ADVERBS
[*] 341.
Origin.—Adverbs, like prepositions and conjunctions, were originally case forms, made from the stems of nouns and pronouns. Some of these nominal and pronominal stems have gone out of common use, so that only petrified forms are left in the adverbs. Some of these words were still felt to be live cases; in others no consciousness of their origin survived. Many adverbs show old suffixes joined to the stem or to a case form (
342). It is sometimes uncertain whether we should speak of
adverbs or of
nouns with local endings.
Nominative (rare):
πύξ with clenched fist,
ἅπαξ once,
ἀναμίξ pell-mell.
Genitive: ἕνης day after to-morrow,
ἑξῆς next,
ποῦ, οὗ where,
αὐτοῦ in the very place,
ἐκποδών out of the way (
ἐκ ¨ ποδῶν); by analogy,
ἐμποδών in one's way.
Dative: δημοσίᾳ at public cost,
λάθρᾳ in secret,
κοινῇ in common, etc. (1527 b),
ἄλλῃ otherwise,
πῇ how.
Accusative: very common, especially such adverbs as have the form of the accusative of neuter adjectives, as
πολύ much,
μι_κρόν a little,
πρῶτον at first,
τήμερον to-day,
πολλά often. See
1606-1611.
Locative: οἴκο-ι at home (
οἶκο-ς house),
Ἰσθμο-ῖ at the Isthmus,
ποῖ whither, and all adverbs in
-οι. The
-ι of the consonantal declension is properly the ending of the locative, as in
Μαραθῶν-ι at Marathon; -οισι (
234) in O stems, in contrast to
-οις; -α_σι (
-ησι) in Ā stems (
215):
θύρα_σι at the doors,
Πλαταιᾶσι at Plataea,
Ἀθήνησι at Athens; further in
πάλαι long ago,
ἐκεῖ there,
πανδημεί in full force.
Instrumental: ἄνω above,
κάτω below,
οὔπω not yet,
ὧ-δε thus (but the forms in
-ω may be ablatives);
κρυφῆ and
λάθρα_ in secret.
Ablative: all adverbs in
-ως, as
ὡς as,
οὕτως thus,
ἑτέρως otherwise. Here, e.g. original
ἑτερωδ (cp. Old Lat.
altoōd, abl. of
altus) became
ἑτερω (
133), which took on
-ς from the analogy of such words as
ἀμφίς parallel to
ἀμφί.
[*] 342.
Place.—To denote place the common endings are:—
-ι, -θι, -σι at,
in to denote place
where (locative).
-ου, the sign of the genitive, is also common.
-θεν from to denote the place
whence (ablative).
-δε (
-ζε),
-σε to,
toward to denote place
whither.
In the following examples poetical words are bracketed.
a. In
-αζε, -δε is added to the accusative (
1589), and stands for
-α（
ν）
ς, the old acc. pl.,+
-δε (Eng. TO). Cp.
26,
106. The other endings are added to the stem.
-σε is usually added only to pronominal stems.
-σι forms a locative plural.
ο sometimes takes the place of
α_ of the first declension (
ῥίζοθεν from the root, stem
ῥιζα_-), or is added to consonant stems. Words in
-τερο- lengthen
ο to
ω. Between stem and ending
αχ is often inserted.
b. -θεν may take the form
-θε in poetry, and especially when the idea of
whence is lost, as
πρόσθε in front (134 D.).
-θα is found in
ἔνθα in all dialects.
-θα for
-θεν occurs in Aeolic and Doric.
c. Some local adverbs are made from prepositions, as
ἄνω above,
ἔξω outside,
ἔσω within,
κάτω below,
πρόσθεν in front.
[*] 342 D. Hom. has many cases of the local endings, e.g.
οὐρανό-θι in heaven,
ἀγορῆ-θεν from the assembly; also after prepositions as a genitive case:
ἐξ ἁλόθεν out of the sea,
Ἰ_λιό-θι πρό before Ilium. Cp.
ἐμέθεν, σέθεν, ἕθεν, 325 D. 1.
-δε in
ἅλα-δε to the sea,
πόλιν-δε to the city,
πεδίον-δε to the plain,
Ἀιδόσ-δε to (the house of)
Hades,
ὅν-δε δόμον-δε to his house.
[*] 343.
Manner.—Adverbs of manner ending in
-ως have the accent and form of the genitive plural masculine with
-ς in place of
-ν.
a. Adverbs in
-ως are not
formed from the genitive plural, but are originally old ablatives from
ο stems (
341), and thence transferred to other stems. The analogy of the genitive plural assisted the transference.
[*] 344.
Various Other Endings.—Adverbs have many other endings,
e.g.:—
-α:
ἅμα at the same time,
μάλα very,
τάχα quickly (in Attic prose
perhaps).
