Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, Ed.

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[*] 604. The Quantity of Final Syllables is as follows:—

[*] a. Monosyllables ending in a vowel are long: as, mē, tū , hī , nē .

1. The attached particles -nĕ, -quĕ, -vĕ, -cĕ, -ptĕ, and rĕ- (rĕd-) are short; sē- (sēd-) and dī- are long. Thus, sēcēdit , sēditiō , exercitumquĕ rĕdūcit , dīmittō . But re- is often long in rēligiō ( relligiō ), rētulī ( rettulī ), rēpulī ( reppulī ).

[*] b. Nouns and adjectives of one syllable are long: as, sōl , ōs ( ōris ), bōs , pār , vās ( vāsis ), vēr, vīs .

Exceptions. cŏr , fĕl, lăc, mĕl, ŏs ( ossis ), văs ( vădis ), vĭr, tŏt , quŏt .

[*] c. Most monosyllabic Particles are short: as, ăn, ĭn, cĭs, nĕc . But crās , cūr , ēn, nōn , quīn , sīn—with adverbs in c: as, hīc , hūc , sīc—are long.

[*] d. Final a in words declined by cases is short, except in the ablative sin gular of the first declension; in all other words final a is long. Thus, eă stellă (nominative), cum eā stellā (ablative); frūstrā , vocā (imperative), posteā , trīgintā .

Exceptions. ēiă , ită , quiă , pută (suppose); and, in late use, trīgintă etc.

[*] e. Final e is short: as in nūbĕ , dūcitĕ , saepĕ .

Exceptions.—Final e is long—

1. In adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and second declension, with others of like form: as, altē , longē , miserē, apertē , saepissimē . So ferē , fermē .

   But it is short in benĕ , malĕ; īnfernĕ , supernĕ .

2. In nouns of the fifth declension: as, fidē (also famē ), faciē , hodiē , quārē ( quā rē ).
3. In Greek neuters plural of the second declension: as, cētē; and in some other Greek words: Phoebē,Circē, Andromachē, etc.
4. In the imperative singular of the second conjugation: as, vidē .

   But sometimes cavĕ, habĕ , tacĕ , valĕ, vidĕ (cf. § 629. b. 1).

[*] f. Final i is long: as in turrī , fīlī , audī .

Exceptions.—Final i is common in mihi , tibi , sibi , ibi , ubi; and short in nisĭ, quasĭ, sīcutĭ, cuĭ (when making two syllables), and in Greek vocatives: as, Alexĭ.

[*] g. Final o is common: but long in datives and ablatives; also in nouns of the third declension. It is almost invariably long in verbs before the time of Ovid.

Exceptions. citŏ , modŏ ( dummodŏ ), immŏ , profectŏ , egŏ , duŏ , cedŏ (the imperative); so sometimes octŏ , īlicŏ , etc., particularly in later writers.

[*] h. Final u is long. Final y is short

[*] i. Final as, es , os , are long; final is, as, ys, are short: as, nefās , rūpēs, servōs (accusative), honōs; hostĭs, amīcŭs , Tethys.

Exceptions.—

1. as is short in Greek plural accusatives: as, lampadăs; and in anăs.
2. es is short in the nominative of nouns of the third declension (lingual) having a short vowel in the stem¹: as,mīlĕs (-ĭtis),obsĕs (-˘dis),—except abiēs ,ariēs, pariēs , pēs; in the present of esse (ĕs, adĕs); in the preposition penĕs , and in the plural of Greek nouns: as,hērōĕs, lampadĕs .
3. os is short in compŏs, impŏs; in the Greek nominative ending: as, barbitŏs; in the old nominative of the second declension: as,servŏs (later servus ).
4. is in plural cases is long: as in bonīs , nōbīs , vōbīs , omnīs (accusative plural).
5. is is long in the verb forms fīs , sīs , vīs (with quīvīs etc.), velīs , mālīs , nōlīs , edīs; in the second person singular of the present indicative active in the fourth conjugation: as, audīs; and sometimes in the forms in -eris (future perfect indicative or perfect subjunctive).
6. us is long in the genitive singular and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural of the fourth declension; and in nouns of the third declension having ū (long) in the stem: as, virtūs (-ūtis),incūs (-¯dis). But pecŭs , -ŭdis.

[*] j. Of other final syllables, those ending in a single consonant are short Thus, amăt , amātŭr; dōnĕc, făc , procŭl , iubăr .

Exceptions. hīc (also hĭc ); allēc; the ablatives illōc , etc.; certain adverbs in -c: as, illīc , istūc; liēn, and some Greek nouns: as, āēr , aethēr , crātēr.

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Perfects and Perfect Participles