] may be used on a rod in a lathe. The jack swivels round in the frame so that the handle may be worked in any direction. 2. The jim-crow planing-machine is furnished with a reversing tool, to plane both ways, and named from its peculiar motion, as the tool is able to “wheel about and turn about.” The table is moved endways by a quick-threaded screw, which allows the driving motion to be placed at the end. |
| Jim-crow. |
Jim′my.
A short crow-bar.Jin′gal.
A large musket used as a wall-piece in China and India.Jin′glet.
A ball within a spherical bell, which acts as a clapper.Jin′ny-road.
（Mining.) An inclined road in a coal-mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity and elevate empty ones. Also known locally in some parts of England as a jig-brow.
Jo′bent-nail.
（Locksmithing.) A thick-headed nail (cf. Eng. jobber-nowl; a blockhead; a numskull). A dog-nail.
Jock′ey-pad.
（Saddlery.) A knee-pad on the forepart of a saddle.
Jock′ey-stick.
A stick five or six feet long, which is connected at one end to the hame of the near horse of a pair, and at the other end to the bit of the off-horse, to keep him at a distance. Used in connection with a single line, the favorite mode of driving a team in most parts of the West, many parts of the South, and worthy of adoption by all.Jog.
（Machinery.) A square notch.
Jog′gle.
1. (Masonry.) A joint-piece or dowel- pin a a let into the adjacent faces of two stones to preserve them in proper relative position. It may vary in form, and may approach in its shape either the dowel or cramp (which see). The stones of the Parthenon at Athens were united by oak joggles.
2. (Architecture.) In pl. Shoulders b on a truss-post, which support the lower ends of struts or braces.
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| Joggles. |
Jog′gle-beam.
（Carpentry.) A built beam, the parts of which are joggled together.
Jog′gle-joint.
（Masonry.) A mode of uniting the stones of ashlar masonry. (a a, Fig. 2725.)
Jog′gle-piece.
（Carpentry.) The upright member in the middle of a truss. A king-post.
Jog′gle-post.
（Carpentry.) A post having shoulders to receive the feet of struts. See b, Fig. 2725; also King-post.
Jog′gle-truss.
（Carpentry.) A hanging-post truss with only one post.
Jog′gle-work.
（Masonry.) Work in which the courses are secured by joggles, as at c, Fig. 2725, so as to prevent their slipping on each other; as the courses of an abutment under the thrust of an arch.
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| Joiner. |
Join′er.
A wood-working machine for doing various kinds of work, such as sawing, planing, and thicknessing, mortising, tenoning (single or double), cross-cutting and squaring-up, grooving, tongueing, rabbeting, mitering, molding and beading, chamfering, wedge-cutting, boring, and a great variety of other operations. Attachable parts adapt the machine for certain duties, such as ripping out or for tenoning, for instance; the illustrations show it as adapted for cross-cutting and for planing or molding.Join′er's-chis′el.
A thin-bladed paring chisel. |
| Joiner's clamp. |
Join′er's-clamp.
A carpenter's appliance used in gluing up doors and other wide objects; the purpose of the arrangement in the example is to adapt it to fold into a small compass when not in use. See also carpenter's-clamp.Join′er's-gage.
A scribing tool to make a mark on a board parallel to the edge of the latter.Join′er's-plane.
A bench-plane for facing and matching boards.Join′er's tools.
See wood-working tools and machines.Join′er-y.
As distinguished from carpentry, the art of framing the finishing work of houses; doors, windows, shutters, blinds, cupboards; hand-railing of stairs, balconies, and galleries; mantel-pieces (if of wood), the construction of permanent fittings, and the covering of all rough timber. The carpenter is supposed to use the axe, adze, chisel, and saw, and has to make and place the wallplates, joists, and other floor-timbers, floors, staircase, the woodwork of the roofs, wooden partitions, and those portions of the frames of windows, doors, and skylights which are built into place. |
| Joints. |
Joint.
A junction or mode of joining parts in a structure.1. (Carpentry.) A mode of securing together the meeting edges of wooden structures. The straight joint is where the edges make a buttjoint, being planed straight. a, the bead conceals the joint. b, may be nailed from both edges, and has a jog to prevent slipping. c, employed for pilasters; it has interlocking jogs, which give a positive hold. d, employed for skirtings, dadoes, backs, and back linings of windows, doors, jambs, and internal angle-finishing. e, miter-joint. f, dovetail-joint. g, square joint. h, rabbet-joint, with beads. i, tongue and groove joint. j, feather-joint. Other joints are known by some peculiarity or finish or applications, as: Bracket, chamfered, covering, diamond, frontal, plain, side, suspended joints. To joint is to plane straight the edges of boards.