-ακις:
πολλάκις many times, often,
ἑκαστάκις each time,
τοσαυτάκις so often,
ὁσάκις as often as,
πλειστάκις very often,
ὀλιγάκις seldom,
πλεονάκις more times. The forms without
-ς (
ὁσάκι, πολλάκι) are earlier, and
-ς has been added by imitation of
δίς, τρίς. -δην:
συλλήβδην in short.
-δον:
ἔνδον within,
σχεδόν almost.
-ει:
πανδημεί in full levy (
341, locative).
-τε:
ὅτε when (Aeolic
ὄτα, Dor.
ὅκα).
-τι, -στι:
ἐθελοντί voluntarily,
Ἑλληνιστί in Greek (
fashion).
[*] 345.
Comparison of Adverbs.—In adverbs derived from adjectives the comparative is the same as the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjective; the superlative is the same as the neuter plural of the superlative adjective.
a. Adverbs of place ending in
ω, and some others, retain
ω in the comparative and superlative.
b. ἐγγύς near has
ἐγγύτερον (
-τέρω),
ἐγγυτάτω (
-τατα rare).
πρῴ early has
πρωϊαίτερον, πρωϊαίτατα.
c. There are some forms in
-ως from comparatives:
ἀσφαλεστέρως (
ἀσφαλέστερον)
more securely,
βελτι_όνως (
βέλτι_ον)
better. Superlatives in
-ον are usually poetic; as
μέγιστον.
[*] 346.
Correlative Adverbs.—Adverbs from pronominal stems often correspond in form and meaning. In the list on p. 102 poetic or rare words are in ().
a. The demonstratives in () are foreign to Attic prose except in certain phrases, as
καὶ ὥς even thus,
οὐδ᾽ (
μηδ᾽)
ὥς not even thus (cp.
180 c);
ἔνθα μὲν . . . ἔνθα δέ here . . . there,
ἔνθεν (
μέν)
καὶ ἔνθεν (
δέ)
from this side and that.
ἔνθα and
ἔνθεν are usually relatives,
ἔνθα taking the place of
οὗ where and
οἷ whither, and
ἔνθεν of
ὅθεν whence.
b. τοτὲ μὲν . . . τοτὲ δέ is synonymous with
ποτὲ μὲν . . . ποτὲ δέ.
c. οὖν (339 e) may be added for indefiniteness:
ὁπωσοῦν in any way whatever,
ὁποθενοῦν from what place soever.
ποτέ is often used after interrogatives to give an intensive force, as in
τίς ποτε who in the world (as
qui tandem); also with negatives, as in
οὔποτε never,
οὐπώποτε never yet. Other negatives are
οὐδαμοῦ nowhere,
οὐδαμῇ in no way,
οὐδαμῶς in no manner.
| Interrogative: | | | | Indefinite Relative |
| Direct and | Indefinite | Demonstrative | Relative Specific | or Indirect |
| Indirect | (Enclitic) | | | Interrogative |
| ποῦ | πού | （ἔνθα) ἐνθάδε, | οὗ where | ὅπου where- |
| where? | somewhere | ἐνταῦθα there | （ἔνθα where） | （ever） |
| | | ἐκεῖ yonder |
| πόθεν | ποθέν from | （ἔνθεν) ἐνθένδε, | ὅθεν whence |
| whence? | some place | ἐντεῦθεν thence | （ἔνθεν whence） | ὁπόθεν whence- |
| Place | | | ἐκεῖθεν from | | （soever） |
| | | yonder |
| ποῖ | ποί to | （ἔνθα) ἐνθάδε, | οἷ whither | ὅποι whither- |
| whither? | some place | ἐνταῦθα thither | （ἔνθα whither） | （soever） |
| | | ἐκεῖσε thither |
| πότε | ποτέ some | τότε then | ὅτε when | ὁπότε when- |
| when? | time, ever | | | （ever） |
| Time | πηνίκα at | | （τηνίκα) ) at | ἡνίκα at which | ὁπηνίκα at |
| what time? | | τηνικάδε ) that | time | which time |
| | | τηνικαῦτα ) time |
| πῇ which | πῄ some | （τῇ) τῇδε, ταύτῃ | ᾗ in which | ὅπῃ in which |
| Way | way? how? | way, | this way, thus | way, as | way, as |
| | somehow |
| πῶς how? | πώς | （τώς), (ὥς) ὧδε, | ὡς as, how | ὅπως how |
| | somehow | οὕτω (ς) thus, |
| Manner | | | so, in this way |
| | | ἐκείνως in that |
| | | way |
[*] 346 D. 1. Hom. has (Aeolic)
ππ in
ὅππως, ὁππότε; Hdt. has
κ for the
π-forms, e.g.
κοῦ, κού, ὅκου, κότε, etc. Hdt. has
ἐνθαῦτα, ἐνθεῦτεν for
ἐνταῦθα, ἐντεῦθεν (126 D.).
2. Poetic are
πόθι for
ποῦ, ὅθι for
οὗ, ἦμος when,
ἧ which way, where, etc.
