CHAP. 2. (2.)—ACONITE, OTHERWISE CALLED THELYPHONON, CAM-
MARON, PARDALIANCHES, OR SCORPIO; FOUR REMEDIES.
But who, I say, can sufficiently venerate the zeal and spirit of
research displayed by the ancients? It is they who have shown
us that aconite is the most prompt of all poisons in its effects
—so much so indeed, that female animals, if the sexual parts
1
are but touched with it, will not survive a single day. With
this poison it was that M. Cæcilius
2 accused Calpurnius Bestia
of killing his wives in their sleep, and this it was that gave
rise to that fearful peroration of his, denouncing the murderous
finger of the accused.
3 According to the fables of mythology,
this plant was originally produced from the foam of the dog
Cerberus, when dragged by Hercules from the Infernal
4 Regions; for which reason, it is said, it is still so remarkably
abundant in the vicinity of Heraclea in Pontus, a spot where
the entrance is still pointed out to the shades below.
And yet, noxious as it is, the ancients have shown us how to
employ aconite for the benefit of mankind, and have taught us
as the result of their experience, that, taken in mulled wine,
it neutralizes the venom of the scorpion: indeed such is the
nature of this deadly plant, that it kills man, unless it can find
in man something else to kill. When such is the case, as
though it had discovered in the body a fit rival to contend with,
that substance is the sole object of its attack; finding another
poison in the viscera, to it alone it confines its onslaught;
and thus, a truly marvellous thing! two poisons, each of them
of a deadly nature, destroy one another within the body, and
the man survives. Even more than this, the ancients have
handed down to us remedies employed by the animals themselves, and have shown how that venomous creatures even effect
their own cure. By the contact of aconite the scorpion is
struck with torpor,
5 is quite benumbed, assumes a pallid hue,
and so confesses itself vanquished. When this is the case,
white hellebore is its great auxiliary: the very touch of it dispels its torpor, and the aconite is forced to yield before two
foes, its own enemy
6 and the common
7 enemy of all.
Now, after this, if any one should be of opinion that man
could, by any chance or possibility, make such discoveries as
these, he must surely be guilty of ingratitude in thus appre-
ciating the beneficence of the gods! In countries frequented
by the panther, they rub meat with aconite, and if one of
those animals should but taste it, its effects are fatal: indeed
were not these means adopted, the country would soon be overrun by them. It is for this reason, too, that some persons
have given to hellebore the name of "pardalianches."
8 It has
been well ascertained, however, that the panther instantaneously
recovers if it can find the opportunity of eating human ordure.
9
So far as these animals are concerned, who can entertain a
doubt that it was chance only that first led them to this discovery; and that as often as this happens the discovery is only
a mere repetition of the accident, there being neither reason
nor an appreciation of experience to ensure its transmission
among them?
(3.) It is chance,
10 yes, it is chance that is the Deity who
has made to us these numerous revelations for our practical
benefit;
11 always understanding that under this name we mean
Nature, that great parent and mistress of all things: and this
is evident, whether we come to the conclusion, that these wild
beasts make the discovery from day to day, or that they are
gifted from the first with these powers of perception. Regarded in another point of view, it really is a disgrace that
all animated beings should have an exact knowledge of what
is beneficial to them, with the exception of man!
The ancients, openly professing their belief that there is no
evil without some admixture of good, have asserted that aconite
is a remarkably useful ingredient in compositions for the eyes.
It may therefore be permitted me, though I have hitherto
omitted a description of the poisonous plants, to point out the
characteristics of aconite, if only that it may be the more
easily detected. Aconite
12 has leaves like those of cyclaminos
13
or of the cucumber, never more than four in number, slightly
hairy, and rising from near the root. This root, which is of
moderate size, resembles the sea-fish known as the "cammarus,"
14 a circumstance owing to which the plant has received
the name of "cammaron" from some; while others, for the
reason already
15 mentioned, have called it "thelyphonon."
16
The root is slightly curved, like a scorpion's tail, for which
reason some persons have given it the name of "scorpio."
Others, again, have preferred giving it the name of "myoctonon,"
17 from the fact that the odour of it kills mice at a
considerable distance even.
This plant is found growing upon the naked rocks known
as "aeonæ;"
18 and hence it is, according to some authorities,
that it is called "aconitum," there being not so much as dust
even about it to conduce to its nutriment. Such is the reason
given for its name by some: but according to others, it receives this appellation from the fact that it fatally exercises the
same effects upon the body that the whetstone
19 does upon the
edge of iron, being no sooner employed than its effects are felt.