2. (Plumbing.) The sheets of sheet-metal roofing are joined by a drip-joint k or a flashing-joint l in cases where they are not soldered. The drip is used when the joint is with the current, and serves as a conductor for water. The flashing is a cap strip where the edges of the sheets meet on a projecting ridge. See also angle-joint. A flush joint or jump joint is a butt-joint covered with a plate on the inner side, called the butt-plate. In a lap-joint the pieces overlap each other.
3. (Masonry.) The face-joints of voussoirs are those which appear on the face of the arch. The vertical joint is between stones of the same course. The horizontal joint is between courses. The coursing-joint is the joint between the courses of voussoirs. The heading-joint is that between two voussoirs in the same course. The flush-joint is filled up to the face by pointing with mortar.
4. (Bookbinding.) The lateral projection of the back to correspond to or cover the thickness of the sides. See also under the following heads: —
| Abutting-joint. | Halving. |
| Angle-joint. | Heading-joint. |
| Back-joint. | Hinge-joint. |
| Ball and socket joint. | Joggle. |
| Bayonet-joint. | Joint-chair. |
| Beaking-joint. | Jointer. |
| Belt-clasp. | Joint-fastening. |
| Bevel-joint. | Joint-file. |
| Break-joint. | Jointing-plane. |
| Butt-joint. | Jointing-rule. |
| Calking-joint. | Joint-pliers. |
| Carvel-joint. | Joint-saw. |
| Clincher-joint. | Joint-stool. |
| Close-butt joint. | Joint-wire. |
| Cog. | Jump-joint. |
| Compass-joint. | Knee-joint. |
| Cone-joint. | Lute. |
| Coupling. | Miter-joint. |
| Coursing-joint. | Mortise. |
| Dovetail. | Notching. |
| Dowel. | Overlap-joint. |
| Drip-joint. | Pipe-joint. |
| Elbow-joint. | Plumb-joint. |
| Expansion-joint. | Prop-joint. |
| Face-joint. | Rabbet-joint. |
| Fantail-joint. | Rail-joint. |
| Fancet-joint. | Rivet-joint. |
| Feather-joint. | Roll-joint. |
| Fish-joint. | Rule-joint. |
| Flange-joint. | Rust-joint. |
| Flashing-joint. | Rustic-joint. |
| Flush-joint. | S-joint. |
| Folded-angle joint. | Scarf-joint. |
| Gimbal-joint. | Shift-joint. |
| Ground-joint. | Splice-joint. |
| Square-joint. | Thimble-joint. |
| Strap-joint. | Toggle-joint. |
| Surface-joint. | Tongue and groove joint. |
| Sypher-joint. | Union-joint. |
| T-joint. | Universal-joint. |
| Tenon-joint. | Weld-joint. |
Joint-chair.
（Railroad.) A railway chair which supports the ends of abutting rails.
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| Joint-coupling. |
Joint-coup′ling.
A form of universal joint for coupling sections of shafting. In the example, the pivoting points enter recesses cast in the clampingiron, which is made in two parts, held together by a bolt. See also joint, for list of varieties. |
| Jointed microscope. |
Joint′ed-mi′cro-scope.
A pocket microscope in which the handle and lensholder shut down against the slide on which the object pliers are adjustable.Join′ter.
（Masonry.) a. A tool for filling the mortar cracks between courses of bricks. A pointing tool. b. A tool for marking the mortar-joints.
2. (Coopering.) The stave jointer is a large stationary plane on which the edges of the staves are worked. The heading jointer has a straight-edged bit. The backing or side jointer, otherwise called the overshave, has a concave-edged bit, and is used for dressing the backs of staves. The inshave has a convex-edged bit, and is used for dressing the inner faces of staves. 3. A bent strip of iron inserted into a wall to strengthen the joint.
Joint′er-plane.
（Coopering.) A plane five or six feet long, its lower end resting upon the ground, and its upper end supported upon a prop, the inclined sole being presented upward for the staves, which are jointed thereon. The Hindoos and Chinese bore a hole through the front of a plane for a stick whereby a boy assists by pulling the plane across or along the work. When the plane is very large, the Chinese place it at an angle, resting one end on the ground, in the manner of our cooper's jointer.
Joint-fas′ten-ing.
（Railway.) A fish-bar or other means of locking together the adjacent ends of two railway rails.
