CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER UPON THE TREES:
WHAT IS THE PROPER SITUATION FOR THE VINE.
Trees are fond of a site more particularly that faces the
north-east;
1 the breezes rendering their foliage more thick and
exuberant, and imparting additional solidity to the wood. This
is a point, however, upon which most people are very greatly
deceived; thus in vineyards, for instance, the props ought not
to be placed in such a position as to shelter the stems from the
wind in that quarter, it being only against the northern blasts
that this precaution should be taken. Nay, even more than this
—if the cold weather only comes on in due season, it contributes
very materially to the strengthening of the trees, and promotes
the process of germination; while, on the other hand, if at that
period the southern
2 breezes should caress them, they will grow
weak and languid, and more particularly so, if the blossom is
just coming on. If rainy weather, too, should happen to
follow close upon blossoming, the total destruction of the fruit
is the necessary result: indeed, if the weather should be only
cloudy, or south winds happen to prevail, it is quite sufficient
to ensure the loss of the fruit in the almond and the pear.
3
Rains, if prevalent about the rising of the Vergiliæ,
4 are most
injurious to the vine and the olive,
5 as it is at that season that
germination
6 is commencing with them; indeed, this is a most
critical four days for the olive, being the period at which the
south wind, as we have already
7 stated, brings on its dark and
lowering clouds. The cereals, too, ripen more unfavourably
when south winds prevail, though at the same time it proceeds with greater rapidity. All cold, too, is injurious to vegetation, which comes with the northern winds, or out of the
proper season. It is most advantageous to all plants for
north-east winds
8 to prevail throughout the winter.
In this season, too, showers are very necessary, and the reason is self-evident—the trees, being exhausted by the fruit
they have borne, and weakened by the loss of their leaves, are,
of course, famished and hungry; and it is the showers that
constitute their aliment. Experience has led us to believe
that there is nothing more detrimental than a warm winter;
for it allows the trees, the moment they have parted with
their fruits, to conceive again, or, in other words, to germinate,
and then exhaust themselves by blossoming afresh. And
what is even worse than this, should there be several years of
such weather in succession, even the trees themselves will die;
for there can be little doubt that the effort must of necessity
be injurious, when they put forth their strength, and are at
the same time deprived of their natural sustenance. The poet
9
then, who has said that serene winters are to be desired, certainly did not express those wishes in favour of the trees.
And no more does rain, if prevalent at the summer-solstice,
conduce to the benefit
10 of the vine: while, at the same time,
to say that a dusty winter produces a luxuriant harvest, is certainly the mistake of a too fertile imagination. It is a thing
greatly to be wished, too, both in behalf of the trees as well as
the cereals, that the snows should lie for a considerable time
upon the ground; the reason being that they check the escape
of the spirit of the earth by evaporation, and tend to throw it
back again upon the roots of the plants, adding greatly to
their strength thereby; and not only this, but they afford a
gradual supply of moisture as well, that is both pure and of
remarkable lightness, from the fact that snow is only the
foam of the waters of heaven. Hence it is that the moisture
of snow does not drench and engulph everything all at once,
but gradually trickles downwards, in proportion to the thirst of
the plant, nurturing it as though from the breast, instead of
producing an inundation. The earth, too, ferments under this
influence, and becomes filled with her own emanations: not
exhausted by the seeds in her bosom, swollen as they are with
milk,
11 she smiles in the warm and balmy hours, when the time
comes for opening it. It is in this way, more particularly,
that corn fattens apace, except, indeed, in those climates in
which the atmosphere is always warm, Egypt for example; for
there the continuance of the same temperature and the force of
habit are productive of the same effects as the modifications of
temperature in other countries.
At the same time it is equally necessary in every climate
that there should be no noxious influence in existence. Thus,
for instance, in the greater part of the world, that precocious
germination which has been encouraged by the indulgent temperature of the weather, is sure to be nipped by the intense colds
that ensue. Hence it is that late winters are so injurious,
and such they prove to the trees of the forest even; indeed,
these last are more particularly exposed to the ill effects of a
late winter, oppressed as they are by the density of their
foliage, and human agency being unable to succour them; for
it would be quite impossible to cover
12 the more tender forest
trees with wisps of straw. Rains, then, are favourable to
vegetation-first of all, during the winter season, and next,
just previously to germination; the third period for them being
that of the formation of the fruit, though not immediately,
and only, in fact, when the produce of the tree shows itself
strong and healthy.
