Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, chapter 155

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[*] 155. The following Noun and Adjective forms are also included in the inflection of the Latin Verb:—

[*] a. Four Participles,¹ viz.:—

Active: the Present and Future Participles.

Passive: the Perfect Participle and the Gerundive.²

[*] b. The Gerund: this is in form a neuter noun of the second declension, used only in the oblique cases of the singular.

[*] c. The Supine: this is in form a verbal noun of the fourth declension in the accusative (-um) and dative or ablative (-ū）³ singular.

1 The Participles are adjectives in inflection and meaning, but have the power of verbs in construction and in distinguishing time.

2 The Gerundive is also used as an adjective of necessity, duty, etc. (§ 158. d). In late use it became a Future Passive Participle.

3 Originally locative.

Ginn and Company, 1903.

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