Joint-file.
A small file without taper, and circular in its cross-section. It is used for dressing out the holes for the joint-wire in snuff-boxes, etc., and in preparing the apertures for the pintles of hinges.Joint-hinge.
A strap-hinge. See hinge.Jointing-plane.
（Joinery.) A plane with a long stock, used to true the edges of boards or staves which are to be accurately fitted together. It is 2 feet 6 inches long, and the work is called shooting the joints.
Joint′ing-rule.
（Bricklaying.) A straight rule about six feet long, used by bricklayers in marking with white paint along each joint of the brickwork. Otherwise called penciling, and designed to render the joint conspicuous.
Joint-pipe.
（Gas-apparatus.) A short section of pipe, forming a connection between two lengths, and usually having threaded sockets into which the parts are screwed.
Joint-pli′ers.
A pliers adapted for securing the joints of compasses and similar instruments; also one by which the hinging of watch-cases is assisted. |
| Joint-saw. |
Joint-saw.
A saw with a curved working face, used in making the joints of compasses and other similar work.Joint-stool.
A block holding up the ends of parts which belong in apposition, as railway rails, ways of vessels, etc.Joint-wire.
（Watchmaking.) The tubular wire, sections of which form the joints of watch-cases, lockets, etc.; a piece is hard soldered to each leaf, and a solid wire runs through to form the pintle. It is drawn upon a piece of steel wire, one end being tapered off with a file, so that the tube and wire are grasped together by the dogs and drawn after the manner of a solid wire.
Joist.
（Carpentry.) A horizontal timber supporting a floor or ceiling, one or both.
 |
| Floor-joists. |
Jolly-boat.
（Dutch jol; Danish jolle; a yawl.) A small boat used for the general miscellaneous work of a ship, such as bringing off marketing, etc. A boat of this kind attached to United States vessels of war is called a dingy. It is clinker-built, from 16 to 20 feet long, with a beam from .33 to .29 of its length.Jour′nal.
（Machinery.) That portion of a shaft which rests in the bearings.
Journal-bear′ing.
（Machinery.) The support of a shaft or axle, generally boxes or brasses in a pillow block. Fig. 2733 shows four varieties of journal-bearings for machinery. In one A is the cap, B the pillow; D D are screws with set nuts for adjustment. In another, the lower half b of the box rests in an oil reservoir c, from which the lubricant is led up by wicking k. In the lower figure to the left, the bearing is made in three parts, c c′ c′, movable by means of the wedgefaces d d of the block f towards a common center to compensate for wear.
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| Journal-bearings. |
 |
| Journal-bearing lubricator. |
 |
| Hanger-bearings. |
 |
| Bearings of journals of axles. |
 |
| Journal-bearing. |
Journal-box.
The carrier of a journal. See journal-bearing; axle-box; car axle-box.Journal-box Met′al.
See Babbitt-metal; alloy.Jour′ney.
A corruption from journal (which see).Juc′ten.
A name by which Russia leather is known. Juften. See Russia leather.Juggle.
A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. |
| Juggles. |
Jump.
（Forging.) a. To upset by endwise blows, which contract the object in length, but thicken and spread it laterally. Applied to jumpers, tamping bars, axes, etc. See upsetting. b. To attach by a butt-weld, in contradistinction to a lap-weld. A transverse piece attached by welding is said to be jumped on. If formed from a portion of the rest, it is said to be headed on. c. A gun-barrel made of a ribbon of iron, or laminated iron and steel, coiled around a mandrel at a red heat, then raised to a welding heat and placed on a cylindrical rod, which is struck heavily and vertically on the ground, is said to be jumped. The effect is to cause the edges of the ribbon to unite, a junction which is completed by the hammer on an anvil, the mandrel retaining its position. Such barrels are said to be twisted. The twist is stub, wire, or Damascus, according to the mode of manufacture of the ribbon. See twist; gun-barrel.
2. (Mining.) A fault or dislocation of a vein or lode.
Jump′er.
1. (Quarrying.) a. A quarryman's boring-tool. A rod of steel, or pointed with steel, which breaks the rock by being alternately jumped [1221] up and down to form a hole for blasting or for an artesian well. b. A steel-faced chisel m held by one man while another strikes it with a hammer n. Used in drilling holes in rock for blasting or splitting.
 |
| Jumpers. |
3. (Horology.) a. A spring used in repeatingclocks to assist the motion of the star-wheel. b. A species of click in the repeating-watch, preventing the motion of a wheel in either direction.
