Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges

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SECOND OR T CLASS (VERBS IN -πτω）

[*] 505. The present stem is formed by adding -τόε- to the verbstem, which ends in π, β, or φ. The verb-stem is ascertained from the second aorist (if there is one) or from a word from the same root.

κόπτω cut,	verb-stem κοπ-	in 2 aor. pass. ἐ-κόπ-ην.
βλάπτω injure,	“ “ βλαβ-	“ “ “ ἐ-βλάβ-ην.
καλύπτω cover,	“ “ καλυβ-	“ καλύβ-η hut.
ῥί_πτω throw,	“ “ ῥιφ-, ῥι_φ-	“ 2 aor. pass. ἐ-ρρίφ-ην.

a. ἀστράπτω lighten, χαλέπτω oppress may be from -π[ιγλιδε]ω (117, 507).

[*] 506. Some of the verbs of this class add ε in the present or other tenses, as ῥι_πτέω throw, πεκτέω comb, τύπτω strike τυπήσω.