CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE MODE IN WHICH BEES WORK.
The manner in which bees carry on their work is as follows.
In the day time a guard is stationed at the entrance of the
hive, like the sentries in a camp. At night they take their
rest until the morning, when one of them awakes the rest with
a humming noise, repeated twice or thrice, just as though it were
sounding a trumpet. They then take their flight in a body,
if the day is likely to turn out fine; for they have the gift of
foreknowing wind and rain, and in such case will keep close
within their dwellings. On the other hand, when the weather is
fine—and this, too, they have the power of foreknowing—the
swarm issues forth, and at once applies itself to its work, some
loading their legs from the flowers, while others fill their
mouths with water, and charge the downy surface of their
bodies with drops of liquid. Those among them that are
young
1 go forth to their labours, and collect the materials
already mentioned, while those that are more aged stay within
the hives and work. The bees whose business it is to carry
the flowers, with their fore feet load their thighs, which Nature
has made rough for the purpose, and with their trunks load
their fore feet: bending beneath their load, they then return
to the hive, where there are three or four bees ready to receive
them and aid in discharging their burdens. For, within the
hive as well, they have their allotted duties to perform: some
are engaged in building, others in smoothing, the combs, while
others again are occupied in passing on the materials, and
others in preparing food
2 from the provision which has been
brought; that there may be no unequal division, either in their
labour, their food, or the distribution of their time, they do not
even feed separately.
Commencing at the vaulted roof of the hive, they begin
the construction of their cells, and, just as we do in the manufacture of a web, they construct their cells from top to bottom,
taking care to leave two passages around each compartment,
for the entrance of some and the exit of others. The combs,
which are fastened to the hive in the upper part, and in a
slight degree also at the sides, adhere to each other, and are
thus suspended altogether. They do not touch the floor of the
hive, and are either angular or round, according to its shape;
sometimes, in fact, they are both angular and round at once,
when two swarms are living in unison, but have dissimilar
modes of operation. They prop up the combs that are likely
to fall, by means of arched pillars, at intervals springing from
the floor, so as to leave them a passage for the purpose of
effecting repairs. The first three ranks of their cells are generally left empty when constructed, that there may be nothing
exposed to view which may invite theft; and it is the last
ones, more especially, that are filled with honey: hence
it is that the combs are always taken out at the back of the
hive.
The bees that are employed in carrying look out for a favourable breeze, and if a gale should happen to spring up, they
poise themselves in the air with little stones, by way of ballast; some writers, indeed, say that they place them upon their
shoulders. When the wind is contrary, they fly close to the
ground, taking care, however, to keep clear of the brambles.
It is wonderful what strict watch is kept upon their work: all
instances of idleness are carefully remarked, the offenders are
chastised, and on a repetition of the fault, punished with death.
Their sense of cleanliness, too, is quite extraordinary; everything is removed that might he in the way, and no filth is
allowed to remain in the midst of their work. The ordure
even of those that are at work within, that they may not have
to retire to any distance, is all collected in one spot, and on
stormy days, when they are obliged to cease their ordinary
labours, they employ themselves in carrying it out. When
it grows towards evening, the buzzing in the hive becomes
gradually less and less, until at last one of their number is to
be seen flying about the hive with the same loud humming
noise with which they were aroused in the morning, thereby giving the signal, as it were, to retire to rest: in this, too,
they imitate the usage of the camp. The moment the signal
is heard, all is silent.
(11.) They first construct the dwellings of the commonalty,
and then those of the king-bee. If they have reason to expect
an abundant
3 season, they add abodes also for the drones:
these are cells of a smaller size, though the drones themselves
are larger than the bees.