4. (Planing.) A plow-bit or machine-jointer, having an intermediate bearing upon the board.
5. (Husbandry.) A plow having an upturned cutter in front of its share, and which, going below the share, prevents its being caught on roots, etc.
Jump-joint.
1. A butt-joint. 2. A flush-joint, in which the plates or planking make a smooth face. In shipbuilding it is equivalent to carvel-build.Jump-seat.
（Vehicle.) A kind of open buggy which has a shifting seat or seats. For instance, it may be arranged as a double or single seat vehicle. In the former case, the main seat is moved over backwardly, and the extra seat brought up in front. As a single-seat vehicle, the main seat is thrown into a central position, the extra seat being placed below the other one.
Junc′tion-plate.
（Boiler-making.) A welt or break-joint plate riveted over the edges of boilerplates, which make a butt-joint.
Junc′tion-rails.
（Railroad-engineering.) Switch rails which connect tracks.
Junk.
1. (Vessel.) (Dutch, jonk, perhaps from Chinese yong, the sea.) A vessel employed by the Chinese, Japanese, and Malays in navigating their seas. It is the largest kind of Chinese vessel. It has no prominent stem or keel. The bow on deck is square, and the anchors are on each side of the bow. The stern is full, the rudder suspended, and at sea is lowered beneath the depth of the bottom of the vessel. The immense masts are in one piece, the lug-sails are sometimes of matting. 2. Old cable and rope cut into lengths, to make mats, swabs, gaskets, sinnet, oakum, etc.
Junk-ring.
（Steam-engine.) a. A metallic ring which is screwed down upon and confines the hemp packing of a piston. b. A steam-tight packing around the piston of a steam-engine.
Junk-wad.
（Ordnance.) A wad made of oakum bound with spun-yarn, and filling the bore of the gun. It is placed between the charge and the ball.
Ju′ry.
（Nautical.) A term applied to temporary structures, such as masts, rudders, etc., used in an emergency.
Ju′ry-mast.
（Nautical.) A temporary mast erected in place of one that has been carried away; or for navigating a vessel to a place where the permanent equipment of masting and rigging is furnished. The temporary rig is termed jury-rigged; a rudder of the same character, a jury-rudder.
Justi-fi-ca′tion.
1. (Printing.) The adjustment of distance between the letters in the words and the words in a line, so as to avoid any glaring disproportion, and make them fill the measure.
2. (Bookbinding.) Attention to keeping the matter of pages in exact register or correspondence, to secure even margins.
Jute.
（Fiber.) The fiber of Cochorus capsularis and C. olitorius, which is used in India for making gunny-bags, matting, rope, and other coarse fabrics. In the manufacture of fabric from this article, the jute, after being taken from the bale, is sprinkled with oil and water, spread out on a table for a day or two, and then passed between rollers to render the fibers soft and pliable. It is next passed between toothed rollers, which bring the fibers nearly parallel, arranging them into a species of ribbon or sliver, which is again passed between two rollers with finer teeth than the preceding pair. These two machines are called the brcaker-card and the finisher-card. The slivers thus formed are received into cans and subjected to the action of the drawing-frame, which is similar in its operation to that employed in the cotton manufacture, drawing out, narrowing, and thinning the slivers. The sliver is then slightly twisted and wound upon bobbins by the rovingmachine, and afterwards spun by a throstle; the throstles making from 3,000 to 4,000 revolutions per minute. The finished yarn for the warp is wound on large bobbins in the winding-machine, and placed on the loom beam by the beaming-machine; the weft yarn is wound on the pirns of the shuttles by the pirningmachine. The loom and shuttle are larger and stronger than those employed for weaving cotton, the fabrics made being generally coarser. The finest jute yarns bear the lowest numbers, while in cotton the reverse is the case. Jute-twine is sized with glue-water, starch, tallow, and China clay. Crossley's patent floor-covering has a foundation of coarse jute coated with a layer of wool, and the two united by felting. The surface is finished by printing. In Monach's process for preparing jute as a substitute for wool, the jute or jute-yarn is boiled for two hours in a solution of caustic alkali of a gravity of 60° to 80° Twaddell. After washing, it is steeped a short time in a weak solution of sulphuric acid to neutralize the alkali, and is then washed and dried.
Jut′ting-out.
（Architecture.) A projection; said of windows, corbels, cornices, etc.
Jutty.
（Architecture.) A projecting part of a wall, as of a prominent course.
Jut-win′dow.
（Carpentry.) A bow-window, projecting from the face of a building. A baywindow.
