William Watson Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb

---

[*] 864. Ὡς may be prefixed to participles denoting a cause or ground or a purpose, sometimes to other circumstantial participles. It shows that what is stated in the participle is stated as the thought or assertion of the subject of the leading verb, or as that of some other person prominent in the sentence, without implying that it is also the thought of the speaker or writer. E.g. Οἱ μὲν διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς ὡς πάντας νικῶντες, οἱ δ᾽ ἁρπάζοντες ὡς ἤδη πάντες νικῶντες, one side pursuing those opposed to them, thinking that they were victorious over all; and the other side proceeding to plunder, thinking that they were all victorious. XEN. An. i. 10, 4. Τὴν πρόφασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν, “he made his pretence as if he wished to drive out the Pisidians.” Ib. i. 2, Ib. 1. Συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν, he seizes Cyrus with the (avowed) object of putting him to death. Ib. i. 1, Ib. 3. Διαβαίνει ὡς ἀμήσων τὸν σῖτον. HDT. vi. 28. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς πολεμήσοντες, the Athenians prepared with the (avowed) intention of going to war. THUC. ii. 7. Τὸν Περικλέα ἐν αἰτίᾳ εἶχον ὡς πείσαντα σφᾶς πολεμεῖν καὶ δἰ ἐκεῖνον ταῖς ξυμφοραῖς περιπεπτωκότες, they found fault with Pericles, on the ground that he had persuaded them to engage in the war, and that through him they had become involved in the calamities. Id. ii. 59. (Here Thucydides himself is not responsible for the statements in the participles, as he would be if ὡς were omitted.) Ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι, they are indignant, because (as they allege) they have been deprived, etc. PLAT. Rep. 329 A. Βασιλεῖ χάριν ἴσασιν, ὡς δἰ ἐκεῖνον τυχοῦσαι τῆς αὐτονομίας ταύτης, i.e. they thank him because (they believe) they have obtained this independence through him. ISOC. iv. 175. Ὡς γὰρ εἰδότων περὶ ὧν ἐπέμφθησαν ἀκούετε, for you hear them as men who (you believe） know about what they were sent for. DEM. xix. 5.

Ἔλεγε θαρρεῖν ὡς καταστησομένων τούτων εἰς τὸ δέον, he bade them take courage, on the ground that these matters were about to be settled as they should be. XEN. An. i. 3, 8. Ἐκ δὲ τούτων εὐθὺς ἐκήρυττον ἐξιέναι πάντας Θηβαίους, ὡς τῶν τυράννων τεθνεώτων, because (as they said) the tyrants were dead. Id. Hell. v. 4, Id. Hell. 9. Ἀπελογήσατο ὅτι οὐχ ὡς τοῖς Ἕλλησι πολεμησόντων σφῶν εἴποι, that he said what he did, not because they intended to be at war with the Greeks. Id. An. v. 6, Id. An. 3.So ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσαφέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι, on the ground that T. was plotting, ib. i. 1, Id. An. 6. Ὡς οὐ προσοίσοντος (sc. ἐμοῦ) τὰς χεῖρας, . . . δίδασκε, since (as you may feel sure) I will not lay hands on you, teach me. Id. Mem. ii. 6, Id. Mem. 32. Ὡς ἀναμενοῦντος καὶ οὐκ ἀποθανουμένου (sc. ἐμοῦ), οὕτω παρασκευάζου, “make your preparations in the idea that I shall remain and shall not die.” Id. Cyr. viii. 4, Id. Cyr. 27. Νῦν δὲ, ὡς οὕτω ἐχόντων, στρατιὴν ὡς τάχιστα ἐκπέμπετε. HDT. viii. 144.So ὡς βέβαιον ὄν, THUC. i. 2; DEM. xviii. 207.