Those trees which are the slowest in bringing their fruits to
maturity, and require a more prolonged supply of nutriment,
receive benefit also from late rains, such as the vine, the olive,
and the pomegranate, for instance. These rains, however, are
required at different seasons by the different trees, some of
them coming to maturity at one period and some at another;
hence it is that we see the very same rain productive of injury
to some trees and beneficial to others, even when they are of the
very same species, as in the pear for instance: for the winter
pear stands in need of rain at one period, and the early pear at
another, though at the same time they, all of them, require it
in an equal degree. Winter precedes the period of germination, and it is this fact that makes the north-east wind more
beneficial than the south, and renders the parts that lie in the
interior preferable to those near the coast,-the former being
generally the coldest,-mountainous districts better than level
ones, and rain at night better than showers in the day. Vegetation, too, receives a greater degree of benefit from the water
when the sun does not immediately soak it up.
Connected, too, with this subject is the question of the best
situation for planting vines, and the trees which support them.
Virgil
13 condemns a western aspect, while there are some persons,
again, who prefer it to an easterly one: I find, however, that
most authors approve of the south, though I do not think that
any abstract precepts
14 can be given in relation to the point.
The most careful attention on the part of the cultivator ought
to be paid to the nature of the soil, the character of the locality, and the respective influences of climate. The method of
giving to the vine a southern aspect, as practised in Africa and
* * * * is injurious to the tree, as well as unhealthy for
the cultivator, from the very circumstance that the country
itself lies under a southern meridian: hence it is, that he who
selects for his plants there a western or a northerly aspect, will
combine on the most advantageous terms the benefits of soil
with those of climate. When Virgil condemns a western aspect,
there can be no doubt that he includes in his censure a northern
aspect as well: and yet, in Cisalpine Italy, where most of the
vineyards have an aspect to the north, it has been found by
experience that there are none that are more prolific.
The winds are also a very important consideration. In the
provinces of Gallia Narbonensis, and in Liguria and part of
Etruria, it is considered a proof of great want of skill to plant
the vine on a site that lies in the teeth of the wind Circius,
15
while, on the other hand, it is a mark of prudence to catch
its breezes in an oblique direction; it is this wind, in fact,
that modifies the heat in those countries, though at the same
time it is usually so violent, as to sweep away the roofs of
the houses.
(3.) There are some persons who employ a method of making
the question of weather dependent upon the nature of the soil;
thus in the case of a vineyard, for instance, in a dry locality,
they give it an eastern or a northern aspect; but where it is
planted on a humid site, it is made to face the south. From
the varieties of the vine also, they borrow various modifications in reference to site; taking care to plant the early vine
in a cold locality, in order that the fruit may ripen before the
frosts come on; while such fruit trees and vines as have an antipathy to dews are exposed to the east, that the sun may carry
off their humidity at the earliest moment. On the other hand,
such as manifest a partiality to dews are planted with a western
or even a northern aspect, to give them an opportunity of enjoying them all the longer. Others, again, borrowing their
notions pretty nearly from Nature, have recommended that
vines and trees should be planted facing the north-east; indeed
Democritus is of opinion, that by so doing the fruit will
be all the more odoriferous.
(4.) We have already spoken, in the Second Book,
16 of the
points of the north-east and other winds, and shall have occasion in the succeeding one to make mention of several more of
the heavenly phænomena. In the mean time, however, we
may observe that it would appear to be a manifest proof of the
salubrity of a north-east site, that the leaves are always the
first to fall in the trees that have an aspect towards the south.
17
A similar reason exists, too, in the maritime districts; in
certain localities the sea breezes are detrimental, though in
most they are nutritious. For some plants, again, it is pleasant
to behold the sea at a distance, while at the same time they
will gain nothing by approaching closer to its saline exhalations. The same, too, is the influence exercised by rivers and
lakes; they will either scorch the vegetation by the fogs they
emit, or else modify by their coolness the excess of heat. We
have already mentioned
18 the plants that thrive in the shade,
and in the cold even; but in all these matters experience will
be found the best of guides.